OJVRTM Online Journal of Veterinary Research Volume 17 (4): , 2013
|
|
- Oswald Maxwell
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 MAIN All Rights Reserved. Online Journal of Veterinary Research. You may not store these pages in any form except for your own personal use. All other usage or distribution is illegal under international copyright treaties. Permission to use any of these pages in any other way besides the before mentioned must be gained in writing from the publisher. This article is exclusively copyrighted in its entirety to OJVR. This article may be copied once but may not be, reproduced or re-transmitted without the express permission of the editors. This journal satisfies the refereeing requirements (DEST) for the Higher Education Research Data Collection (Australia). Linking: To link to this page or any pages linking to this page you must link directly to this page only here rather than put up your own page. OJVRTM Online Journal of Veterinary Research Volume 17 (4): , 2013 Detection of avian Metapneumovirus infection in broilers by nested RT-PCR Hesami G 1, Seyfi Abad Shapouri MR, DVM PhD, 2 Mayahi M.DVM PhD 3 2 Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Sciences, 1 School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran. ABSTRACT Hesami G, Seyfi Abad Shapouri MR, Mayahi M., Detection of avian Metapneumovirus infection in broilers by nested RT-PCR, Onl J Vet Res., 17 (4): , Avian Metapneumovirus (ampv) is the casual agent of Turkey Rhinotracheitis (TRT) which also causes a respiratory infection in chickens, resulting in Swollen Head Syndrome. ampv infection in chicken flocks gives rise to considerable economic losses. ampv infections were detected by RT-PCR in broiler flocks in Ahwaz, Iran. Fifty broiler flocks were sampled at slaughter via tracheal swabbing. RNA was extracted and RT-PCR based on viral N gene sequence specific primers (Nd and Nx) was performed. Positive results were confirmed by a semi-nested PCR. ampv was detected in 28% of samples. We report prevalence ampv infections and describe a novel semi nested PCR to confirm Nd/Nx RT-PCR. Keywords: Avian Metapneumovirus, N gene, RT-PCR, Semi-nested PCR, Broiler flocks, Ahwaz INTRODUCTION Avian Metapneumovirus (ampv) is classified in the genus Metapneumovirus, within the subfamily Pneumovirinae of the Paramyxoviridae family (Pringle et al, 1998). The human metapneumovirus that causes mild to severe respiratory tract disease in humans also has been classified in this genus (Van den Hoogen et al., 2001). Like other paramyxoviruses, ampv contains a negative-sense, single stranded RNA which code for the viral nucleocapsid, phosphoprotein, matrix, fusion, second matrix, small hydrophobic, glycoprotein and large polymerase proteins. (Gough and Jones, 2008).
2 This virus causes a widespread upper respiratory tract infection in turkeys (turkey rhinotracheitis), chickens and some other avian species. The severity of the clinical signs is largely influenced by the intervention of secondary pathogens (Jones, 1996; Cook et al, 2000). In chickens, ampv can be one of the predisposing factors to swelling head syndrome (SHS), characterized by swelling of the periorbital tissues and infraorbital sinuses, torticollis, cerebral disorientation, and opisthotonos. Mortality caused by ampv in chickens is less than 2%, and less than 4% of the flock will show swelling of the head (Gough and Jones, 2008). Infection of broiler breeders and commercial layers cause a drop in egg production with associated loss of egg quality, causing important economic loss (Cook et al, 2000). Isolates of ampv have been classified into four subtypes A, B, C and D based on the nucleotide sequence of the virus attachment glycoprotein (G) (Toquin et al, 2000; Alvarez et al, 2003). Subtype A was initially isolated in South Africa and England, whereas subtype B virus was first identified in continental European countries. Subtype C was isolated in the United States (Seal, 1998) and presence of the forth subtype (D) was reported in France (Bayon-Auboyer et al, 2000). Infections caused by ampv can be diagnosed by virus isolation in chicken or turkey tracheal organ cultures (TOCs), or alternatively in Vero cell cultures (Cook and Cavanagh, 2002). Identification and characterization of ampv isolates can be achieved by immunofluorescence staining or virus neutralisation of the isolate with specific antibodies (Baxter-Jones et al,1989), or demonstration of seroconversion in chickens inoculated by the virus (Grant et al, 1987 and Heckert et al, 1993) Molecular methods, such as reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), allow a rapid, sensitive and specific detection of MPV (Bäyon-Auboyer et al, 1999; D Arce et al, 2005; Dani et al, 1999; Cook and Cavanagh, 2002) Serological evidence indicated that ampv is widespread in broilers and broiler breeder flocks in different regions of Iran. Earlier positive samples belonged to 1995 from broiler breeder flocks in north east of Iran (Sheikhi, 2010). In this study, the use of RT-PCR to determine the prevalence of ampv infections in non-vaccinated broiler flocks in Ahwaz slaughterhouses was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sampling: Fifty broiler flocks were sampled during slaughtering in two slaughterhouses in Ahvaz from January to November The flocks were in 6 to 8 weeks of age and were located in different regions of Khouzestan province. Ten birds in every population of each flock were sampled via tracheal swabs. The swabs were allowed to dry at ambient temperature and then were stored at 4 C until RNA was extracted. All of the broiler flocks weree non-vaccinated for ampv. RNA extraction: The swabs were first soaked in normal saline, then dipped and rotated for 10 sec into 1 ml RNX-Plus TM (CinnaGen Co.), a commercial RNA extraction solution. Swabs belonging to each flock were processed in 1 pool of 10. Then, RNA was precipitated according to RNX-Plus manufacturer s instructions and dissolved in 15 µl double distilled water, treated by diethyl pyrocarbonate (sigma, USA). RT-PCR method: Complementary DNA (cdna) was constructed in a final volume of 20 µl containing 12.5 µl of extracted RNA, 4 µl 5 Reverse transcription buffer (Fermentas, Lithuania),
3 200 units of RevertAid TM M-MuLV reverse transcriptase enzyme (Fermentas, Lithuania), 50 pmols of Random Hexamer oligonucleotide (5 ' -NNNNNN-3'), 2 µl 10 mm dntp mix (Cinnagen, Iran) and 20 units RNase inhibitor (Fermentas, Lithuania). RNA and primer were mixed and incubated at 65 C for 5 min and then chilled on ice, before adding other reagents. Reverse transcription was performed at 42 C for one hour and terminated by 10 min incubation at 70 C. PCR was carried out by the nucleocapsid gene specific primers (Nd: 5 AGC AGG ATG GAG AGC CTC TTT G 3 and Nx: 5 CAT GGC CCA ACA TTA TGT T 3 ) described by Bayon-Auboyer et al. (1999). In brief, 5 µl of cdna was added to 45 µl of PCR mix containing 2.5 units Taq DNA polymerase (Gefanavaran, Iran), 5 µl 10 Taq PCR buffer, 1.5 µl 50 mm MgCl 2, 1 µl 10 mm dntps mix and 50 pmol of each primer. Thermal cycling program consisted on 94 C for 5 min; then 30 PCR cycles at 94 C for 30 s, 51 C for 45 s, and 72 C for 45 s, with a final extension cycle at 72 C for 7 min. PCR products were visualized under UV light in ethidium bromide stained 2% agarose gels. Nemovac APV subtype B live vaccine (Merial, France) and RNase free water were used as the positive and negative controls, respectively. Semi-nested PCR: A semi-nested PCR was designed to confirm the PCR positive results. An internal forward primer (Nd : 5' ACA TCT TCA TGC AAG CTT ATG 3') was designed based on the nucleotide sequence of the Nd/Nx PCR product and used with Nx as reverse primer in the reaction of semi-nested PCR. One µl of positive PCR products was used as the template in seminested PCR. Reagents and thermal cycling program of semi-nested PCR were similar to those described in the first round PCR. RESULTS Nd/Nx PCR was expected to produce a DNA band of 115 bp. Agarose gel electrophoresis of the RT-PCR products revealed that tracheal swab samples of 14 out of 50 broiler flocks had resulted in the amplification of a DNA band, similar to that expected (Figure 1). To confirm the identity of the amplified products as being related to ampv, a semi-nested PCR was carried out by Nd /Nx primers. Nd /Nx PCR would have to produce a DNA band of about 90 bp. Based on the results of Nd /Nx semi-nested PCR, all the samples positive in the first round PCR, showed the amplification of a DNA band of about 90 bp (Figure 2). Therefore, it was concluded that 28% of broiler flocks sampled in Ahwaz slaughterhouses had been infected by ampv.
4 Figure 1. Electrophoresis analysis (2% agarose gel) of three PCR positive samples; A) 100 bp DNA Ladder, B) Positive control, C) Positive field samples, D) Negative control. Figure 2. Electrophoresis analysis (2% agarose gel) of semi-nested PCR products; A) 100 bp DNA Ladder, B) Positive control, C) Negative control. Other lanes correspond to 6 field positive samples. DISCUSSION Previous studies have exploited enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to reveal the seroprevalence of ampv in different regions of Iran. Aali Mehr et al. (2006) showed that the broiler breeder flocks located in Urmia city were serologically positive for ampv specific antibodies. Sheikhi et al. (2010) reported the occurrence of ampv infections in grandparent, breeder, commercial broiler and layer flocks in some central and western regions of Iran by ELISA. The study performed in Kermanshah province showed that 48.1% of broilers and 93.2% of broiler breeder flocks were serologically positive for ampv (Rahimi, 2011). In a recent work in Ahwaz at south west of Iran, Mayahi et al. (2012) reported 55.5% seropositivity against ampv in broiler flocks. For the first time in Iran, the present study was planned to investigate the prevalence of ampv infections in broiler flocks via a molecular method (RT-PCR). Hess et al. (2004) concluded that the use of single RT-PCR for detection of ampv was as sensitive as virus isolation. Nested RT-PCR has been found to be more sensitive that single RT- PCR (Cavanagh et al. 1999; Cook & Cavanagh, 2002). However, the nested RT-PCR has the
5 disadvantage of requiring an additional step prior to obtaining results and also has an increased risk of false-positive results due to carryover DNA contamination (Dani et al., 1999). Bäyon-Auboyer et al. (1999) reported that RT-PCR using primer set Nd/Nx, specific for nucleocapsid gene (N), represents both a specific and a widely applicable tool for ampv detection and could be useful for rapid detection of ampv in field samples. On the other hand, the N gene is the promoter closest gene in the viral genome and the transcription process produces more N mrna than other genes (Barik, 1992). In accordance to its characteristics, RT- PCR based on the N gene had the highest detection limit when compared with fusion protein (F) and glycoprotein (G) genes based RT-PCR assays (Ferreira et al. 2007). Therefore, in present study, the primer set Nd/Nx was applied for molecular detection of ampv. The difference between the results of this study (28% infections) and the seroprevalence results reported by Mayahi et al. (2012) (55.5% infection in broiler flocks in Ahwaz) can be explained by the fact that APV replicates poorly in the infected host and can be detected for only a few days after initial infection (Cook et al. 1993; Naylor et al. 1997), whereas the antibody response after infection lasts longer (Jones et al., 1988) and previously infected flocks will remain positive by ELISA but not by RT-PCR testing. Gharaibeh and Algharaibeh (2007) have also found that RT-PCR results indicated a lower prevalence of infection in all types of flocks compared with ELISA results. Despite this apparent disadvantage of RT-PCR in determining the overall prevalence of ampv, RT-PCR can be applied for subtyping of ampv isolates circulating in the field. In fact, one of the objectives of present study was to prepare cdna of ampv positive samples by random primer, in order to subtype the virus field isolates in the near future. Conclusively, based on our results and serological studies in other parts of the country, ampv infections are widespread in poultry flocks and more attention should be paid to this virus, due to its effect on chicks performance. Moreover, continuing epidemiological and molecular typing surveys are necessary for better prevention of ampv infections in chicken flocks. The paper also represents a novel semi nested PCR to confirm the results of Nd/Nx RT-PCR. REFERENCES Aali mehr, M., M. Tabatabae, and A. Mamaghani, Seroprevalence study of avian pneumovirus infection in broiler chickens. Journal of veterinary research. 61:
6 Alvarez, R., H.M. Lwamba, D.R. Kapczynski, M.K. Njenga, and B.S. Seal, Nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence-based analysis of the avian metapneumovirus type C cell attachment glycoprotein gene: phylogenetic analysis and molecular epidemiology of U.S. pneumoviruses. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 5: Barik, S Transcription of human respiratory syncytial virus genome RNA in vitro: requirement of cellular factor(s). Journal of Virology. 66: Baxter-Jones, C., M. Grant, R.C. Jones, and G.P. Wilding, A comparison of three methods for detecting antibodies to turkey rhinotracheitis virus. Avian Pathology. 18: Bayon-Auboyer, M.H., C. Arnauld, D. Toquin, and N. Eterradossi, Nucleotide sequences of the F, L and G protein genes of two non-a/non-b avian pneumovirus (APV) reveal a novel APV subgroup. Journal of general Virology. 81: Cavanagh, D., K. Mawditt, P. Britton, and C.J. Naylor, Longitudinal field studies of infectious bronchitis virus and avian pneumovirus in broilers using type-specific polymerase chain reactions. Avian Pathology. 28: Cook, J.K.A. and D. Cavanagh, Detection and differentiation of avian pneumoviruses (metapneumoviruses). Avian Pathology. 31: Cook, J.K.A., J. Chesher, F. Orthel, M.A. Woods, S.J. Orbell, W. Baxendale, and M.B. Huggins, Avian pneumovirus infection of laying hens: experimental studies. Avian Pathology. 29: Cook, J.K.A., S. Kinloch, and M.M. Ellis, In vitro and in vivo studies in chickens and turkeys on strains of turkey rhinotracheitis virus isolated from the two species. Avian Pathology. 22: Dani, M.A.C., E.L. Durigon, and C.W. Arns, Molecular characterization of Brazilian avian pneumovirus isolates: comparison between immunochemiluminescent Southern blot and nested PCR. Journal of Virology Methods. 79: D' Arce, R.C.f., L.T. Coswing, R.S. Almeida, I.M. Trevisol, M.C.B. onterio, L.I. Rossini, J. di Fabio, H.M. Hafez, and C.W. Arns, Subtyping of new Brazilian avian metapneumovirus isolates from chickens and turkeys by reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction. Avian Pathology. 34: Ferreira, H.L., F.R. Spilki, R.S. de Almeida, M.M. Santos, and C.W. Arns, Inhibition of avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) replication by RNA interference targeting nucleoprotein gene (N) in cultured cells. Antiviral Research. 74: Gharaibeh, S.M. and G.R. Algharaibeh, Serological and Molecular Detection of Avian Pneumovirus in Chickens with Respiratory Disease in Jordan. Poultry Science. 86: Gough, R.E. and R.C. Jones, Newcastle Disease, Other Avian Paramyxoviruses, and Pneumovirus Infections. In: Saif, Y.M., A.M. Fadly, J.R. Glisson, L.R. McDougald, L.K. Nolan, and D.E. Swayne, (Eds). Diseases of Poultry. 12 th ed. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Iowa, USA, PP: Grant, M., C. Baxter-Jones, and G.P. Wilding, An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of turkey rhinotracheitis infection. Vet Rec. 120: Hess, M., M.B. Huggins, and U. Heincz, Hatchability, serology and virus excretion following in ovo vaccination of chickens with an avian metapneumovirus vaccine. Avian Pathology. 33: Heckert, R.A, D.J. Myers, A. Afshar, J. Riva, Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to avian pneumovirus. Avian Dis. 38:
7 Jones, R.C., R.A. Williams, C. Baxter-Jones, C.E. Savage, and G.P. Wilding, Experimental infection of laying turkeys with rhinotracheitis virus: distribution,of virus in the tissues and serological response. Avian Pathology. 17: Jones, R.C Avian pneumovirus infection: Questions still unanswered. Avian Pathology. 25: Mayahi, M., M.R. Seifi, M. Pourmehdi, S.J. Gholami seyyedkolaei Serological study on avian Metapneumovirus in boiler chicks by ELISA test. 3 rd international veterinary poultry congress, February 22-23, 2012, Tehran, Iran. Naylor, C.J., K. Shaw, P. Britton, and D. Cavanagh, Appearance of type B avian Pneumovirus in Great Britain. Avian Pathology. 26: Pringle, C.R Virus Taxonomy. Archives of Virology, 144: Rahimi, M Seroprevalence of avian metapneumovirus infection in broiler and broiler breeder chickens in Iran. Veterinarni Medicina - UZEI. 59: Seal, B Matrix protein gene nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence demonstrate that the first US avian pneumovirus isolate is distinct from European strains. Virus Research. 58: Sheikhi, N Record of presence of antibodies against metapneumovirus in birds in Iran. 2 nd International Veterinary Poultry Congress, February, Tehran, Iran. P: 115. Toquin, D., M.H. Bäyon-Auboyer, D.A. Senne, and N. Eterradossi, Lack of antigenic relationship between French and recent North American non-a/non-b turkey rhinotracheitis viruses. Avian Diseases. 44: Van den Hoogen, B.G., J.C. de Jong, J. Groen, T. Kuiken, R. de Groot, R.A.M. Foucher, and A.D.M.E. Osterhaus, A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease. Nature Medicine. 7:
Original Article Phylogenetic Study Based on the Gene of Attachment Protein (G) Avian Metapneumovirus from Broiler Breeder farm in Iran, 2013
Iranian Journal of Virology 2013;7(3): 7-11 2013, Iranian Society of Virology Original Article Phylogenetic Study Based on the Gene of Attachment Protein (G) Avian Metapneumovirus from Broiler Breeder
More informationDetection by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and molecular characterization of avian metapneumovirus in Chicken flocks in Iran
WALIA journal 31(S3): 170-174, 2015 Available online at www.waliaj.com ISSN 1026-3861 2015 WALIA Detection by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and molecular characterization of avian metapneumovirus
More informationSeroprevalence of avian metapneumovirus infection in broiler and broiler breeder chickens in Iran
Seroprevalence of avian metapneumovirus infection in broiler and broiler breeder chickens in Iran M. Rahimi Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran ABSTRACT: Avian metapneumovirus
More informationTHE ROLE OF AVIAN METAPENUMOVIRUS IN RESPIRATORY COMPLEX DISEASE CIRCULATING IN BROILERS IN NORTHERN IRAN
Trakia Journal of Sciences, No 2, pp 175-179, 2015 Copyright 2015 Trakia University Available online at: http://www.uni-sz.bg ISSN 1313-7050 (print) doi:10.15547/tjs.2015.02.011 ISSN 1313-3551 (online)
More informationMinnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA 3 United States Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and
Lebanese Science Journal, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2003 13 CHRONOLOGICAL CORRELATION OF TRACHEAL METAPNEUMOVIRUS ANTIGENIC DISTRIBUTION TO LEVELS OF SPECIFIC HUMORAL ANTIBODIES IN BROILER BREEDERS AND THEIR OFFSPRING
More informationProtection in specific-pathogen-free chickens with live avian metapneumovirus and Newcastle disease virus vaccines applied singly or in combination
Protection in specific-pathogen-free chickens with live avian metapneumovirus and Newcastle disease virus vaccines applied singly or in combination K Ganapathy, W J Cox, Dick Gough, P Cargill, Enrique
More informationRecommended laboratory tests to identify influenza A/H5 virus in specimens from patients with an influenza-like illness
World Health Organization Recommended laboratory tests to identify influenza A/H5 virus in specimens from patients with an influenza-like illness General information Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)
More informationOriginal Article Identification of Different Serotypes of Infectious Bronchitis Viruses in Allantoic Fluid Samples with Single and Multiplex RT- PCR
Iranian Journal of Virology 2009;3(2): 24-29 2009, Iranian Society for Virology Original Article Identification of Different Serotypes of Infectious Bronchitis Viruses in Allantoic Fluid Samples with Single
More informationIsolation and identification of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickensbn from industrial farms in Kerman province
Available online at http://www.ijabbr.com International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research Volume 2, Issue 1, 2014: 100-104 Isolation and identification of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
More informationA Minor Field Study on Avian Metapneumovirus
Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health A Minor Field Study
More informationThe surveillance programme for infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) and avian rhinotracheitis (ART) in poultry in Norway 2016
Annual Report The surveillance programme for infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) and avian rhinotracheitis (ART) in poultry in Norway 2016 Norwegian Veterinary Institute The surveillance programme for infectious
More informationHuman metapneumovirus:hmpv
51 2005217 Human metapneumovirus:hmpv Hideaki KIKUTA RS 2001 RS 5 10 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome: SARS SARS 20042005 NL63 HKU1 Human metapneu- 0070841 41 16 14 movirus: hmpv 13.35kb ssrna 150
More informationWorldwide perspective on Infectious Bronchitis. Ruth Bouwstra, DVM, PhD Turkey February 2017
Worldwide perspective on Infectious Bronchitis Ruth Bouwstra, DVM, PhD Turkey February 2017 Infectious bronchitis virus Corona Virus, a ssrna virus - Relatively high rate of mutations (0,0012 subst per
More informationStudy of Prevalence of Bird flu by using RT PCR at Central Veterinary Laboratory, Nepal, 2007
Study of Prevalence of Bird flu by using RT PCR at Central Veterinary Laboratory, Nepal, 2007 Dipesh Dhakal 1, Pawan Dulal 1, Rewati Man Shrestha 2, Salina Manandhar 2 and Janardan Lamichhane 1 1 Department
More informationAn outbreak of a respiratory infection of multi-agents occurred in poultry flocks in Tripoli, Libya
An outbreak of a respiratory infection of multi-agents occurred in poultry flocks in Tripoli, Libya S.O. Al-GARIB*, A. A. ASHEG, A. KAMMON and M.A. HAMID Department of Poultry Disease, Faculty of Veterinary
More informationSurveillance and control programmes for terrestrial and aquatic animals in Norway
Surveillance and control programmes for terrestrial and aquatic animals in Norway Annual Reports 2011 The surveillance and control programme for infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) and avian rhinotracheitis
More informationThe surveillance and control programme
Annual Reports 2010 Surveillance and control programmes for terrestrial and aquatic animals in Norway The surveillance and control programme for infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) and avian rhinotracheitis
More informationDepartment of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, South Wirral, CH64 7TE, UNITED KINGDOM
IMMUNE RESPONSES IN CHICKS AFTER SINGLE OR DUAL VACCINATION WITH LIVE INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS MASSACHUSETTS AND VARIANT VACCINES: SOME PRELIMINARY FINDINGS GANAPATHY 1 K, ROTHWELL 2 L, LEMIERE 3 S, KAISER
More informationDepartment of Animal and Poultry Sciences October 16, Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J. Héctor L. Santiago ABSTRACT
Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences October 16, 2000 Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J Héctor L. Santiago ABSTRACT The avian leukosis viruses (ALV) are a class of retroviruses belonging to the avian
More informationThe surveillance and control programme
Annual Reports 2008 The surveillance and control programme for infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) and avian rhinotracheitis (ART) in poultry flocks in Norway Bruce David Jorun Tharaldsen Chiek Er Editor
More informationDETECTION AND SEROTYPING OF MAREKS DISEASE VIRUS IN DISEASED CHICKENS IN ABEOKTA
ISSN: Print - 2277-0593 Online - 2315-7461 FUNAAB 2017 Journal of Natural Science, Engineering and Technology DETECTION AND SEROTYPING OF MAREKS DISEASE VIRUS IN DISEASED CHICKENS IN ABEOKTA 1O.O. ONI,
More informationLaboratory Diagnosis of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease
Laboratory Diagnosis of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Dennis A. Senne dennis.a.senne@aphis.usda.gov (515) 239-7551 U. S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary
More informationRT-PCR. variant 2 variant 2 H120. :
RT- * RT- MWG H120 RT- azad.rahimi@gmail.com : * Cavanagh. (Iran//19/08) Hosseini QX Najafi (Iran/QX/H179/11) g PBS IR1 mass IS/720 QX Hashemzadeh RT- RNase SX1 RT- SX2 Nested- RT- SX3 SX3 Denaturation)
More informationCHARACTERISATION OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS AND DETERMINATION OF POSSIBLE VACCINE STRAIN(S) IN KENYA
CHARACTERISATION OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS AND DETERMINATION OF POSSIBLE VACCINE STRAIN(S) IN KENYA Investigator: Dr. Mutinda, W.U (BVM, MSc.) Supervisors: Prof. P.N Nyaga, BVM, MSc, PhD Prof.
More informationPakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences
Pak. j. life soc. sci. (2007), 5(1-2): 1-5 Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences Comparison of Conventional Bacterial isolation, Rapid Slide Agglutination and Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection
More informationReceived 3 September 2002/Returned for modification 16 December 2002/Accepted 23 January 2003
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Apr. 2003, p. 1730 1735 Vol. 41, No. 4 0095-1137/03/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.41.4.1730 1735.2003 Copyright 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
More informationInfectious Bronchitis Virus: Detection and Vaccine Strain Differentiation by Semi-nested RT-PCR
Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola ISSN 1516-635X Jan - Mar 2005 / v.7 / n.1 / 59-66 Infectious Bronchitis Virus: Detection and Vaccine Strain Differentiation by
More informationInternational Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 6, No 4, 2017,
International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 6, No 4, 2017, 2594 2499 ISSN 2278-3687 (O) 2277-663X (P) DETECTION OF Mycoplasma gallisepticum FROM FIELD SAMPLES OF LAYING CHICKEN USING
More informationDepartment of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy 47, 349-356, 2003 CHARACTERIZATION OF POLISH INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS STRAINS BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION COMBINED WITH RESTRICTION ENZYME ANALYSIS
More informationDetection and Characterization of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Desi Birds by Molecular Assay
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 23197706 Volume 6 Number 9 (2017) pp. 10981102 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.609.131
More informationIBV HOW TO DEAL WITH TODAY S MOST RELEVANT FIELD STRAINS WITHIN THE EUAFME REGION?
IBV HOW TO DEAL WITH TODAY S MOST RELEVANT FIELD STRAINS WITHIN THE EUAFME REGION? IB VARIANTS HISTORY EUAFME PERSPECTIVE 1930 s: Massachussetts (mortality 40-90%) 2 1951: first variant in US: Connecticut
More informationLaboratory tools for monitoring and understanding IBDV infection and vaccination
Laboratory tools for monitoring and understanding IBDV infection and vaccination J.J. (Sjaak) de Wit, DVM, PhD, dipl ECPVS GD Deventer, The Netherlands Gumboro-virus (IBDV) Avibirna-virus: segments of
More informationExpression of Recombinant Small Hydrophobic Protein for Serospecific Detection of Avian Pneumovirus Subgroup C
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, Jan. 2005, p. 187 191 Vol. 12, No. 1 1071-412X/05/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/cdli.12.1.187 191.2005 Copyright 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights
More informationJOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 2000, p Vol. 38, No. 11. Copyright 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 2000, p. 4010 4014 Vol. 38, No. 11 0095-1137/00/$04.00 0 Copyright 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Development of a Highly Sensitive
More informationEvaluation of RT-PCR for the Detection of Influenza Virus Serotype H9N2 among Broiler Chickens in Pakistan
International Journal of Poultry Science 7 (11): 1122-1127, 2008 ISSN 1682-8356 Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008 Evaluation of RT-PCR for the Detection of Influenza Virus Serotype H9N2 among
More informationmaking LT protection safer and easier
making LT protection safer and easier 1 vaccine up to 3 immunities 4 Vectormune FP-LT and. Vectormune FP-LT is a genetically engineered live fowl pox virus vaccine carrying 2 immunorelevant genes from
More informationShedding course of bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine parainfluenza 3 virus in calves vaccinated intranasally
Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 57, 479-483, 2013 DOI: 10.2478/bvip-2013-0083 Shedding course of bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine parainfluenza 3 virus in calves vaccinated intranasally Wojciech Socha,
More informationIMMUNOLOGY, HEALTH, AND DISEASE
IMMUNOLOGY, HEALTH, AND DISEASE Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the detection and differentiation of avian influenza viruses and other poultry respiratory pathogens S. Rashid,* K. Naeem, 1 Z. Ahmed,
More informationIn the Name of God. Talat Mokhtari-Azad Director of National Influenza Center
In the Name of God Overview of influenza laboratory diagnostic technology: advantages and disadvantages of each test available Talat Mokhtari-Azad Director of National Influenza Center Tehran- Iran 1 1)
More informationScreening (and Diagnosis) of 15 Respiratory Viruses Using NAAT
Screening (and Diagnosis) of 15 Respiratory Viruses Using NAAT April 2013 DISCLAIMER: This document was originally drafted in French by the Institut national d'excellence en santé et en services sociaux
More informationDetection of equine infectious anemia nucleic acid in asymptomatic carrier horses by nested PCR
Asian Biomedicine Vol. 4 No. 6 December 2010; 971-975 Brief communication (Original) Detection of equine infectious anemia nucleic acid in asymptomatic carrier horses by nested PCR Sunutcha Suntrarachun
More informationABSTRACT. 1. Introduction. Qingzhong Yu 1*, Jason P. Roth 1,2, Haixia Hu 1,3, Carlos N. Estevez 1,4, Wei Zhao 1, Laszlo Zsak 1
World Journal of Vaccines, 2013, 3, 130-139 Published Online November 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/wjv) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjv.2013.34018 Protection by Recombinant Newcastle Disease Viruses
More informationEtiology. Paramyxovirus type 1 = Newcastle disease.
Newcastle Disease Many strains of similar virus cause signs ranging from mild respiratory signs (pneumotropic) with low mortality to severe neurological (neurotropic) and/or visceral lesions (viscerotropic)
More informationCase Report Veterinarni Medicina, 58, 2013: (5):
Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains with identical random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns in chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) and broilers: a case report R. Khoshbakht 1, S. Seifi 2, M. Tabatabaei
More informationOriginal Article S1 gene sequence analysis of infectious bronchitis virus vaccinal strains (H120 & H52) and their embryo-passaged derivatives
Archives of Razi Institute, Vol. 71, No. 2 (2016) 87-96 Copyright 2016 by Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute Original Article S1 gene sequence analysis of infectious bronchitis virus vaccinal strains
More informationCHAPTER 4 RESULTS. showed that all three replicates had similar growth trends (Figure 4.1) (p<0.05; p=0.0000)
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1 Growth Characterization of C. vulgaris 4.1.1 Optical Density Growth study of Chlorella vulgaris based on optical density at 620 nm (OD 620 ) showed that all three replicates had similar
More informationDevelopment and evaluation of a real-time Taqman RT-PCR assay for the detection of infectious bronchitis virus from infected chickens
Journal of Virological Methods 138 (2006) 60 65 Development and evaluation of a real-time Taqman RT-PCR assay for the detection of infectious bronchitis virus from infected chickens Scott A. Callison a,
More informationOriginal Article Development and Sequence Analysis of a Cold-Adapted Strain of Influenza A/New Caledonia/20/1999(H1N1) Virus
Iranian Journal of Virology 2011;5(4): 6-10 2011, Iranian Society for Virology Original Article Development and Sequence Analysis of a Cold-Adapted Strain of Influenza A/New Caledonia/20/1999(H1N1) Virus
More informationMolecular diagnosis of infectious bronchitis: recent developments. Richard Currie
Molecular diagnosis of infectious bronchitis: recent developments Richard Currie The infectious bronchitis virus RNA (nucleic acid) on the inside the genetic finger print Proteins (S1 and S2 spike proteins)
More informationENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH
ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH Infection and Immunity in Broiler Chicken Breeders Vaccinated with a Temperature-Sensitive Mutant of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Impact on Performance of Offspring E. K. Barbour,*,1
More informationNorgen s HIV proviral DNA PCR Kit was developed and validated to be used with the following PCR instruments: Qiagen Rotor-Gene Q BioRad icycler
3430 Schmon Parkway Thorold, ON, Canada L2V 4Y6 Phone: (905) 227-8848 Fax: (905) 227-1061 Email: techsupport@norgenbiotek.com HIV Proviral DNA PCR Kit Product # 33840 Product Insert Background Information
More information636.09: : :614.91:636.5
636.09:616.233-002:578.834:614.91:636.5.,..,. : ( ), ( ),,,.,.,,,, [1].,,.. ,,,.,,, [4].,,. :,.. ( ),,,., 7 45. 30-60-., 105 [2,3].,, . ( ) 7. 1930, A. Schalk i M.Hawn 1931., 1933. L. Buchelli i C. Brandly.
More informationValidation Report: VERSA Mini PCR Workstation Reverse Transcription of Avian Flu RNA and Amplification of cdna & Detection of H5N1
I. Objectives Validation Report: VERSA Mini PCR Workstation Reverse Transcription of Avian Flu RNA and Amplification of cdna & Detection of H5N1 1. To ensure stability of RNA (highly thermolabile and degradatively
More informationL I F E S C I E N C E S
1a L I F E S C I E N C E S 5 -UUA AUA UUC GAA AGC UGC AUC GAA AAC UGU GAA UCA-3 5 -TTA ATA TTC GAA AGC TGC ATC GAA AAC TGT GAA TCA-3 3 -AAT TAT AAG CTT TCG ACG TAG CTT TTG ACA CTT AGT-5 OCTOBER 31, 2006
More informationPrevalence of etiological agents of selected respiratory infections in chicken and turkey farms in the Czech Republic
Veterinarni Medicina, 57, 2012 (3): 125 132 Original Paper Prevalence of etiological agents of selected respiratory infections in chicken and turkey farms in the Czech Republic D. Lobova 1,3, L. Kohoutova
More informationInvestigations of Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Infections in Broiler Breeders in China
Investigations of Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Infections in Broiler Breeders in China Cheng, Z.,* Zhang, H., Wang G., Liu, Q., Liu, J., Guo, H. and Zhou E. College of
More informationMicropathology Ltd. University of Warwick Science Park, Venture Centre, Sir William Lyons Road, Coventry CV4 7EZ
www.micropathology.com info@micropathology.com Micropathology Ltd Tel 24hrs: +44 (0) 24-76 323222 Fax / Ans: +44 (0) 24-76 - 323333 University of Warwick Science Park, Venture Centre, Sir William Lyons
More informationNorgen s HIV Proviral DNA PCR Kit was developed and validated to be used with the following PCR instruments: Qiagen Rotor-Gene Q BioRad T1000 Cycler
3430 Schmon Parkway Thorold, ON, Canada L2V 4Y6 Phone: 866-667-4362 (905) 227-8848 Fax: (905) 227-1061 Email: techsupport@norgenbiotek.com HIV Proviral DNA PCR Kit Product# 33840 Product Insert Intended
More informationHepatitis B Virus Genemer
Product Manual Hepatitis B Virus Genemer Primer Pair for amplification of HBV Viral Specific Fragment Catalog No.: 60-2007-10 Store at 20 o C For research use only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures
More informationThe humoral immune responses to IBV proteins.
The humoral immune responses to IBV proteins. E. Dan Heller and Rosa Meir The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel COST FA1207 meeting WG2 + WG3, Budapest, Jan. 2015 1 IBV encodes four major structural
More informationIsolation of H9N2 Subtype of Avian Influenza Viruses during an Outbreak in Chickens in Iran
Isolation of H9N2 Subtype of Avian Influenza Viruses during an Outbreak in Chickens in Iran Mehdi Vasfi Marandi * and Mohammad Hassan Bozorgmehri Fard Poultry Diseases Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
More informationMolecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolated from commercial chicken farms
DOI: 10.22144/ctu.jen.2017.027 Molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolated from commercial chicken farms Tran Ngoc Bich 1, Nguyen Phuc Khanh 1,2, Pham Hoang Dung 1, Nguyen
More informationControl of mycoplasma infection of poultry by antibiotics
Control of mycoplasma diseases of poultry, swine and cattle Control of mycoplasma infection of poultry by antibiotics László Stipkovits and Susan Szathmáry RT-Europe Research Center, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
More informationOligo Sequence* bp %GC Tm Hair Hm Ht Position Size Ref. HIVrt-F 5 -CTA-gAA-CTT-TRA-ATg-CAT-ggg-TAA-AAg-TA
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) detection & quantitation by qrt-pcr (Taqman). Created on: Oct 26, 2010; Last modified by: Jul 17, 2017; Version: 3.0 This protocol describes the qrt-pcr taqman based
More informationSuggestions to prevent / control Respiratory Disease Complex in poultry
Suggestions to prevent / control Respiratory Disease Complex in poultry Dr. J. L. Vegad Adviser Phoenix Group 201/15, Gorakhpur, Jabalpur - 482001 Introduction Today, respiratory disease complex has emerged
More informationAnalysis of the Genomic Sequence of a Human Metapneumovirus
Virology 295, 119 132 (2002) doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1355, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Analysis of the Genomic Sequence of a Human Metapneumovirus Bernadette G. van den Hoogen, Theo
More informationSupplementary Appendix
Supplementary Appendix This appendix has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. Supplement to: Sherman SI, Wirth LJ, Droz J-P, et al. Motesanib diphosphate
More informationISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: J. J. De Wit, W. A. J. M. Swart & T. H. F.
Avian Pathology ISSN: 007-9457 (Print) 1465-8 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cavp Efficacy of infectious bronchitis virus vaccinations in the field: association between the
More informationPlasmids Western blot analysis and immunostaining Flow Cytometry Cell surface biotinylation RNA isolation and cdna synthesis
Plasmids psuper-retro-s100a10 shrna1 was constructed by cloning the dsdna oligo 5 -GAT CCC CGT GGG CTT CCA GAG CTT CTT TCA AGA GAA GAA GCT CTG GAA GCC CAC TTT TTA-3 and 5 -AGC TTA AAA AGT GGG CTT CCA GAG
More informationComparative study of antibodies level using different programs against Newcastle disease in broilers
(-) ** * ** *. Haemagglutination.. (HI) inhibition test 20 (0.86) Log2 (0.76) Log2 P
More informationCoronaviruses cause acute, mild upper respiratory infection (common cold).
Coronaviruses David A. J. Tyrrell Steven H. Myint GENERAL CONCEPTS Clinical Presentation Coronaviruses cause acute, mild upper respiratory infection (common cold). Structure Spherical or pleomorphic enveloped
More informationDepartment of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Abstract:
Iranian Journal of Veterinary edicine Detection of avian reoviruses causing tenosynovitis in breeder flocks in Iran by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and restriction enzyme fragment
More informationDetection of Marek s disease virus meq gene in Feather follicle by Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-issn: 2319-2380, p-issn: 2319-2372. Volume 7, Issue 3 Ver. I (Apr. 2014), PP 19-24 Detection of Marek s disease virus meq gene in Feather
More informationMonitoring for Mycoplasma
Monitoring for Mycoplasma in vaccinated and non-vaccinated Poultry flocks Dr. Bart van Leerdam, PhD Prevention and Control Tactics of Mycoplasma spp. in Poultry 1. Maintaining flocks free of Mycoplasma
More informationAIDS - Knowledge and Dogma. Conditions for the Emergence and Decline of Scientific Theories Congress, July 16/ , Vienna, Austria
AIDS - Knowledge and Dogma Conditions for the Emergence and Decline of Scientific Theories Congress, July 16/17 2010, Vienna, Austria Reliability of PCR to detect genetic sequences from HIV Juan Manuel
More informationAvian Influenza Virus H7N9. Dr. Di Liu Network Information Center Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences
Avian Influenza Virus H7N9 Dr. Di Liu Network Information Center Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Avian Influenza Virus RNA virus, Orthomyxoviruses Influenza A virus Eight Gene segments
More informationPrinciples for event based and active avian influenza surveillance. Les Sims Asia Pacific Veterinary Information Services
Principles for event based and active avian influenza surveillance Les Sims Asia Pacific Veterinary Information Services apvis@bigpond.net.au Introduction No one size fits all surveillance system for avian
More informationChicken infectious anaemia virus infection among broiler chicken flocks in Iran
Archives of Razi Institute, Vol. 62, No. 1, Winter (2007) 1-6 Copyright 2007 by Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute Chicken infectious anaemia virus infection among broiler chicken flocks in Iran Farhoodi
More informationSCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION EMEA/V/C/036. Intervet International B.V., Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands. N/a
SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION Product name: Nobilis IB 4-91 Procedure No.: EMEA/V/C/036 Applicant company : Active substances and strengths: (ATCvet code) Proposed International Non-proprietary Name: Intervet
More informationEFFICACY OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS LOCALLY MANUFACTURED AND IMPORTED VACCINES ABSTRACT
Shaukat et al., The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 26(3): 2016, Page: J. 653-657 Anim. Plant Sci. 26(3):2016 ISSN: 1018-7081 EFFICACY OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS LOCALLY MANUFACTURED AND IMPORTED VACCINES
More informationHIV-1 Genemer Detection Kit Ready to Use Amplification Kit for HIV-1 Specific DNA Fragment Analysis
Product Manual HIV-1 Genemer Detection Kit Ready to Use Amplification Kit for HIV-1 Specific DNA Fragment Analysis For research use only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures for clinical purposes Catalog
More informationINFLUENZA-2 Avian Influenza
INFLUENZA-2 Avian Influenza VL 7 Dec. 9 th 2013 Mohammed El-Khateeb Overview 1. Background Information 2. Origin/History 3. Brief overview of genome structure 4. Geographical Distribution 5. Pandemic Nature
More informationOrthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae. Lecture in Microbiology for medical and dental medical students
Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae Lecture in Microbiology for medical and dental medical students Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae are ss RNA containng viruses Insert Table 25.1 RNA viruses 2 SIZE
More informationIsolation and sequencing of field isolates of Avian infectious bronchitis virus in Iraq
2018; 6(1): 529-540 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 JEZS 2018; 6(1): 529-540 2018 JEZS Received: 03-11-2017 Accepted: 04-12-2017 Ruya Nabih Mohammed Department of microbiology, College of veterinary
More informationHuman Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) Genemer. Primer Pair for amplification of HIV-1 Specific DNA Fragment
Product Manual Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) Genemer Primer Pair for amplification of HIV-1 Specific DNA Fragment Catalog No.: 60-2002-10 Store at 20 o C For research use only. Not for use in
More informationA/equine-1 A/equine-2 (H3N8) H3N8 H7N7 H3N8. Thogovo. Isavirus. * پست الکترونيک نويسندهي مسؤول:
* A/equine-1 A/equine-2 () () Thogovo C B A C Isavirus C B A * پست الکترونيک نويسندهي مسؤول: mhajih@scu.ac.ir (N) (H) A 1A/eq/piague/1/56 A/eq/Jilin/2/89 A/eq/Miami/2/63 Mancini B H5N7 Single Radial Haemolysis
More informationDr.Christophe Cazaban
Dr.Christophe Cazaban Technical Manager Biology Innovation Strategy Department. Ceva Sante Animale, France Graduated from the French Veterinary University of Lyon in 1993 He completed his education with
More informationInternational Journal of Veterinary Science
International Journal of Veterinary Science www.ijvets.com P-ISSN: 2304-3075 E-ISSN: 2305-4360 editor@ijvets.com RESEARCH ARTICLE Detection and Differentiation of Newcastle Disease Virus Strains Affecting
More informationEVALUATION OF DIFFERENT ROUTES OF VACCINATION BY CLONE VACCINE ON HUMORAL ANTIBODY RESPONSE
Explor Anim Med Res, Vol.7, Issue - 2, 2017, p. 165-169 Research Article EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT ROUTES OF VACCINATION BY CLONE VACCINE ON HUMORAL ANTIBODY RESPONSE Moin Khodayari, Adel Feizi * Received
More informationSupplementary Figure 1
Supplementary Figure 1 Supplementary Figure 1: Cryopreservation alters CD62L expression by CD4 T cells. Freshly isolated (left) or cryopreserved PBMCs (right) were stained with the mix of antibodies described
More informationMG and MS Control in Layers
MG and MS Control in Layers Bernie Beckman, DVM Hy-Line International Hy-Line International Genetic Excellence Respiratory Diseases of Poultry Bacterial Diseases M. gallisepticum M. synoviae Coryza - Avibacterium
More informationRama Nada. - Malik
- 2 - Rama Nada - - Malik 1 P a g e We talked about HAV in the previous lecture, now we ll continue the remaining types.. Hepatitis E It s similar to virus that infect swine, so its most likely infect
More informationRECOMBINANT VACCINES Live or Killed
Antigens and Vaccines Molecular biology drives Innovation Antigen Gene of Interest Recombination RECOMBINANT VACCINES Live or Killed Antigens and Vaccines Molecular biology drives Innovation Antigen Gene
More informationResearch Article Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in Chickens in Sudan
Volume 2013, Article ID 208026, 4 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/208026 Research Article Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in Chickens in
More informationCENSA-IZSVE: OIE TWINNING PROJECT on AVIAN INFLUENZA and NEWCASTLE DISEASE ( ) Marco De Nardi N. Micoli; MS. Beato; C.
CENSA CENSA-IZSVE: OIE TWINNING PROJECT on AVIAN INFLUENZA and NEWCASTLE DISEASE (2008-2010) 2010) Marco De Nardi N. Micoli; MS. Beato; C. Battisti OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Newcastle disease and
More informationSEA/CD/154 Distribution : General. Avian Influenza in South-East Asia Region: Priority Areas for Research
SEA/CD/154 Distribution : General Avian Influenza in South-East Asia Region: Priority Areas for Research World Health Organization Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection
More informationHow To... Take FTA Card Samples
How To... What is an FTA card? FTA (Flinders Technology Associates) cards are cottonbased, cellulose paper containing chemicals that burst cells, denature proteins and protect DNA, leaving a sample suitable
More informationBrazilian avian metapneumovirus subtypes A and B: experimental infection of broilers and evaluation of vaccine ef icacy 1
Brazilian avian metapneumovirus subtypes A and B: experimental infection of broilers and evaluation of vaccine ef icacy 1 Márcia B. dos Santos 2, Matheus C. Martini 2, Helena L. Ferreira 3, Luciana H.A.
More informationCevaC Mass L THe Ceva Mass solution
CevaC Mass L THe Ceva Mass solution Ceva Santé Animale S.A. - 10, av. de la Ballastière - BP 126-33500 Libourne Cedex - France Tel : + 33 5 57 55 40 40 - Fax : + 33 5 57 55 41 92 www.ceva.com CEVAC MASS
More information