Contents. Chapter 3: Principles of Surgery

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1 Contents Chapter 1: Medical History 1.1 Congestive Heart Failure Angina Pectoris Myocardial Infarction Rheumatic Heart Disease Heart Murmur Congenital Heart Disease Cardiac Arrhythmia Prosthetic Heart Valve Surgically Corrected Heart Disease Heart Pacemaker Hypertension Orthostatic Hypotension Cerebrovascular Accident Anemia and Other Blood Diseases Leukemia Hemorrhagic Diatheses Patients Receiving Anticoagulants Hyperthyroidism Diabetes Mellitus Renal Disease Acute Glomerulonephritis Chronic Glomerulonephritis Chronic Renal Failure Patients Receiving Corticosteroids Cushing s Syndrome Asthma Tuberculosis Infectious Diseases (Hepatitis B, C, and AIDS) Epilepsy Diseases of the Skeletal System Radiotherapy Patients Allergy Classification of Allergic Reactions Types of Allergic Reactions Fainting Pregnancy Bibliography Chapter 2: Radiographic Examination in Oral Surgery E. Stefanou 2.1 Radiographic Assessment Magnification Technique Two Radiographs with Different Reference Planes Tube Shift Principle Vertical Transversal Tomography of the Jaw Bibliography Chapter 3: Principles of Surgery 3.1 Sterilization of Instruments Preparation of Patient Preparation of Surgeon Surgical Incisions and Flaps Types of Flaps Trapezoidal Flap Triangular Flap Envelope Flap Semilunar Flap Other Types of Flaps Pedicle Flaps Reflection of the Mucoperiosteum Suturing Suturing Techniques Bibliography Chapter 4: Equipment, Instruments, and Materials 4.1 Surgical Unit and Handpiece Bone Burs Scalpel (Handle and Blade) Periosteal Elevator Hemostats Surgical Anatomic Forceps Rongeur Forceps Bone File Chisel and Mallet

2 XII Contents 4.10 Needle Holders Scissors Towel Clamps Retractors Bite Blocks and Mouth Props Surgical Suction Irrigation Instruments Electrosurgical Unit Binocular Loupes with Light Source Extraction Forceps Elevators Other Types of Elevators Special Instrument for Removal of Roots Periapical Curettes Desmotomes Sets of Necessary Instruments Sutures Needles Local Hemostatic Drugs Materials for Covering or Filling a Surgical Wound Materials for Tissue Regeneration Bibliography Chapter 5: Simple Tooth Extraction 5.1 Patient Position Extraction Separation of Tooth from Soft Tissues Severing Soft Tissue Attachment Reflecting Soft Tissues Extraction Technique Using Tooth Forceps Extraction of Maxillary Central Incisors Extraction of Maxillary Lateral Incisors Extraction of Maxillary Canines Extraction of Maxillary Premolars Extraction of Maxillary First and Second Molars Extraction of Maxillary Third Molar Extraction of Mandibular Anterior Teeth Extraction of Mandibular Premolars Extraction of Mandibular Molars Extraction of Mandibular Third Molar Extraction of Deciduous Teeth Extraction Technique Using Root Tip Forceps Extraction Technique Using Elevator Extraction of Roots and Root Tips Extraction of Single-Rooted Teeth with Destroyed Crown Extraction of Multi-Rooted Teeth with Destroyed Crown Extraction of Root Tips Postextraction Care of Tooth Socket Postoperative Instructions Bibliography Chapter 6: Surgical Tooth Extraction 6.1 Indications Contraindications Steps of Surgical Extraction Surgical Extraction of Teeth with Intact Crown Extraction of Multi-Rooted Tooth Extraction of an Intact Tooth with Hypercementosis of the Root Tip Extraction of Deciduous Molar that Embraces Molar of Permanent Tooth Extraction of Ankylosed Tooth Surgical Extraction of Roots Root Extraction After Removal of Part of the Buccal Bone Extraction of Root after a Window is Created on Buccal Bone Creation of Groove on Surface of Root, after Removal of Small Amount of Buccal Bone Creation of a Groove Between Root and Bone, Which Allows Positioning of the Elevator Surgical Extraction of Root Tips Surgical Technique Bibliography Chapter 7: Surgical Extraction of Impacted Teeth 7.1 Medical History Clinical Examination Radiographic Examination Indications for Extraction Appropriate Timing for Removal of Impacted Teeth Steps of Surgical Procedure Extraction of Impacted Mandibular Teeth Impacted Third Molar Removal of Bud of Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Extraction of Impacted Third Molar in Horizontal Position Extraction of Third Molar with Mesioangular Impaction

3 Contents XIII Extraction of Third Molar with Distoangular Impaction Extraction of Impacted Third Molar in Edentulous Patient Impacted Premolar Impacted Canine Premolar with Deep Impaction Extraction of Impacted Maxillary Teeth Impacted Third Molar Extraction of Impacted Third Molar Impacted Canines Extraction Using Labial Approach Extraction Using Palatal Approach Impacted Premolar with Palatal Position Ectopic Impacted Canine Exposure of Impacted Teeth for Orthodontic Treatment Impacted Canine with Palatal Position Impacted Mandibular Canine with Labial Position Bibliography Chapter 8: Perioperative and Postoperative Complications 8.1 Perioperative Complications Fracture of Crown or Luxation of Adjacent Tooth Soft Tissue Injuries Fracture of Alveolar Process Fracture of Maxillary Tuberosity Fracture of Mandible Broken Instrument in Tissues Dislocation of Temporomandibular Joint Subcutaneous or Submucosal Emphysema Hemorrhage Displacement of Root or Root Tip into Soft Tissues Displacement of Impacted Tooth, Root, or Root Tip into Maxillary Sinus Oroantral Communication Nerve Injury Postoperative Complications Trismus Hematoma Ecchymosis Edema Postextraction Granuloma Painful Postextraction Socket Fibrinolytic Alveolitis (Dry Socket) Infection of Wound Disturbances in Postoperative Wound Healing Bibliography Chapter 9: Odontogenic Infections 9.1 Infections of the Orofacial Region Periodontal Abscess Acute Dentoalveolar Abscess Local Symptoms Systemic Symptoms Complications Diagnosis Spread of Pus Inside Tissues Fundamental Principles of Treatment of Infection Treatment of Infection in Cellular Stage Intraalveolar Abscess Subperiosteal Abscess Submucosal Abscess Subcutaneous Abscess Fascial Space Infections Abscess of Base of Upper Lip Canine Fossa Abscess Buccal Space Abscess Infratemporal Abscess Temporal Abscess Mental Abscess Submental Abscess Sublingual Abscess Submandibular Abscess Submasseteric Abscess Pterygomandibular Abscess Lateral Pharyngeal Abscess Retropharyngeal Abscess Parotid Space Abscess Cellulitis (Phlegmon) Ludwig s Angina Chronic Dentoalveolar Abscess Bibliography Chapter 10: Preprosthetic Surgery 10.1 Hard Tissue Lesions or Abnormalities Alveoloplasty Exostoses Torus Palatinus Torus Mandibularis Multiple Exostoses Localized Mandibular Buccal Exostosis

4 XIV Contents 10.2 Soft Tissue Lesions or Abnormalities Frenectomy Maxillary Labial Frenectomy Lingual Frenectomy Denture-Induced Fibrous Hyperplasia Fibrous Hyperplastic Retromolar Tuberosity Papillary Hyperplasia of the Palate Gingival Fibromatosis Bibliography Chapter 11: Biopsy and Histopathological Examination E. Angelopoulou, 11.1 Principles for Successful Outcome of Biopsy Instruments and Materials Excisional Biopsy Traumatic Fibroma Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma Hemangioma Peripheral Fibroma of Gingiva Leukoplakia Incisional Biopsy Aspiration Biopsy Specimen Care Exfoliative Cytology Tolouidine Blue Staining Bibliography Chapter 12: Surgical Treatment of Radicular Cysts C. Alexandridis 12.1 Clinical Presentation Radiographic Examination Aspiration of Contents of Cystic Sac Surgical Technique Bibliography Chapter 13: Apicoectomy 13.1 Indications Contraindications Armamentarium Surgical Technique Complications Bibliography Chapter 14: Surgical Treatment of Salivary Gland Lesions 14.1 Removal of Sialolith from Duct of Submandibular Gland Removal of Mucus Cysts Mucocele Ranula Bibliography Chapter 15: Osseointegrated Implants, C. Alexandridis 15.1 Indications Contraindications Instruments Surgical Procedure Complications Bone Augmentation Procedures Bibliography Chapter 16: Prophylactic and Therapeutic Use of Antibiotics in Dentistry G. Perdikaris, A. Pefanis, E. Giamarellou 16.1 Treatment of Odontogenic Infections Oral Flora of Odontogenic Infections Principles of Treatment of Odontogenic Infections Penicillins Cephalosporins Macrolides Clindamycin Tetracyclines Nitroimidazoles Prophylactic Use of Antibiotics Prophylaxis of Bacterial Endocarditis Prophylaxis of Wound Infections (Perioperative Chemoprophylaxis) Osteomyelitis Sclerosing Osteomyelitis Proliferative Periostitis Osteoradionecrosis Actinomycosis Bibliography Subject Index

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