Heraeus Kulzer Adhesives. Adhesive Guide
|
|
- Corey Tate
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Heraeus Kulzer Adhesives Adhesive Guide
2 Contents Principles of adhesion Enamel Preparation and conditioning Dentin Conditioning Wettability and surface tension Classification of adhesive systems Classification according to generation Classification according to steps Etch & Rinse systems Etchant Primer Bonder 3-step systems 2-step systems Self-Etch systems 2-step systems All-in-One systems Tips References Product outline
3 Principles of adhesion Adhesives are substances used to retain or bond composites to dental enamel or dentin. They are very important for any restoration that does not have macromechanical retention. Adhesives and the relevant adhesive techniques should, therefore, guarantee reliable bonding, withstand separation of the individual layers and adequately distribute the forces that occur in clinical situations. As the interfaces between the composite, enamel and dentin have different chemicophysical properties, the adhesive system should always be precisely tailored to meet their specific requirements. Composites Modern composites comprise an organic content (resin), in which inorganic microparticle and nanoparticle fillers are dispersed. The adhesive reacts with the composite by copolymerizing with the resin content while it is being cured Enamel Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body. It comprises 96 % inorganic material. Water makes up 4 % of its total volume. Due to its high degree of mineralization enamel is very stable and inert. Its biomechanical properties are completely different to those of the substances below its surface. Dentin Dentin is formed from the mesoderm and comprises 70 % inorganic and 30 % organic material (percentages may fluctuate). 22 % of the total volume is water (inorganic). Dentin is neither inert nor homogeneous and is classified as follows: Primary dentin original, initially formed dentin. The outer and inner primary dentin differs in the number and diameter of the dentinal tubules. Secondary dentin original, initially formed dentin. The outer and inner primary dentin differs in the number and diameter of the dentinal tubules. Tertiary dentin or reactionary dentin outer layer, is formed as a reaction to chemical or mechanical effects. Generally a distinction is made between prismatic and aprismatic enamel (outer section of enamel in erupting teeth). 2
4 Principles of adhesion Schematic build-up of a tooth Enamel Primary and secondary dentin Tertiary dentin 3
5 Enamel Preparation and conditioning In 1955 Buonocore had already demonstrated that the enamel surface must be etched to attain optimal adhesion between the enamel and resin. Etching achieves the following: Non-homogeneous dissolution of the organic content and removal of the interprismatic structure of the enamel. Formation of an irregular, microporous surface. Greater wettability due to a reduction in surface tension and increase in free surface energy. Great care should be taken when using this technique, as prolonged contact between enamel and acid can result in overetching. This completely dissolves the interprismatic components and the tooth structure becomes extremely brittle. Optimal adhesion is not, however, produced solely by chemical conditioning of the enamel. A maximum number of prisms at the correct angle should also be present to withstand the contraction forces of the composite during polymerization. Depending on the area to be conditioned, the margins of the filling should therefore be prepared with a slight deep chamfer, bevel of 45 or a shoulder. 4
6 Dentin Conditioning It is difficult to differentiate precisely between the dentin and pulp. The correct description is therefore pulp-dentin unit. The number and diameter of the dentinal tubules vary greatly in this region of the tooth with fluctuations between 15000/mm 2 with an average diameter of 0.5 µm in the peripheral zones and 45000/mm 2 with a diameter of 8 µm in the deep regions of the dentin. Schematic build-up of the dentin structure with dentinal tubules A correct definition also has to be found for the smear layer. Eick defined it as an amorphous layer of organic and inorganic residue that is produced when grinding the tooth structure with manual or mechanical rotary instruments. Modern dentin-enamel adhesives are designed to produce a bond to the dentin by fully surrounding the collagen fibres and simultaneously filling the exposed cavities between the fibres with resin matrix. A layer of methacrylate groups, which react with the resin component of the composite, is also applied. Depending on the system used, the smear layer is removed or modified so that it is easier for the resin to penetrate inside the dentinal tubules. 5
7 Dentin Conditioning Dentin smear layer Source: Heraeus Kulzer, Wehrheim, Germany 6
8 Wettability and surface tension If two materials are to be permanently bonded together, the ratio between their free surface energy and wettability should be taken into account. Water drop on a surface with a) low surface energy and b) high surface energy. To ensure that an adhesive can be applied to a material, its surface tension should be lower than the free surface energy of the base. Dental enamel has high free surface energy due to its high proportion of inorganic substances in the form of hydroxylapatite. In contrast, dentin has low free surface energy. The surface of the dentin has to be chemically conditioned to increase its free surface energy in order to apply the adhesive. Enamel-dentin adhesive systems use different methods for conditioning the surface. Fig. a Each system incorporates: chemical solution for conditioning the tooth structure with acid: etchant bonding agent: primer the actual adhesive: bonder These 3 procedures do not relate to the number of treatment steps required, the number of system components or the type of conditioning used. Fig. b 7
9 Classification of adhesive systems Enamel-dentin adhesives are classified as Etch&Rinse systems and Self-Etch systems. In Etch&Rinse systems separate etchants (usually 35 % orthophosphoric acid) are used; these are applied to the enamel and dentin and then rinsed off. The bonding agent and adhesive are then applied to both the enamel and the demineralized dentin, which has already had the smear layer removed. It must again be emphasized that the number of components is not related to the number of clinical treatment steps. More bottles may be used with 1-step systems than with 2-step systems. For example, there are 1-step systems that require several components to be mixed together before use. In Self-Etch systems a solution comprising etchant/primer and adhesive is applied to the enamel as well as the dentin, which is covered with the smear layer. In 1-step systems the adhesive can be applied along with the etchant/primer in one step. In 2-step systems the adhesive is applied separately after air drying the etchant/primer solution. In Self-Etch systems demineralization of the enamel and penetration by the resin occur simultaneously regardless of the number of working steps. 8
10 Classification of adhesive systems Classification according to generation Generation Characteristics Tensile strength of the dentine Number of components I Very weak dentin bond approx. 2 MPa 1 II Weak bond and adhesive preparation required approx. 2-8 MPa 2 III IV V VI VII 2-component primer and adhesive system; selective etching; bonds to metal; low postoperative sensitivity Multi-component system; hybridization; etch&rinse; low postoperative sensitivity One-component system; etch&rinse; wet bonding; hybridization; no mixing required; low postoperative sensitivity Self-etching, multicomponent system, 1- or 2-phase, hybridization, low postoperative sensitivity Self-etching, one-component system; no mixing; non-sensitive to moisture; hybridization; low postoperative sensitivity approx MPa 2 to 3 approx MPa 2 to 5 approx MPa 1 approx MPa 2 to 3 approx MPa 1 9
11 Classification of adhesive systems Classification according to steps Etch&Rinse Systems Self-Etch Systems 3-step Etch/Primer/Bonding 2-step Etch/Primer & Bonding 2-step Etch & Primer/Bonding 1-step Etch & Primer & Bonding Single Dose Single Dose 10
12 Etch & Rinse systems In Etch & Rinse systems the dentin smear layer is removed with an etchant. This has to be rinsed off prior to application of the adhesive regardless of the number of steps involved in the system. Etch & Rinse systems always contain three components: Etchant This is also referred to as conditioner, as it conditions the tooth surface. It usually comprises 35 % orthophosphoric acid and removes the smear layer as well as the smear plugs in the dentinal tubules. The etchant demineralizes the dentin and intertubular dentin, exposes the collagen fibres and creates a funnel-shaped fibrous structure at the opening of the dentinal tubules. Primer The primer is a resin-based liquid with highly hydrophilic properties, which makes it very effective on dentin. The application of a primer increases the surface energy of the dentin. It infiltrates the exposed collagen weave, surrounds the fibres and displaces the water content. Bonder The bonder is the actual adhesive. It can infiltrate intratubular and intertubular dentin. As the bonder is transported by the primer, it forms a chemical bond instead of a microretentive bond. The micromechanical retention that is created on the dentin is a hybrid layer, i.e. a type of barrier between the filling and the inner tooth areas. There is therefore no interface, as there is cohesion rather than adhesion between the hybrid layer and dentin, which greatly reduces the risk of fracture. Unlike Self-Etch systems, Etch&Rinse systems can also be used with dual-curing luting cements without additional chemical activators. 11
13 Etch & Rinse systems Dentin after etching with 35 % phosphoric acid Source: Heraeus Kulzer, Wehrheim, Germany 12
14 Etch & Rinse systems Etchant Etchant is applied to the enamel first and then to the dentin after approx. 10 s. It is rinsed off after another 20 s. The total etch time for the enamel, which has a higher proportion of inorganic content, is therefore 30 s. This technique is referred to as selective etching. Care should be taken not to overetch the enamel to avoid the tooth structure becoming too brittle. Acids in current use demineralize the dentin to a depth of 1 10 µm and therefore do not affect or directly damage the pulp. The main effect of the etchant is on the surface due to the mineral content in the dentinal tubules, which acts as a buffer against the hydrogen ions. The etch gel must be rinsed off very carefully; this should take twice as long as application (approx. 1 min. in total). The etch gel should be rinsed off first with water before using a water-air spray to prevent splashes. Removal of excess water is another critical stage. If the residual dentin is overdried, the collagen fibres collapse and prevent adhesion; on the other hand, if the dentin is too moist, the hydrophobic resin cannot adequately infiltrate the tubules. Cf. also: The main topic of discussion based on current findings is the problem of the optimal moisture content required to attain an adequate bond strength (Inokoshi, 1997). The dentin should have a moist appearance prior to application of the primer. To achieve this, excess water should always be removed by suction and not by using a jet of air pointing directly onto the cavity. It is advisable to protect the adjacent teeth of the tooth to be treated before applying the etch gel. A Teflon strip can be used to protect the healthy tooth structure. 13
15 Etch & Rinse systems Primer The special properties of the primer or bonding agent allow it to infiltrate deep inside the dentinal tubules and bond with the collagen fibres. The moistness of the dentin prevents infiltration of the hydrophobic adhesive after conditioning. This is why hydrophobic conditioning of the dentin is required beforehand with a primer that contains amphiphilic monomers, e. g. HEMA, PENTA, or 4-META, in organic solvents. By using solvents such as ethanol or acetones/h 2 O, the monomers are able to infiltrate inside the organic structure. This displaces the water content inside the dentine tubules and replaces it with the monomers. As aqueous solvents evaporate more slowly than organic solvents, it is important to know the solvent content of the primer and take this into account during application. Great care should be taken during clinical application of the primer, which should be allowed to react for a minimum of 30 s. At the end of the reaction time the volatile components (solvents) are evaporated with an indirect jet of air (pointed towards the dental mirror). A thin monomer film remains after the solvent has been completely evaporated. The primer in the dentine renders it hydrophobic and compatible with the adhesive. 14
16 Etch & Rinse systems Bonder The adhesive, which is applied after the enamel-dentin structure has been conditioned, is resin-based and consists mainly of hydrophobic monomers, e. g. Bis-GMA or UDMA. It is also important during this stage to apply the adhesive very uniformly over the entire cavity. A different brush should always be used from the one used for applying the primer; a microbrush is recommended. The adhesive is polymerized after application. During polymerization the shape and depth of the cavity should be taken into account: the greater the distance between the light-emission window of the lamp and the surface to be polymerized, the longer the exposure time. Depending on the adhesive used, the adhesive layer should be polymerized for s. Following polymerization the conditioned surface should have a shiny appearance. Otherwise the last step of adhesive conditioning should be repeated and the surface checked again. 15
17 Etch & Rinse systems 3-step systems In 3-step systems the etchant, primer and bonder have to be applied separately. 3-Step System: Etchant/Primer/Bonder Advantages Highly effective both on enamel and dentin Long-term clinical results Highly effective on porcelain and metal Can be used with dual-curing composites Disadvantages Technique-sensitive, success depends greatly on the skill of the operator Risk of overetching Risk of dry leakage Requires multilayer application 16
18 Etch & Rinse systems 17
19 Etch & Rinse systems 2-step systems 2-step systems consist of only a single solution containing primer and bonder. This is user-friendly, as fewer clinical steps are required; these steps must, however, be very strictly adhered to. Generally 2-step systems are based on a solvent containing acetone or ethanol, which evaporates very rapidly. 2-Step System: Etchant/Primer & Bonder Advantages Optimum effect both on enamel and dentin Long-term clinical tests Option of filling the adhesive with filler materials Application in only one step after etching Disadvantages Technique-sensitive, success depends greatly on the skill of the operator Risk of overetching Risk of dry leakage Requires incremental application Single Dose 18
20 Etch & Rinse systems 19
21 Self-Etch systems Self-etch systems differ from Etch&Rinse systems because they have a different effect on the smear layer: with Self-Etch systems the smear layer is not removed, but modified. Rinsing with water is also unnecessary. The homogeneous adhesive layer formed by an All-in-One Self-Etch system in an SEM image with 500 x magnification The etching effect of the Self-Etch systems is based on acidic monomers, which release protons on contact with water initiating the etching process. During etching the ph as well as the calcium and phosphate concentration gradually increases, which limits etching both in terms of time and depth. Generally phosphoric acids that are esterified with HEMA or 4-META and capable of releasing protons are used. The methacrylate groups also contained in the system are used for bonding the adhesive. Adhesive-Layer It should be noted that these systems do not have an optimum effect on unprepared enamel. Source: Heraeus Kulzer, Wehrheim, Germany 20
22 Self-Etch systems 2-step systems In Self-Etch, 2-step systems the first step is application of an etchant/primer component that modifies the hybrid layer and acts as a bonding agent. The component is applied to the entire cavity and an adequate reaction time has to be allowed before the adhesive is applied. 2-Step System: Etchant & Primer/Bonder Advantages Optimum effect on dentin Fewer clinical steps Disadvantages No optimum effect on unprepared enamel Multilayering technique Chemical bond with dentin 21
23 Self-Etch systems All-in-One systems All-in-One, Self-Etch systems are one-step systems, which reduce operator-related variables and consequently reduce sources of errors to a minimum. These one-component systems are usually applied to the enamel and dentin and then polymerized after the required reaction time (normally s.); this forms a hybrid layer without the need for any further working stages. 1-Step System: Etchant & Primer & Bonder Advantages User-friendly Excellent results on dentin Chemical bond with dentin Available as Single Dose Disadvantages No optimum effect on unprepared enamel Cannot be used with dual-curing composites Multilayer application may be required Only effective on prepared enamel Single Dose 22
24 Tips Follow the manufacturer s instructions. Use different coloured brushes with multi-step systems to eliminate any possibility of a mix-up. The adjacent teeth are protected with Teflon strips against inadvertent etching. Remove excess adhesive with cotton pellets and not with the air jet (risk of irregular distribution). Ensure that bottles containing volatile solvents (e. g. acetone, ethanol) are always properly sealed. Excess adhesive can cause staining at the margins. Only etch the areas of the teeth required for adhesion and protect the adjacent tooth structure. Position the light source as close as possible to the cavity. Clinical photograph: Prof. A. Cerutti, University of Brescia, Italy Remove any excess adhesive from the light-emission window of the lamp. Check regularly if the adhesive has been fully polymerized. 23
25 References Michael G. Buonocore: A simple method of increasing the adhesion of acrylic filling materials to enamel surfaces. J Dent Res. 1955; 34: Carvalho Rm., Fernandes Ca., Villanueva R., Wang L., Pashley Dh. (2001). Tensile strength of human dentin as a function of tubule orientation and density. J Adhes Dent 3 (4): De Munck J., Van Landuyt K., Peumans M., Poitevin A., Lambrechts P., Braem M., Van Meerbeek B. A critical review of the durability of adhesion to tooth tissue: methods and results. J Dent Res Feb; 84 (2): Review. Harnirattisai C., Inokoshi S., Shimada Y. Hosoda H. Interfacial morphology of an adhesive composite resin and etched cariesaffected dentine. Oper Dent 1992; 17: Pioch T., Stotz S., Buff E., Duschner H., Staehle Hj. (1998). Influence of different etching times on hybrid layer formation and tensile bond strength. Am J Dent 11 (5): Van Meerbeek B., Van Landuyt K., De Munck J., Hashimoto M., Peumans M., Lambrechts P., Yoshida Y., Inoue S., Suzuki K. Technique-sensitivity of contemporary adhesives. Dent Mater J Mar; 24 (1): Review. J. D. Eick, A. J. Gwinnett, D. H. Pashley, S. J. Robinson. Current concepts on adhesion to dentin, Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 8 (1997)
26 Product outline roduct Order No. roduct Order No. ibond All-in-One Self-Etch adhesive system Bottle Assortment (1 x 4 ml bottle, accessories) Single Dose Assortment (40 x Single Dose, accessories) Bottle Assortment Value Pack (3 x 4 ml bottle, accessories) Single Dose Assortment (80 x Single Dose, accessories) GLUMA Comfort Bond + Desensitizer 2-step Etch& Rinse adhesive system Bottle Assortment (1 x 4 ml bottle, accessories) Single Dose Assortment (40 x Single Dose, accessories) Bottle Value Pack (3 x 4 ml bottle, accessories) GLUMA Comfort Bond 2-step Etch& Rinse adhesive system Bottle (1 x 4 ml bottle, accessories) Bottle Assortment (1 x 4 ml bottle, 2 x 2.5 ml syringe Gluma Etch 20 gel, accessories) GLUMA Solid Bond 3-step Etch& Rinse adhesive system Bottle Assortment (1 x 4 ml bottle each of primer and sealer, 2 x 2.5 ml syringe Gluma Etch 20 gel, accessories) Primer (1 x 4 ml bottle) Sealer (1 x 4 ml bottle) GLUMA Etch Etchant GLUMA Etch 20 Gel (2 x 2.5 ml syringe, 25 application tips) GLUMA Etch 35 Fluid (1 x 15 ml bottle) GLUMA Etch 35 Gel (2 x 2.5 ml syringe, 25 application tips) GLUMA Desensitizer Relieves sensitive cervical areas and postoperative hypersensitivity Bottle Assortment (1 x 5 ml bottle) Bottle Value Pack (3 x 5 ml bottle, accessories) Single Dose Assortment (40 x Single Dose, accessories)
27 Notices
28 Notices
29 Notices
30 Conception:: Heraeus Kulzer GmbH Thanks to: Prof. Antonio Cerutti Nicola Barabanti Stefano Sicura University Brescia, Italy Art.Nr.: /07 Heraeus Kulzer srl Heraeus Kulzer GmbH Grüner Weg Hanau Phone +49 (0) Fax +49 (0) Heraeus Kulzer Ltd. Heraeus House, Albert Road Northbrook Street, Newbury Berkshire, RG14 1DL Phone +44 (0) Fax +44 (0) Mail: Heraeus Kulzer Australia Pty. Ltd. Locked Bag 750 Roseville NSW 2069 Phone Fax Mail:
Adper Easy Bond. Self-Etch Adhesive. Technical Product Profile
Adper Easy Bond Self-Etch Adhesive Technical Product Profile Table of Contents Table of Contents Introduction... 4 Product Description... 4 Composition...5-8 Background... 5 Mechanism of Adhesion to Enamel
More informationProduct Information. ibond Universal All-purpose convenience. Giving a hand to oral health.
Product Information All-purpose convenience. Giving a hand to oral health. Bonding with confidence. What would you expect from a universal bonding? Durable, reliable bond strength. Convenient and safe
More informationPulpal Protection: bases, liners, sealers, caries control Module C: Clinical applications
Readings: Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry, 3 nd Edition; Summitt, et al Chapters 5, 6 and 8 Pulpal Protection: bases, liners, sealers, caries control Module C: Clinical applications REST 528A Operative
More informationG-Premio BOND. Introducing a premium bonding experience
Introducing a premium bonding experience The world s most clinically successful adhesive is now even better! Introducing G-Premio BOND. G-BOND has proven to be the world s most clinically successful adhesive
More informationBonding to dentine: How it works. The future of restorative dentistry
Bonding to dentine: How it works The future of restorative dentistry There are 82 adhesive systems on the market today! Are dentists confused about bonding? Michael Buonocore Buonocore MG. A simple method
More informationAdhese Universal. The universal adhesive. Direct Indirect Total-Etch Selective-Etch Self-Etch Wet & Dry. All in. one click
Adhese Universal The universal adhesive Direct Indirect Total-Etch Selective-Etch Self-Etch Wet & Dry All in one click 1 Universal Adhesion with advanced delivery Adhese Universal is a singlecomponent,
More informationGLUMA Comfort + Desensitizer
GLUMA Comfort + Desensitizer Bond Gebrauchsanweisung... 3 Instructions for use... 11 Mode d emploi... 19 Instrucciones de uso... 27 Istruzioni per l uso... 35 Instruções de uso... 43 Gebruiksaanwijzing...
More informationG-Premio BOND. One component light cured universal adhesive. BOND with the BEST
One component light cured universal adhesive BOND with the BEST The world s most clinically successful adhesive is now even better! Introducing. G-BOND has proven to be the world s most clinically successful
More informationProduct Information. GLUMA Desensitizer & GLUMA Desensitizer PowerGel More gain, less pain. Giving a hand to oral health.
Product Information GLUMA Desensitizer & GLUMA Desensitizer PowerGel More gain, less pain. Giving a hand to oral health. GLUMA Desensitizer / GLUMA Desensitizer PowerGel The success story continues. More
More informationvalues is of great interest.
User Report Dr. Ralph Schönemann, May 21, 2008 There are numerous self-etchbonding systems on the market that sometimes differ very much from one another with regards to their chemical composition. It
More informationUNIVERSAL ADHESIVE SYSTEM. PEAK UNIVERSAL BOND Light-Cured Adhesive with Chlorhexidine
UNIVERSAL ADHESIVE SYSTEM PEAK UNIVERSAL BOND Light-Cured Adhesive with Chlorhexidine 1 TOTAL-ETCH PEAK UNIVERSAL BOND SELF-ETCH UNIVERSAL BONDING The Peak Universal Adhesive System features a universal
More informationForgives Nothing. Forgives Almost Anything. Science Update
Forgives Nothing Forgives Almost Anything Science Update Shear bond strength on wet and dry dentin (Ultradent) Latta M, Omaha Since etching of dentin with phosphoric acid was introduced, one focus of research
More informationTHE FUTURE DEMANDS THE RIGHT EQUIPMENT CLEARFIL SE BOND 2
THE FUTURE DEMANDS THE RIGHT EQUIPMENT CLEARFIL SE BOND THE GOLD STANDARD MADE FUTURE PROOF It's now a two-step self-etch universal adhesive. NEW! With the new and stronger CLEARFIL SE BOND you can bond
More informationDH220 Dental Materials
DH220 Dental Materials Lecture #5 Prof. Lamanna RDH, MS Restorative Dentistry: Glass Ionomer Bird & Robinson p.740-741 I. Use Liner Base Luting agent Restorative material: Class III, V, & eroded/abraded
More informationUsed Products. Multilink Automix. Proxyt fluoride-free. OptraStick. Monobond Etch&Prime. OptraDam. Liquid Strip. OptraPol.
Used Products TOOTH - Crown - Glass-ceramics - Multilink Automix Multilink Automix The universal self-curing luting composite with optional light-curing Proxyt fluoride-free Prophy paste without fluoride
More informationAdhese Universal The universal adhesive
NEW Adhese The universal adhesive All in one click... Up to 19 times. Self-Etch Selective-Etch Total-Etch Direct Indirect adhesion with advanced delivery Adhese is a single-component, light-cured universal
More informationBisco UNIVERSAL PRIMER
Bisco UNIVERSAL PRIMER Dual-Cured Adhesive 0459* Instructions for Use IN-219R3 Rev. 3/18 BISCO, Inc. 1100 W. Irving Park Rd. Schaumburg, IL 60193 U.S.A. 847-534-6000 1-800-247-3368 Caution: U.S. Federal
More informationBIS-SILANE. Bisco Instructions for Use. 2-Part Porcelain Primer
Bisco 0459 BIS-SILANE 2-Part Porcelain Primer Instructions for Use IN-151R8 Rev. 7/18 BISCO, Inc. 1100 W. Irving Park Rd. Schaumburg, IL 60193 U.S.A. 1-847-534-6000 1-800-247-3368 Caution: U.S. Federal
More informationAdper Scotchbond SE Self-Etch Adhesive. technical product profile. Adper
Adper Scotchbond SE Self-Etch Adhesive technical product profile Adper 2 Table of Contents Introduction................................................................5 Product Description.......................................................5
More informationGet in front of the 8 ball with the new Fuji VIII GP. The first auto-cure, resin reinforced glass ionomer restorative
Get in front of the 8 ball with the new Fuji VIII GP The first auto-cure, resin reinforced glass ionomer restorative 8 reasons to choose Fuji VIII GP Auto-cure, resin reinforced glass ionomer restorative
More informationDUO-LINK UNIVERSAL KIT
Bisco CE0459 DUO-LINK UNIVERSAL KIT Adhesive Cementation System Instructions for Use IN-198R2 Rev. 12/14 BISCO, Inc. 1100 W. Irving Park Road Schaumburg, IL 60193 U.S.A. 847-534-6000 1-800-247-3368 Caution:
More informationTOOTH - Crown - Lithium disilicate - Retentive preparation - Super- and equigingival - Visible margin - Variolink Esthetic - ExciTE F DSC
Used Products TOOTH - Crown - Lithium disilicate - Retentive preparation - Super- and equigingival - Visible margin - Variolink Esthetic - ExciTE F DSC Variolink Esthetic The esthetic, light- and dual-curing
More informationUsed Products. Variolink N LC. Proxyt fluoride-free. OptraStick. Ivoclean. Monobond N. OptraDam. N-Etch. Tetric N-Bond.
Used Products TOOTH - Veneer - Glass-ceramics - Variolink N LC - Tetric N-Bond Variolink N LC The microfilled, purely light-curing luting composite system Proxyt fluoride-free Prophy paste without fluoride
More informationTOOTH - Crown - Lithium disilicate - Non-retentive preparation - Variolink Esthetic - Adhese Universal
Used Products TOOTH - Crown - Lithium disilicate - Non-retentive preparation - Variolink Esthetic - Adhese Universal Variolink Esthetic The esthetic, light- and dual-curing adhesive luting system Proxyt
More informationProduct Information. ibond Self Etch & ibond Total Etch Bonding with confidence. Giving a hand to oral health.
Product Information & Total Etch Bonding with confidence. Giving a hand to oral health. Bonding with confidence. All-round, everyday adhesives. They need to be fast, and must be stable for life. This is
More informationFuji II LC. A Perfect Choice
A Perfect Choice is a remarkable restorative material The world s first resin-reinforced glass ionomer has remained the benchmark for light cured glass ionomer cements, delivering more than 15 years of
More informationTHE ONE AND ONLY. CLEARFIL Universal Bond
THE ONE AND ONLY THIS ADHESIVE LETS YOU BOND ALMOST ALL DENTAL MATERIALS Universal. Easy. Reliable. NEW! With the new you can bond various dental materials and select the etch mode of your choice. You
More information***Handout*** Adhesive Dentistry Harald O. Heymann, DDS MEd Dentin Bonding Rewetting/Desensitization
***Handout*** Adhesive Dentistry Harald O. Heymann, DDS MEd Dentin Bonding * Regardless of the type dentinal adhesive used, the primary mechanism for dentin adhesion is still establishment of the hybrid
More informationUniversal light-curing dental adhesive. All the power you need in one drop.
Universal light-curing dental adhesive All the power you need in one drop. ONE COAT BOND: Super Concentrated. One Component. One Step. That s what s so unique about the bond: 100% bond, 0% acetone, 0%
More informationShades: A1, A2, A3, A3.5, A4, B1, B2, B3, C2, C3, C4, D3, DB, OA2, OA3, OA3.5, OB2, Incisal, SL,SLO, SLT, YB
CHARISMA Universal light curing Microglass composite, radio-opaque Instructions for use GB Shades: A1, A2, A3, A3.5, A4, B1, B2, B3, C2, C3, C4, D3, DB, OA2, OA3, OA3.5, OB2, Incisal, SL,SLO, SLT, YB CHARISMA
More informationRESINOMER Dual- Bisco. Instructions for Use. Cured Amalgam Bonding/Luting System
Bisco RESINOMER Dual- Cured Amalgam Bonding/Luting System 0459 Instructions for Use IN-029R9 Rev. 10/17 BISCO, Inc. 1100 W. Irving Park Road Schaumburg, IL 60193 U.S.A. 1-847-534-6000 1-800-247-3368 Caution:
More informationAdper Scotchbond SE. Self-Etch Adhesive. Self-etch technology that s visibly better
Adper Scotchbond SE Self-Etch Adhesive Self-etch technology that s visibly better Radiopacity: be confident in your future diagnosis. One confidence-inspiring feature of Adper Scotchbond SE Self-Etch Adhesive
More informationG-COAT PLUS G-COAT PLUS GET THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS WITH THE STROKE OF A BRUSH
G-COAT PLUS BEAUTY BRAWN GET THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS WITH THE STROKE OF A BRUSH 1 Introducing a Revolutionary new Coating G-COAT PLUS gives your restorations the Best of Both Worlds: A beautiful new finish
More informationG-CEM LinkAce. The new strength in self-adhesive cement
The new strength in self-adhesive cement is stronger Now offering comparative physical properties to current adhesive resin cements, is the next evolution in easy-to-use, versatile, self-adhesive. Designed
More informationTOOTH - Crown - Lithium disilicate - Retentive preparation - Super- and equigingival - Visible margin - SpeedCEM Plus
Used Products TOOTH - Crown - Lithium disilicate - Retentive preparation - Super- and equigingival - Visible margin - SpeedCEM Plus SpeedCEM Plus The self-adhesive, self-curing resin cement with light-curing
More informationACE ALL-BOND TE. Bisco CE Universal Dental Adhesive System. Dual- Cured
Bisco CE 0459 ACE ALL-BOND TE Universal Dental Adhesive System Dual- Cured Licensed under 1 or more of the following U.S. Patents: 7,748,980, 5,789,610, 5,270,351 & 5,401,783. See also U.S. Patent 5,348,988.
More information3M Scotchbond Universal Adhesive. Technical Product Profile
3M Scotchbond Universal Adhesive 2 3M Scotchbond Universal Adhesive Table of Contents Product Description.... 3 Indications... 4 Composition....5 6 3M Scotchbond Universal DCA Dual Cure Activator....7
More informationG-CEM LinkForce. Made to fit. Designed to last. from GC. all your adhesive challenges. Dual-cure adhesive luting cement
Made to fit all your adhesive challenges. Designed to last G-CEM LinkForce from GC Dual-cure adhesive luting cement for all indications, all substrates from GC Looking for a standardised luting solution?
More informationPress Release. Press Contact. The concept for Class II restoration Delicate preparation, rapid procedure and reliable results
Press Release The concept for Class II restoration Delicate preparation, rapid procedure and reliable results by Dr. Arzu Tuna and Dr. Umut Baysal, Attendorn, Germany Composite restorations have always
More informationJBR Journal of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Dental Science
ISSN: 2376-032X JBR Journal of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Dental Science Yashpal and Monika, 2014, 2:1 DOI: 104172/2376-032X1000111 JBR Journal of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Dental Science Research
More informationProduct Information. Charisma Diamond Discover the next dimension of natural beauty. Giving a hand to oral health.
Product Information Charisma Diamond Discover the next dimension of natural beauty. Giving a hand to oral health. The new Charisma Diamond Welcome to the next dimension of natural beauty. We commit our
More informationInfluence of resin-tags on shear-bond strength of butanol-based adhesives
Influence of resin-tags on shear-bond strength of butanol-based adhesives Mohamed A. Ibrahim 1, H. Ragab 1, and W. El-Badrawy 2 1 Misr University for Science and Technology, Cairo, Egypt, 2 University
More informationClinical Evaluation of an All-in-one Adhesive in Non-Carious Cervical Lesions with Different Degrees of Dentin Sclerosis
Operative Dentistry, 2008, 33-4, 370-378 Clinical Research Clinical Evaluation of an All-in-one Adhesive in Non-Carious Cervical Lesions with Different Degrees of Dentin Sclerosis AV Ritter HO Heymann
More informationEQUIA. Self-Adhesive, Bulk Fill, Rapid Restorative System
EQUIA EQUIA Fil EQUIA Coat + Self-Adhesive, Bulk Fill, Rapid Restorative System From the World Leader in Glass Ionomer Technology - A Complete Glass Ionomer Based Bulk Fill Rapid Restorative System Class
More informationScotchbond Universal Adhesive. Technical Product Profi le
Adhesive Technical Product Profi le Table of Contents Product Description... 3 Indications... 4 Composition... 5 6 DCA Dual Cure Activator... 7 Etchant... 7 Summary of Adhesive Unique Chemistry Powered
More informationALL-BOND 2. Bisco. Instructions for Use. Universal Dental Adhesive
Bisco 0459 ALL-BOND 2 Universal Dental Adhesive Instructions for Use IN-0005R8 Rev. 2/16 BISCO, Inc. 1100 W. Irving Park Road Schaumburg, IL 60193 U.S.A. 847-534-6000 1-800-247-3368 Caution: U.S. Federal
More informationillustrated technique guide
DENTSPLY Caulk 38 West Clarke Avenue Milford, DE 9963 www.dentsply.com www.caulk.com -302-422-45 In Canada call -800-263-437 illustrated technique guide Complete Luting System for: 2006 DENTSPLY International.
More informationClinical report. Drs Paul and Alexandre MIARA and F. CONNOLLY COMPOSITE POSTERIOR FILLINGS. How to control. layering? 8 - Dentoscope n 124
COMPOSITE POSTERIOR FILLINGS How to control layering? 8 - Dentoscope n 124 CV FLASH Dr Paul MIARA Dental surgeon Dr Alexandre MIARA Dental surgeon Dr F. CONNOLLY Dental surgeon Thanks to continuous improvements
More informationMonobond Plus is the universal primer for the conditioning of all types of restoration surfaces
Used Products TOOTH - Crown - Composite - Multilink Automix Multilink Automix The universal self-curing luting composite with optional light-curing Proxyt fluoride-free Prophy paste without fluoride OptraStick
More informationibond Self Etch Scientific Information
ibond Self Etch 3 25 2 15 1 5 Scientific Information 31956_iBOND_SelfEtch_Scientific.Inform_GB.indd 1 23.2.29 13:49:57 Uhr Preface For more than 25 years, Heraeus Kulzer has been developing and marketing
More informationRelyX Unicem Self-Adhesive Universal Resin Cement Frequently Asked Questions
RelyX Unicem Self-Adhesive Universal Resin Cement Frequently Asked Questions Q1. What about the clinical history of The first restorations were cemented with RelyX Unicem cement in 2001. The excellent
More informationEffect of 10% Phosphoric acid Conditioning on the Efficacy of a Dentin Bonding System
Original paper Dental Materials Journal 17 (1): 21-30, 1998 Effect of 10% Phosphoric acid Conditioning on the Efficacy of a Dentin Bonding System Jian WU, Kazuo ITOH, Takashi YAMASHITA, Chihiro TANI, Hisashi
More informationCERASMART. The new leader in hybrid ceramic blocks
The new leader in hybrid ceramic blocks Introducing, a new force absorbing hybrid ceramic block 20 µm Contains high density of ultra fine homogeneously-dispersed fillers in a highly cross-linked resin
More informationCalibra. Cements. The Simple Choice for Easy Cleanup
Calibra Cements The Simple Choice for Easy Cleanup www.calibracement.com The Calibra family of definitive cements was designed to make it easier than ever to achieve consistent, successful results in your
More informationUNIVERSAL DUO-SHADE NANO COMPOSITE BRILLIANT NG. simply natural MADE IN SWITZERLAND
UNIVERSAL DUO-SHADE NANO COMPOSITE BRILLIANT NG simply natural MADE IN SWITZERLAND BRILLIANT NG simply natural Excellent Aesthetics Simple Technique BRILLIANT NG is a universal composite aimed at simplifying
More informationEtching with EDTA- An in vitro study
ISSN 0970-4388 Etching with EDTA- An in vitro study BOGRA P a, KASWAN S b ABSTRACT: In the present study, 25% EDTA, in gel form, was used to analyse its micromorphological effects on tooth surfaces with
More informationMDJ Evaluation the effect of eugenol containing temporary Vol.:9 No.:2 2012
MDJ Evaluation the effect of eugenol containing temporary fillings on shear bond strength of composite restoration Dr. Farid G. Numan B.D.S., M.Sc Abstract The purpose of this in-vitro study was to evaluate
More informationlec: Dental material dr. Aseel Mohammed Filling material
Filling material Filling material: the material that is used to replace a missing part of the tooth which may result from dental caries, trauma or abrasion. It can be divided in to: 1. Direct filling materials:
More informationSelf-Adhesive (SA) Cement VS Dual-Cured (DC) Resin Cement
EsteCem II Self-Adhesive (SA) Cement VS Dual-Cured (DC) Resin Cement May-June 2017 Vol. 24, No.3 Self-adhesive resin cements are easy to use and provide low to medium bond strengths to tooth structure.
More informationAdhesive Solutions. Scotchbond Universal Adhesive. SEM pictures of Scotchbond Universal Adhesive. One bottle for all cases! Total-Etch and Self-Etch
Adhesive Solutions Adhesive SEM pictures of. One bottle for all cases! Total-Etch and Self-Etch One adhesive for Total-Etch and Self-Etch Discover the Universal Bonding Solution. Unleash the power of the
More informationMonobond Plus is the universal primer for the conditioning of all types of restoration surfaces
Used Products TOOTH - Inlay, Onlay, Partial Crown - Gold - Retentive preparation - SpeedCEM Plus SpeedCEM Plus The self-adhesive, self-curing resin cement with light-curing option Proxyt fluoride-free
More informationContinually Fluoride Releasing Aesthetic Dental Restorative Material
Continually Fluoride Releasing Aesthetic Dental Restorative Material Research is our best product Image provided by Dr. Sushil Koirala BEAUTIFIL II More than just filling BEAUTIFIL II stands out for its
More informationORIGINAL STUDY BRACKET BONDING TO ENAMEL AND DENTIN - ESEM STUDIES -
MEDICINĂ, no 1, 2013 ORIGINAL STUDY BRACKET BONDING TO ENAMEL AND DENTIN - ESEM STUDIES - Delia Ioana Ciocan 1, Florin Miculescu 2, Lucian Toma Ciocan 3, Dragos Stanciu 1 1 Orthodontics and Dento-Facial
More informationstabilisation and surface protection
Guiding the way to caries stabilisation and surface protection Fissure sealing MI restorations Pulp capping Hypersensitivity Protection Caries stabilisation Fuji Triage from GC. Temporary restorations
More informationClinical Perspectives on Current Dental Adhesives
Earn 2 CE credits This course was written for dentists, dental hygienists, and assistants. Clinical Perspectives on Current Dental Adhesives A Peer-Reviewed Publication Written by Mark A. Latta, DMD, MS
More informationTechnical Product Profile
Adhesive www.3mespe.com Technical Product Profile 3M Deutschland GmbH Location Seefeld 3M ESPE ESPE Platz 82229 Seefeld Germany info3mespe@mmm.com www.3mespe.com 3M, ESPE, Adper, Aplicap, Clinpro, CoJet,
More informationStudy of Shear Bond Strength of Two Adhesive Resin Systems
Cronicon OPEN ACCESS EC DENTAL SCIENCE Research Article Mohamed Atta Gowida 1 *, Ahmed Yehia Ashour 2, Seham Ahmed Hanafy 3, Waleed Abdel-Maguid El-mahy 4 and Wegdan M Abdel-Fattah 5 1 Senior Registrar
More informationA Comparative Evaluation of the Shear Bond Strength of Three Different Fifth Generation Dentin Bonding Agents: An in vitro Study
A Comparative Evaluation of the Shear Bond Strength of Three Different Fifth 10.5005/jp-journals-10031-1059 Generation Dentin Bonding Agents research article A Comparative Evaluation of the Shear Bond
More informationLecture. Caries of dentin
Lecture Caries of dentin Dentin structure The characteristic feature of dentin structure is the dentinal tubules. The dentinal tubules have a hollow structure and they are responsible for dentin permeability.
More informationPrime&Bond elect Universal Dental Adhesive. The universal adhesive that s more than strong. NEW! FLIP TOP BOTTLE
Universal Dental Adhesive The universal adhesive that s more than strong. NEW! FLIP TOP BOTTLE NEW! FLIP TOP BOTTLE There s more in this little drop than muscles. A good adhesive is not measured by bond
More informationOne cement that can take you just about anywhere! RelyX. Unicem. Self-Adhesive Universal Resin Cement
One cement that can take you just about anywhere! TM Self-Adhesive Universal Resin Cement Indications Inlays, Onlays, Crowns, Bridges Metal/PFM, Porcelain/Ceramics, Composites. Pins and Posts Metal, Zirconia
More informationthe new dna of high strength glass ceramics
the new dna of high strength glass ceramics 1 the new dna of high strength glass ceramics Together with the Fraunhofer Institute and VITA, DENTSPLY has developed a new class of materials for high-strength
More informationRoot Surface Protection Simple. Effective. Important.
GC Fuji VII / Fuji VII EP Root Surface Protection Simple. Effective. Important. Brush up your painting skills and help your patients Q&A Prof. Laurie Walsh University of Queensland lifestyle factors (frequency
More informationEASY TO REMOVE HARD TO FORGET! PANAVIA SA Cement Plus Automix
EASY TO REMOVE HARD TO FORGET! PANAVIA SA Cement Plus Automix the SMartESt WaY to EnJoY PanaVIa LonGEVItY Easy storage. Easy application. Easy removal of excess cement. The all-new PANAVIA SA Cement Plus
More information1 OptiBond Fl 4.7 Kerr. 2 All-Bond Bisco. 3a Gluma Comfort Bond + Desensitizer 4.2 Heraeus. 3b OptiBond Solo plus 4.2 Kerr
Reality s Choices Bonding Agents Total-Etch 1 OptiBond Fl 4.7 Kerr 2 All-Bond 3 4.3 Bisco 3a Gluma Comfort Bond + Desensitizer 4.2 Heraeus 3b OptiBond Solo plus 4.2 Kerr 4a Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose
More informationTHE GOLD STANDARD IS NOW A TRULY UNIVERSAL ADHESIVE!
THE GOLD STANDAD IS NOW A TULY UNIVESAL ADHESIVE! From the Developers of the original MDP Adhesion Monomer, the First Self-Etch Bonding Agents, the First Total-Etch Bonding Agents and the First Self-Adhering
More informationEssentials of. Dental Assisting. Edition 6. Debbie S. Robinson Doni L. Bird
Essentials of Dental Assisting Edition 6 Debbie S. Robinson Doni L. Bird CHAPTER21 Restorative Procedures http://evolve.elsevier.com/robinson/essentials/ LEARNING OBJECTIVES KEY TERMS 1. Pronounce, define,
More informationEffect of moisture and drying time on the bond strength of the one-step self-etching adhesive system
Research article ISSN 2234-7658 (print) / ISSN 2234-7666 (online) Effect of moisture and drying time on the bond strength of the one-step self-etching adhesive system Yoon Lee 1, Jeong-Won Park 2 * 1 Department
More informationCONTINUING EDUCATION 2 INDIRECT COMPOSITE RESIN RESTORATIONS. Adhesive Cementation of Indirect Composite Inlays and Onlays: A Literature Review
CONTINUING EDUCATION 2 INDIRECT COMPOSITE RESIN RESTORATIONS Adhesive Cementation of Indirect Composite Inlays and Onlays: A Literature Review Camillo D Arcangelo, DDS; Lorenzo Vanini, MD, DDS; Matteo
More informationThe effect of ph of etchant on the bond strength of a two-step total-etching adhesive
The effect of ph of etchant on the bond strength of a two-step total-etching adhesive by Mythili Rajesh Dr John O Burgess, CHAIR Dr Firoz Rahemtulla Dr Lillian Mitchell Dr Mark Stephen Litaker Dr Mona
More informationPosterior Adhesive Dentistry
Posterior Adhesive Dentistry Stephen D. Poss DDS Michigan Dental The following pages contain a summary of information designed to assist you with the armamentarium, preparation, and cementation of anterior
More informationImpact of different acid etching time on microtensile bond strength to vital dentin
University of Iowa Iowa Research Online Theses and Dissertations Summer 2009 Impact of different acid etching time on microtensile bond strength to vital dentin Aadarsh Gopalakrishna University of Iowa
More informationA comparative evaluation of shear bond strength of immediately repaired composite resin An in-vitro study
ORIGINAL RESEARCH A comparative evaluation of shear bond strength of immediately repaired composite resin An in-vitro study Rakesh Yadav* MDS; Anil Chandra** MDS; A.P.Tikku** MDS; Hemant Kumar Yadav #
More informationEQUIA Forte Glass Hybrid Restorative System. For long term posterior restorations
EQUIA Forte Glass Hybrid Restorative System For long term posterior restorations The original EQUIA system EQUIA is a self-adhesive posterior restorative system that combines the chemical-bonding, bulk-fill
More informationQUARTZ SPLINT. Our fiber expertise is your strength TM.
QUARTZ SPLINT Our fiber expertise is your strength TM www.rtddental.com QUARTZ SPLINT MESH QUARTZ SPLINT MESH has been especially designed for reinforcing acrylic resin dentures. QUARTZ SPLINT is pre-impregnated
More informationG-CEM LinkForce. Strong. Dependable. Universal.
G-CEM LinkForce Strong. Dependable. Universal. One universal system, Introducing G-CEM LinkForce Now you can secure all your indirect restorations with one aesthetic resin cement solution. Universal indications
More informationEffect of Self-etchant ph on Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets: An in vitro Study
10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1126 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Effect of Self-etchant ph on Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets: An in vitro Study Amit Goyal, H Jyothikiran, BM Shivalinga WJD ABSTRACT Aims:
More informationBulk Fill PERFECTION STRESS DEPTH STATES: The New Esthetics
STRESS REDUCTION DEPTH PERFECTION Venus is the low stress base liner to bulk solution for efficient esthetic posterior restorations. Venus delivers: Self-adaptive handling eliminates steps and provides
More informationMetal-Free Restorations PROCEDURES FOR POSTERIOR DIRECT & SEMI-DIRECT COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS D I D I E R D I E T S C H I. For.
PROCEDURES FOR POSTERIOR DIRECT & SEMI-DIRECT COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS Metal-Free Restorations D I D I E R D I E T S C H I The Geneva Smile Center D.M.D, PhD, Privat-Docent 2, Quai Gustave Ador 1207 Geneva
More informationAdhesive dentistry has provided
PROFILE Masters of Esthetic Dentistryjerd_337 194..199 Adhesive Dentistry. A Full Time Practitioner s Perspective Jeff Brucia, DDS Current Occupation Private practice Education DDS, School of Dentistry,
More informationEtched Enamel Structure and Topography: Interface with Materials
Etched Enamel Structure and Topography: Interface with Materials 1 F.R. Tay, D.H. Pashley Introduction;; Experiments on bonding of acrylic resins to enamel and dentine began in the early 1950s in England
More informationOriginal Research. Contributors: 1
Received: 21 st February 2015 Accepted: 15th May 2015 Conflicts of Interest: None Source of Support: Nil Original Research Comparative Evaluation of Bond Strength of Dual-Cured Resin Cements: An In-Vitro
More informationOperative dentistry. Lec: 10. Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE):
Operative dentistry Lec: 10 د.عبذالمنعم الخفاجي Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE): There are 2 types: 1) Unreinforced ZOE (ordinary type): supplied as powder (zinc oxide + some additives like zinc acetate, white
More informationshrink less than 1 %
Filtek Silorane Low Shrink Posterior Restorative System The first composite to shrink less than 1 % Filtek Silorane The first posterior composite to shrink less than 1% 1 Any time you restore a patient
More informationIncognito Appliance System Bonding Protocols Step-by-Step Procedures
Incognito Appliance System Bonding Protocols Step-by-Step Procedures 2 Incognito Appliance System Bonding Protocols Summary Bonding Protocols Step-by-Step Procedures Adhesives 3 Bonding Dual Cure, RelyX
More informationTitle. CitationJournal of Dentistry, 34(3): Issue Date Doc URL. Type. File Information. Author(s) Hidehiko; Sidhu, Sharanbir K.
Title The effect of the air-blowing step on the technique Spreafico, Diego; Semeraro, Stefano; Mezzanzanica, D Author(s) Hidehiko; Sidhu, Sharanbir K. CitationJournal of Dentistry, 34(3): 237-244 Issue
More informationCeramic Based Aesthetic CAD/CAM Restorative
Ceramic Based Aesthetic CAD/CAM Restorative Create Natural Aesthetics with High-Strength Materials SHOFU Block HC and Disk HC are the latest generation of hybrid-ceramic restorative materials for use with
More informationXP BOND. Universal Total-Etch Adhesive. Directions for Use
Directions for Use XP BOND Universal Total-Etch Adhesive English CAUTION: For dental use only. Rx only. XP BOND Universal Total-Etch Adhesive is a universal self-priming dental adhesive system designed
More informationA new technique for preprosthetic restorations.
A new technique for preprosthetic restorations. Developments in composite materials and adhesive systems now put us in a position to be able to fabricate an ever increasing number of preprosthetic restorations
More information