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2 Vaccines: Part 1 A history of policy context, impacts and approaches Professor Melissa Leach - Brighton, UK All course materials are published by the ARCADE Projects under the Crea:ve Commons A<ribu:on Non- commercial- ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license.
3 Why vaccines?
4 Why vaccines? A powerful lens into broader themes:
5 Why vaccines? A powerful lens into broader themes: Public health policy Health technology, delivery and uptake social and political dimensions Science/policy controversies
6 Why vaccines? A powerful lens into broader themes: Public health policy Health technology, delivery and uptake social and political dimensions Science/policy controversies
7 Why vaccines? A powerful lens into broader themes: Public health policy Health technology, delivery and uptake social and political dimensions Science/policy controversies
8 Vaccination claims One of the two most effective public health interventions ever Clean water "Indonesia-sodis-gross" by SODIS Eawag - Own work. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons Vaccines "PoPublic liodrops". Licensed under domain via Wikimedia Commons
9 Vaccination claims The most cost-effective public health intervention ever Chart based on data from: Brenzel L, Wolfson LJ, Fox-Rushby J, et al. Vaccine-preventable Diseases. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, et al., editors. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2nd edition. Washington (DC): World Bank; Chapter 20.
10 Vaccination characteristics Global, universal technology Variants: Delivery forms: Live Dead DNA Injected Oral Plantbased Technologies meet highly variable cultural, social and personal contexts, acquiring different meanings in the process.
11 A brief history of vaccination 1721 and earlier Various indigenous techniques (e.g. variolation) popular in Asia and eventually Europe 1796 Edward Jenner: country doctor turned medical hero Early 1800s Smallpox campaigns in Europe 1940s-50 Polio epidemics in industrailised countries 1955 Salk polio vaccine
12 Courtesy of the US National Library of Medicine. Licensed under domain
13 : CDC and WHO fight smallpox and measles in Africa Both images courtesy of the CDC Public Health Image Library (PHIL). All rights reserved, used with permission
14 Early 1980s Only 5-20% global immunisation coverage Launch of WHO Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI): Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DTP) Measles Polio BCG Routine vaccination integrated with state primary health care, plus National Vaccination Days Courtesy of the CDC Public Health Image Library (PHIL). Licensed under domain.
15 Mid-1980s Era of information, education and communication Courtesy of the Media/Materials Clearing House. Created by the Honduras Ministerio de Salud Publica, all rights reserved. Used with permission. Courtesy of the Media/Materials Clearing House. Created Unicef Brazil, all rights reserved. Used with permission.
16 Late 1980s Europe, US etc. introduce MMR Courtesy of the US Na:onal Library of Medicine. Published by Luxembourg Ministry of Public Health, all rights reserved. Used with permission. 20 DoH New Zealand
17 Global DTP3 immunisation rates have now reached 90% Immunisation rate (% of population) Africa Americas Eastern Mediterranean Europe South-East Asia Western Pacific Global Year Based on data from the WHO
18 Polio eradication progress: 1996 versus 2013 Based on data from the WHO: 1996 and 2013
19 Late 1990s - now Completing the global polio eradication campaign Courtesy of Media/Materials Clearing Courtesy of Media/Materials Clearing House. Produced by Vacinar y Prevenir, all House. Produced by PolioPlus, Rotary rights reserved. Used with permission. Interna:onal, all rights reserved. Used with permission. Courtesy of the US Na:onal Library of Medicine. Published by the Governao de Sao Paolo, all rights reserved. Used with permission.
20 Sources Slide 8 "Indonesia-sodis-gross" by SODIS Eawag - Own work. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons "PoPublic liodrops". Licensed under domain via Wikimedia Commons Slide 9 Brenzel L, Wolfson LJ, Fox-Rushby J, et al. Vaccine-preventable Diseases. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, et al., editors. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2nd edition. Washington (DC): World Bank; Chapter 20. Slide 12 Courtesy of the US National Library of Medicine. Licensed under domain Slide 13 Left image: Courtesy of the US Centers for Disease Control Public Health Image Library (PHIL), image All rights reserved, used with permission Right image: Courtesy of the US Centers for Disease Control Public Health Image Library (PHIL), image All rights reserved, used with permission
21 Sources (cont.) Slide 14 Courtesy of the US Centers for Disease Control Public Health Image Library (PHIL), image Licensed under domain. Slide 15 Left image: Courtesy of the Media/Materials Clearing House. Created by the Honduras Ministerio de Salud Publica, all rights reserved. Used with permission. Right image: Courtesy of the Media/Materials Clearing House. Created Unicef Brazil, all rights reserved. Used with permission. Slide 19 Left image: Courtesy of Media/Materials Clearing House. Produced by Vacinar y Prevenir, all rights reserved. Used with permission. Middle image: Courtesy of Media/Materials Clearing House. Produced by PolioPlus, Rotary International, all rights reserved. Used with permission. Right image: Courtesy of the US National Library of Medicine. Published by the Governao de Sao Paolo, all rights reserved. Used with permission.
http://www.arcade-project.org Vaccines: Part 2 Supply and demand Professor Melissa Leach - Brighton, UK All course materials are published by the ARCADE Projects under the Crea:ve Commons A
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