Balanced Angular Profile Analysis
|
|
- Shannon Ramsey
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Cosmetic Balanced Angular Profile Analysis Seung Chul Rhee, M.D., So Ra Kang, M.D., Ph.D., and Heung Sik Park, M.D., Ph.D. Seoul, Republic of Korea To evaluate current preferences and ethnic differences of female soft-tissue profiles, 71 profile photographs of famous female models were collected from Internet Web pages and divided into four groups (Korean, 22; Japanese, 15; Chinese, 16; and Western, 18). Eleven soft-tissue landmarks were recorded on each photograph and 16 angular measurements were made by using V-ceph (CyberMed, Inc., Seoul, Korea). Data from each group are presented to show the means, ranges, p and F values, standard deviations, and standard errors of each measurement. In addition, individual measurements for each group were compared with those of the other groups by one-way analysis of variance using a p value corrected for multivariable testing. Between-group mean value differences were calculated using a Tukey s studentized range test (HSD), at a significance level of p Most of the variables were similar in the groups. Significant between-group differences (p 0.05) were found for angle of alar curvature point, profile convexity, interlabial contour, and nasolabial contour. In addition, we divided all data into two groups (Western and Asian). The t test (with significance level set to p 0.05) was performed to compare the two. Significant between-group differences (p 0.05) were found for angle of alar curvature, angle of labiale inferius, profile convexity, and lower lip projection angle, but no significant racial differences were found in terms of several profile angles. These findings suggest that point of ala curvature point, subnasale, and the labiale inferius of Asian models may differ from those of Western models. These peculiar angular patterns of Asian models led the authors to create a new characteristic angular concept, termed the ethnic pyramid, which is composed of softtissue profile points of alar curvature point, subnasale, pronasale, and labiale inferius. This ethnic pyramid describes the characteristic patterns of the ethnic differences. The results of this study suggest that the soft-tissue profiles of famous female models have some common features but also show differences among ethnic groups and races. This simple method of profile analysis may provide aesthetic surgeons with a simple formula and reference data for creation and application of an attractive face. On the basis of their balanced angular profile analysis data, the authors suggest that appropriate and harmonious aesthetic operations reflecting these differences should be considered. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 114: 535, 2004.) The face is the most variable part of the body and permits distinction between races and ethnic groups. Variability is manifested by the different sizes and shapes of individual features and even more by the relationships of these features to each other. Facial quantities such as harmony, disharmony, or disproportion, previously only verbally defined, can be determined quantitatively. 1 The surgical procedure composed of a sequence of techniques aimed at the correction of defective facial features is called profileplasty. Maxillofacial plastic surgeons make extensive use of both hard-tissue and soft-tissue cephalometrics during the planning and in the evaluation of their preoperative and postoperative results. Since the introduction of a standardized method for obtaining skull radiographs, cephalometrics has become one of the major diagnostic tools of facial plastic surgeons. However, most facial plastic surgeons are concerned with total facial aesthetics and work primarily from photographs, not radiographs. 2 Data available from various studies are difficult to compare directly because of the different settings used to obtain profile views and because of racial variations. 3 The prime purpose of the present study was to determine whether there are any racial or ethnic differences in the profiles of famous Western and Asian women and to provide aesthetic surgeons with a simple method of profile analysis and reference data for creation and application of an attractive face. MATERIALS AND METHODS Profile photographs were collected from Internet Web pages and divided into four groups From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Center, Dongdaemoon Hospital, Medical College of Ewha Women s University. Received for publication April 22, 2003; revised August 18, Presented at the 21st Congress of the Korean Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, in Seoul, Korea, March 29, DOI: /01.PRS
2 536 PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY, August 2004 (Korean, Japan, Chinese, and Western). We typed model photo into several Web search engines (e.g., Yahoo, Naver, Empas, Google, Altavista, MSN, Daum, Simmani, Lycos, Dreamwiz) and visited all of the sites and Web pages. Photographs that frequently appeared at different Web sites were stored in a computer [800-MHz central processing unit, Windows ME (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, Wash.), 128 M of random access memory, LG IBM, Multinet, Korea] in JPG format using Adobe Photoshop 5.5 (Adobe Systems, San Jose, Calif.), if the photograph met the following criteria: 1. The soft-tissue profile showed the following landmarks (Fig. 1). These fiducials are derived from traditional photogrammetric points 4 and some additional points that have been used commonly by facial plastic surgeons. Glabella: the most prominent or anterior point of the forehead between the eyebrows. Tragion: most anterior portion of the supratragal notch. Sellion: the most concave point in the tissue overlying the area of the frontonasal suture. Pronasale: the most prominent or anterior projection point of the nose. Highest point of columella (or columella FIG. 1. Profile points: t, tragion; g, glabella; se, sellion; prn, pronasale; ac, alar curvature point (alar crest point); c', columella breakpoint; sn, subnasale; ls, labiale superius; li, labiale inferius; pg, pogonion; dc, distant chin. breakpoint of Daniel): the most anterior and highest part of the columella. Subnasale: the junction of the columella and the upper cutaneous lip. Ala curvature (or alar crest) point: the most lateral point in the curved baseline of each ala, indicating the facial insertion of the nasal wing base. Labiale superius: the mucocutaneous junction or midpoint of the upper vermilion line. Labiale inferius: the mucocutaneous junction or midpoint of the lower vermilion line. Pogonion: the most anterior point of the soft-tissue chin. Distant chin: the most distant point of the chin from the tragion (a new fiducial; menton and gnathion are not so easy to identify in indirect photogrammetry because of point alternation according to the neck positions or dermatochalasia). 2. Sagittal view shows the full head, anterior to the ear and extending vertically from the soft-tissue chin to the glabella and tragion. 3. To limit the rotation around the cervical axis, the opposite pupil, eyebrow, or eyelash was not visible. 4. One philtral column was visible. 5. Lips were closed smoothly. 6. There were no silhouettes, and facial features were visible. All accepted photographs of famous models were numbered and catalogued by nationality or race. Seventy-one photographs for profile analysis (Korean, 22; Japanese, 15; Chinese, 16; Western, 18) were selected for analysis. From each photograph, 11 anatomical landmarks (Fig. 1 and Table I) were analyzed by V-ceph (CyberMed, Inc., Seoul, Korea) for angular profile analysis (Figs. 2 and 3 and Table II). Using user-defined analysis, we marked the profile points correctly and measured angles. The analyzed polygonal chart was exported to Microsoft Excel data automatically. Data from each group were analyzed to determine the mean, range, p and F values, standard deviation, and the standard error of each measurement. SPSS for Windows Version 10.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Ill.) and SAS 8.1 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C.) were used for establishing data files and statistical analysis. In addition, the individual measurements for each group were compared with the other groups by one-way analysis of variance. Between-group
3 Vol. 114, No. 2 / BALANCED ANGULAR PROFILE ANALYSIS 537 TABLE I Defined Points on Figure 1 Name Abbreviation Description Glabella g The most prominent or anterior point of forehead between the eyebrows Tragion t Most anterior portion of supratragal notch Sellion se The most concave point in the tissue overlying the area of the frontonasal suture Pronasale prn Most prominent or anterior projection point of nose Columella breakpoint c Highest point of the columella or breakpoint of Daniel Subnasale sn Junction of columella and upper cutaneous lip Alar curvature point (alar crest point) ac The most lateral point in the curved base line of each ala, indicating the facial insertion of the nasal wing base Labiale superius ls Mucocutaneous junction and vermilion border of upper lip Labiale inferius li Mucocutaneous junction and vermilion border of lower lip Pogonion pg Most anterior point of soft-tissue chin Distant chin dc Most distant point of chin from tragion mean value differences were calculated using Tukey s studentized range test (HSD), with a significance level of p In addition, we divided all data into two groups (Western and Asian). The t test (p 0.05) was performed to compare the two groups. To test the level of error involved in the methodology, photographs from each group were randomly selected and measurements were repeated by another plastic surgeon. RESULTS Data from each group are presented in Tables III through V. Analysis of variance showed no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of the angle of sellion, angle of pronasale, angle of subnasale, angle of labiale superius, angle of labiale inferius, angle of pogonion, angle of distant chin, three angles of the aesthetic triangle (lower, upper, and anterior), upper lip projection angle, and lower lip projection angle (Table III). These findings suggest that the soft-tissue profiles of famous women are not significantly different among ethnic groups. Analysis of variance showed significant intergroup differences for angle of alar curvature point, profile convexity, interlabial contour, and nasolabial contour. The angle of alar curvature point of Koreans was much narrower than that of Westerners (Korean, degrees; Western, degrees). Westerners and Chinese show significant differences in profile convexity. Westerners and Japanese show significant differences in the same angle. For profile convexity, Chinese, and Japanese had more acute angles than FIG. 2. V-ceph (Cybermed) was used for angular profile analysis.
4 538 PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY, August 2004 FIG. 3. Angular measures used in this study: (1) angle of sellion, (2) angle of pronasale, (3) angle of alar curvature point, (4) angle of subnasale, (5) angle of labiale superius, (6) angle of labiale inferius, (7) angle of pogonion, (8) angle of distant chin, (9) profile convexity, (10) lower angle of aesthetic triangle, (11) upper angle of aesthetic triangle, (12) anterior angle of aesthetic triangle, (13) interlabial contour, (14) nasolabial contour, (15) lower lip projection angle, (16) upper lip projection angle, (17) aesthetic triangle, and (18) ethnic pyramid. TABLE II Angular Measures Used in This Study Measure Description Angle of sellion (A1) The acute angle formed by profile points tragion, sellion, and glabella Angle of pronasale (A2) The acute angle formed by profile points tragion, pronasale, and glabella Angle of alar curvature point (A3) The acute angle formed by profile points tragion, alar curvature point, and glabella Angle of subnasale (A4) The acute angle formed by profile points tragion, subnasale, and glabella Angle labiale superius (A5) The acute angle formed by profile points tragion, labiale superius, and glabella Angle labiale inferius (A6) The acute angle formed by profile points tragion, labiale inferius, and glabella Angle of pogonion (A7) The acute angle formed by profile points tragion, pogonion, and glabella Angle of distant chin (A8) The acute angle formed by profile points tragion, distant chin, and glabella Profile convexity (A9) The acute angle formed by profile points sellion, subnasale, and pogonion Lower angle of aesthetic triangle (A10) The acute angle around the chin; the apices of the are glabella, pogonion, and pronasale Upper angle of aesthetic triangle (A11) The acute angle around the glabella; the apices of the are glabella, pogonion, and pronasale Anterior angle of aesthetic triangle (A12) The acute angle around the nasal tip; the apices of the are glabella, pogonion, and pronasale Interlabial contour (A13) The acute angle formed between the line(sn-ls) and the line(li-pg) Nasolabial contour (A14) The acute angle formed by profile points columella breakpoint, subnasale, and labiale superius Lower lip projection angle (A15) The acute angle formed by profile points pogonion, glabella, and labiale inferius Upper lip projection angle (A16) The acute angle formed by profile points pogonion, glabella, and labiale superius, aesthetic triangle; line(sn-ls), line joining points subnasale and labiale superius; line(li-pg), line joining points labiale inferius and pogonion.
5 Vol. 114, No. 2 / BALANCED ANGULAR PROFILE ANALYSIS 539 TABLE III Variables Showing Between-Group Differences (Korea, Japanese, Chinese, and Western)* Variable F Pr F Group Mean Range SD SE A KOR JAP CHI WEST A KOR JAP CHI WEST A KOR JAP CHI WEST A KOR JAP CHI WEST A KOR JAP CHI WEST A KOR JAP CHI WEST A KOR JAP CHI WEST A KOR JAP CHI WEST A KOR JAP CHI WEST A KOR JAP CHI WEST A KOR JAP CHI WEST A KOR JAP CHI WEST A KOR JAP CHI WEST A KOR JAP CHI WEST A KOR JAP CHI WEST A KOR JAP CHI WEST * Statistical significance at p 0.05 by use of a one-way analysis of variance. Between-group mean value differences were calculated using a Tukey s studentized range test (HSD), with the significance level set to p Korean and Western groups show statistically significant differences in angle of alar curvature point. Western and Chinese show significant differences in profile convexity. Western and Japanese show significant differences in profile convexity. Korean and Chinese show significant differences in interlabial angle. Japanese and Chinese show significant differences in interlabial contour. Chinese and Japanese show significant differences in nasolabial contour. A1, angle of sellion; A2, angle of pronasale; A3, angle of alar curvature point; A4, angle of subnasale; A5, angle of labiale superius; A6, angle of labiale inferius; A7, angle of pogonion; A8, angle of distant chin; A9, profile convexity; A10, lower angle of aesthetic triangle; A11, upper angle of aesthetic triangle; A12, anterior angle of aesthetic triangle; A13, interlabial contour; A14, nasolabial contour; A15, lower lip projection angle; A16, upper lip projection angle; KOR, Korean; JAP, Japanese; CHI, Chinese; WEST, Western.
6 540 PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY, August 2004 TABLE IV Variables Showing Significant Between-Group Differences (Asian and Western)* Variable t Value Pr t Group Mean Range SD SE A ASIAN WEST A ASIAN WEST A ASIAN WEST A ASIAN WEST A ASIAN WEST A ASIAN WEST A ASIAN WEST A ASIAN WEST A ASIAN WEST A ASIAN WEST A ASIAN WEST A ASIAN WEST A ASIAN WEST A ASIAN WEST A ASIAN WEST A ASIAN WEST * All data were divided into two groups (Western and Asian) and the t test (with significance level set to p 0.05) was used to compare the two (Western versus Asian). Eastern and Western groups show statistically significant differences in angle of alar curvature point (Pr t : ), angle of labiale inferius (Pr t : ), profile convexity (Pr t : ), and lower lip projection angle (Pr t : ). A1, angle of sellion; A2, angle of pronasale; A3, angle of alar curvature point; A4, angle of subnasale; A5, angle of labiale superius; A6, angle of labiale inferius; A7, angle of pogonion; A8, angle of distant chin; A9, profile convexity; A10, lower angle of aesthetic triangle; A11, upper angle of aesthetic triangle; A12, anterior angle of aesthetic triangle; A13, interlabial contour; A14, nasolabial contour; A15, lower lip projection angle; A16, upper lip projection angle; WEST, Western. Westerners statistically (Japanese, degrees; Chinese, degrees; Korean, degrees; Westerners, degrees). For interlabial contours, Korean and Japanese models had more acute angles than Chinese models statistically (Japanese, degrees; Korean, degrees; Westerners, degrees; Chinese, degrees). For nasolabial contours, Chinese models had much wider angles than Japanese models (Japanese, degrees; Korean, degrees; Westerners, degrees; Chinese, degrees). Summarizing, the profile angles of the Korean models were similar to those of the other groups, although the angles of the alar curvature point of Korean models were more acute than those of Western models and the interlabial angles of Korean models were more acute than those of Chinese models. The t test (Table IV) shows that the Asian and Western groups show statistically significant differences in terms of angle of alar curvature point, angle of labiale inferius, profile convexity, and lower lip projection angle. Asian models had much more acute angles than Western models in terms of angle of alar curvature point, angle of labiale inferius, and profile convexity. Lower lip projection angles of Asian models were much wider than those of Western models. These findings suggest that the point of alar curvature point, subnasale, and labiale inferius may differ between theses two groups. These angular patterns of Asian models led us to create a new angular characteristic called the ethnic pyramid (Figs. 3 and 4 and Table V). This pyramid describes the characteristic patterns of ethnic differences of the famous soft-tissue profile. The pyramid is composed of the alar curvature, subnasale, pro-
7 Vol. 114, No. 2 / BALANCED ANGULAR PROFILE ANALYSIS 541 TABLE V Angles of Aesthetic Triangle and Angles of Ethnic Pyramid* Angles Groups Mean Range SD Lower angle of aesthetic triangle KOR JAP CHI WEST Upper angle of aesthetic triangle KOR JAP CHI WEST Anterior angle of aesthetic triangle KOR JAP CHI WEST Anterior angle of the pyramid KOR JAP CHI WEST Posterior angle of the pyramid KOR JAP CHI WEST Upper angle of the pyramid KOR JAP CHI WEST * See Figure 4 for definitions. KOR, Korean; JAP, Japanese; CHI, Chinese; WEST, Western. nasale, and labiale inferius soft-tissue profile points. (Pronasale should be taken into consideration according to Hsu s study in 1993 regarding the reference lines of the horizontal lip position. 5 ) Soft-tissue point ala curvature, pronasale, and labiale inferius are apices of the pyramid, and the center of the ethnic pyramid is the subnasale. From the center of the pyramid, one can measure the angles to the apices of the pyramid. These three angles were named the upper, anterior, and posterior angles of the pyramid. Table V shows that the anterior angle is wider than the upper angle and that the upper angle is wider than the posterior angle in Asian models. The order is changed in Western models (anterior posterior upper). This important ethnic difference should be considered for profileplasty. To test the level of error involved in our methodology, photographs from each group were randomly selected and measurements were repeated by another plastic surgeon. The amount of error in marking the soft-tissue profile was shown not to be statistically significant by the t test (p , t 0.93). The error in measurement was 0.2 degree. DISCUSSION Cephalometric radiographs are usually obtained with a head-holding apparatus. This apparatus is somewhat expensive and cumbersome and interferes with visualization of the face. Maxillofacial plastic surgeons make extensive use of both hard-tissue and soft-tissue cephalometrics for planning and evaluating their preoperative and postoperative results. Since the introduction of a standardized method for obtaining skull radiographs, cephalometrics has become one of the major diagnostic tools of facial plastic surgeons. 2 However, most facial plastic surgeons are concerned with total facial aesthetics and work primarily from photographs, not radiographs. Data available from various studies are difficult to compare directly because of the different settings required for obtaining a profile view and the racial variations. 3 Many studies have been conducted to study the facial profile. Auger et al. 6 tried to determine significant changes in the female soft-tissue profile as presented in fashion magazines of the 1900s. Moorrees and Kean thoroughly tested the hypothesis that the natural head position was relatively constant and found it extremely reliable. 3 The use of the natural head position allows very reproducible head position results without a head-holding apparatus for cephalometric radiographs. In 1862, Broca defined this position as when a man is standing and when his visual axis is horizontal, he (his head)
8 542 PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY, August 2004 FIG. 4. Three angles of the aesthetic triangle and ethnic pyramid. The apices of the aesthetic triangle are the glabella, pogonion, and pronasale. The lower angle of the aesthetic angle is the acute angle around the chin, the upper angle is around the glabella, and the anterior angle is around the nasal tip. The pyramid is composed of the ala curvature point (ac), subnasale (sn), pronasale (prn), and labiale inferius (li) profile points. Point ac, prn, and li are apices of the pyramid, and the center of the ethnic pyramid is sn. From the center of the pyramid, one can measure the angles to the apices of the pyramid. These three angles were named the upper, the anterior, and the posterior angles of the pyramid. g, glabella; se, sellion; prn, pronasale; ac, alar curvature point (alar crest point); c', columella breakpoint; sn, subnasale; ls, labiale superius; li, labiale inferius; pg, pogonion; dc, distant chin. is in the natural position. 3 Recent studies have documented the reproducibility of the natural head position. 3 Direct measurements have also shown that photogrammetry (indirect anthropometry), even under the most standardized conditions, offers only a limited number of reliable measurements, because of distortion and the twodimensional nature of the photographs This is especially true in the case of frontal views. Although face recognition using profile views in not as accurate as using frontal views or three-dimensional surface data according to Fromherz, it is useful for fast preliminary searches of large databases, to reduce the computational load for subsequent processing using sophisticated algorithms, or as part of hybrid systems to improve the accuracy of frontal image analysis technique. Facial profile analysis is therefore still important for face recognition. 12 Powel and Humphries recently added to the literature on measurement of the aesthetic face, and presented both hard- and soft-tissue measurements. The authors proposed a new concept: the aesthetic triangle. The aesthetic triangle is an excellent screen for facial aesthetics; in addition, all measurement are relative and therefore no external axis is required. 3 Farkas et al. 1,7 reported that angular anthropometric measurements were statistically similar and have little distortion from the reference standard. Angular measurements of the softtissue facial profile were once performed by Neger in In this study, the Frankfort plane was used and the angular relationship was established only between the upper lip, lower lip, and chin. Facial anthropometric studies on Korean youths were performed using Martin s method, but these studies are not useful for clinical application. We placed stress on the following important facts: (1) the natural head position is reproducible but the Frankfort plane is hard to mark correctly by photogrammetry; (2) the inclusion of too many soft-tissue points or lines often tends to obscure the areas of primary concern; (3) the soft-tissue points of the glabella and tragion are relatively stationary in profiles; (4) angles in photogrammetry are not distorted by photography itself; and (5) the facial profile is a balanced and harmonized structure composed of several aesthetic subunits. Angular measurements in our study reflect the balance or relationships between the profile fiducials. Our study has some advantages and characteristics in the analysis of the human profile. First, by using two relatively fixed points of the softtissue profile (glabella and tragion), it is possible to measure and standardize the variable facial profile angles uniformly. Second, our method of profile analysis does not need any reference planes and is composed of a minimum of essential fiducials in considering the planning of variable aesthetic operations. Finally, angular measurements are not affected by photographic enlargement. Thus, the technique can be used clinically for both planning and evaluating a patient s preoperative and postoperative results. Angel examined the facial profile as portrayed in classic and contemporary art and derived an icon of facial beauty from classical Greek art. 6 Olds suggested that the aesthetic
9 Vol. 114, No. 2 / BALANCED ANGULAR PROFILE ANALYSIS 543 ideals portrayed through classical and modern art have remained static over the past several thousand years and correspond to beauty in the living human face. 6 Others, such as Farkas et al., have demonstrated the existence of a large disparity between the aesthetic profile as portrayed through art and that presented in the mass media. Several studies, however, have documented a significant difference between the ideals of the public and the ideals of orthodontists and also suggest that the public s preferences of facial beauty may not be static but change with time. 6 We used various Internet Web sites to collect our data, as we felt that the Internet is a dynamic representation of the public s views and preferences of facial beauty. Our study, nevertheless, has some inevitable limitations. First, we did not analyze the frontal views because angular measurement was not available. Most of the photographs of female models on the Web sites were distorted and angulated in frontal views because of rotation and asymmetric illumination. Because the same goes for frontal views of a real patient, our method is thought to be inappropriate for frontal views. We are now applying a proportional analysis to frontal views. Second, although selected female models are well known in public and they showed similar results in profile analysis, we cannot say that the selected women are standard attractive women. This study, however, for practical purposes, provides information and reference data for many aesthetic surgeons. Third, photographs presented on the Web sites have variable resolution and background illumination. Sometimes, it was difficult for us to identify the precise profile points. The amount of error, however, in marking the points was shown not to be statistically significant in our study. As our data show, the balanced profile angle of attractive Korean models was similar to those of other groups, although the angles of the alar curvature point of Korean models were more acute than those of Western models and the interlabial angles of Korean models were more acute than those of Chinese models. Our study also shows that Asian and Western models do not show statistically significant differences in many measurements. As the data show, angles of aesthetic triangles and several angular measures of the models were similar between races. Therefore, this method could be used as a screen for attractiveness of facial profile. However, using our concept of ethnic pyramid angle, Table V shows that the anterior angle of the ethnic pyramid is wider than the upper angle of the pyramid, and that the upper angle is wider than the posterior angle in Asian models. The order is changed in Western models (anterior posterior upper). This important ethnic difference should be considered for facial plastic surgery. We suppose that three aesthetic triangles might be used as good universal screening values for profile analysis and that the three angles of the pyramid can be used to consider ethnicity. Although beauty itself cannot change with time, the concept of beauty can be influenced by time and cultural background. Our study shows that the famous female models have certain uniform characteristics in terms of soft-tissue profile. Although the current preference for the attractive female profile has been gradually standardized, Asian models have much more acute angles than Western models in terms of angle of alar curvature point, angle of labiale inferius, and profile convexity. Lower lip projection angles of Asian models were much wider than those of Western models. Chiu and Clark 16 previously analyzed the facial soft-tissue profiles of dentate southern Chinese adults and investigated the applicability of the existing Caucasian soft-tissue profile values. The data obtained from this study indicated that the lower third of the face presented the greatest ethnic difference; the interlabial contour was more convex and the upper and lower lips were more protrusive among the southern Chinese. These findings are partially in concordance with our results. This concept should be taken into consideration for facial aesthetic surgery of Asians. This study was performed to overcome the clinical limitations of current profile analysis and to propose balanced and standardized attractive soft-tissue profiles by photogrammetric analysis of famous female models. Our angular profile analysis is a simple, reliable, and relatively inexpensive way of analyzing profile photographs. The results of this study suggest that the soft-tissue profiles of famous female models from different races have some common features and differences. Taking our data into consideration and using our method of profile analysis, one can identify delicate profile problems correctly and perform appropriate aesthetic operations integrated into a harmonious
10 544 PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY, August 2004 whole that produce more satisfactory aesthetic results. CONCLUSIONS We are now trying to identify ethnic characteristics in a concrete way by analyzing the profiles of various patients (candidates for augmentation rhinoplasty, paranasal augmentation, anterior segmental setback ostectomy, or genioplasty). In addition, we are working on the development of standards and ways of determining the amount of protraction or retraction of various soft-tissue segments by using this method of angular analysis. Heung Sik Park, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Center Dongdaemoon Hospital Medical College of Ewha Women s University 70, Jongno 6-Ga, Jongno-Gu Seoul, Republic of Korea pseyes@dreamwiz.com ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors give special thanks to Jung Yeon Yoon, Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, for cordial statistical analysis and advice. REFERENCES 1. Farkas, L. G., and Kolar, J. C. Anthropometric and art in the aesthetics of women s face. Clin. Plast. Surg. 14: 599, Major, P. W., Johnson, D. E., Hesse, K. L., and Glover, K. E. Landmark identification error in posterior anterior cephalometrics. Angle Orthodont. 64: 447, Larrabee, W. F., Jr., Maupin, G., and Sutton, D. Profile analysis in facial plastic surgery. Arch. Otolaryngol. 111: 682, Farkas, L. G. Anthropometry of the Head and Face, 2nd Ed. New York: Raven, Pp , Hsu, B. S. Comparisons of the five analytic reference lines of the horizontal lip projection: Their consistency and sensitivity. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 104: 355, Auger, T. A., and Turley, P. K. The female soft tissue profile as presented in fashion magazines during the 1900s: A photographic analysis. Int. J. Adult Orthod. Orthognath. Surg. 14: 7, Farkas, L. G., Bryson, W., and Klots, J. Is photogrammetry of the face reliable? Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 66: 346, Neger, M. A quantitative method for the evaluation of the soft-tissue facial profile. Am. J. Orthod. 45: 738, Nechala, P., Mahoney, J., and Farkas, L. G. Digital twodimensional photogrammetry: A comparison of three techniques of obtaining digital photographs. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 103: 1819, Davidson, T. M. Photography in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. J. Biol. Photo. Assoc. 47: 59, Hautvast, J. Analysis of the human face by means of photogrammetric methods. Anthropol. Anz. 33: 39, David, T. J. O. Facial profile analysis: Automated facial metrology. Available at: ~davido/chapter6.pdf. Accessed June Cho, D. H., Ham, K. S., and Cho, Y. J. An anthropometric analysis on the beautiful and ugly faces of the young Koreans. J. Kor. Soc. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 16: 926, Kim, C. J., Han, K. S., Kim, Y., and Cho, Y. J. A facial anthropometric study on the Korean youths. J. Kor. Soc. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 15: 427, Wee, S. S., Ham, K. S., and Lee, J. U. Anthropometrical studies on the standard beauty of Korean adult female. J. Kor. Soc. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 8: 283, Chiu, C. S., and Clark, R. K. The facial soft tissue profile of the southern Chinese: Prosthodontic considerations. J. Prosthet. Dent. 68: 839, 1992.
Soft and Hard Tissue Changes after Bimaxillary Surgery in Chinese Class III Patients
Original Article Soft and Hard Tissue Changes after Bimaxillary Surgery in Chinese Class III Patients Ming Tak Chew a Abstract: Cephalometric studies have shown that the Chinese race tends to have a greater
More informationHow predictable is orthognathic surgery?
European Journal of Orthodontics 26 (2004) 303 309 European Journal of Orthodontics vol. 26 no. 3 European Orthodontic Society 2004; all rights reserved. How predictable is orthognathic surgery? Charlotte
More informationIndividual and ethnic aspects of preoperative planning for posttraumatic rhinoplasty
Eur J Plast Surg (2011) 34:245 249 DOI 10.1007/s00238-010-0502-9 ORIGINAL PAPER Individual and ethnic aspects of preoperative planning for posttraumatic rhinoplasty Paweł Szychta & Jan Rykała & Julia Kruk-Jeromin
More informationNasolabial Soft Tissue Changes After Le Fort I Advancement
J Oral Maxillofac Surg 70:e270-e277, 2012 Nasolabial Soft Tissue Changes After Le Fort I Advancement Sivabalan Vasudavan, BDSc, MDSc, MPH,* Yasas S. N. Jayaratne, BDS, and Bonnie L. Padwa, DMD, MD Purpose:
More informationWe are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors
We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 3,800 116,000 120M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our
More informationColumella Lengthening with a Full-Thickness Skin Graft for Secondary Bilateral Cleft Lip and Nose Repair
Original Article Columella Lengthening with a Full-Thickness Skin Graft for Secondary Bilateral Cleft Lip and Nose Repair Yoon Seok Lee 1, Dong Hyeok Shin 1, Hyun Gon Choi 1, Jee Nam Kim 1, Myung Chul
More informationUsing Computers for Assessment of Facial Features and Recognition of Anatomical Variants that Result in Unfavorable Rhinoplasty Outcomes
Using Computers for Assessment of Facial Features and Recognition of Anatomical Variants that Result in Unfavorable Rhinoplasty Outcomes Tarik OZKUL Computer Science and Engineering Department, American
More informationMaxillary Advancement Surgery and Nasolabial Soft Tissue Changes
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-issn: 2279-0853, p-issn: 2279-0861.Volume 16, Issue 3 Ver. VIII (March. 2017), PP 23-29 www.iosrjournals.org Maxillary Advancement Surgery and
More informationOriginal Article Soft-tissue facial characteristics of attractive Chinese men compared to normal men
Int J Clin Exp Med 2015;8(5):7977-7982 www.ijcem.com /ISSN:1940-5901/IJCEM0007360 Original Article Soft-tissue facial characteristics of attractive Chinese men compared to normal men Feng Wu 1, Junfang
More informationEffect of Preoperative Nasal Retainer on Nasal Growth in Patients with Bilateral Incomplete Cleft Lip: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study
Effect of Preoperative Nasal Retainer on Nasal Growth in Patients with Bilateral Incomplete Cleft Lip: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study Original Article Young Chul Kim, Woo Shik Jeong, Tae Suk Oh, Jong Woo Choi,
More informationACCURATE FACIAL ANALYSIS IS
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Computer Imaging Software for Profile Photograph Analysis Travis T. Tollefson, MD; Jonathan M. Sykes, MD Objectives: To describe a novel calibration technique for photographs of different
More informationLongitudinal study of cephalometric soft tissue profile traits between the ages of 6 and 18 years
Original Article Longitudinal study of cephalometric soft tissue profile traits between the ages of 6 and 18 years Robert T. Bergman a ; John Waschak b ; Ali Borzabadi-Farahani c ; Neal C. Murphy d ABSTRACT
More informationImplications for Nasal Recontouring: Nasion Position Preferences as Determined by a Survey of White North Americans
Aesth. Plast. Surg. 27:438 445, 2004 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-004-3083-9 Implications for Nasal Recontouring: Nasion Position Preferences as Determined by a Survey of White North Americans Arian Mowlavi, M.D.,
More informationOriginal Research. Journal of International Oral Health 2014; 6(5): Contributors: 1
Received: 12 th March 2014 Accepted: 13 th June 2014 Conflict of Interest: None Source of Support: Nil Original Research Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms for Central India (Malwa) Female Population Shweta
More informationIJCMR 553. ORIGINAL RESEARCH Different Population- Different Analysis A Cephalometric Study. Sachin Singh 1, Jayesh Rahalkar 2 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
IJCMR 553 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Different Population- Different Analysis A Cephalometric Study Sachin Singh 1, Jayesh Rahalkar 2 ABSTRACT Introduction: Cephalometric norms derived for Caucasian population
More informationFacial planning for orthodontists and oral surgeons
ADVANCES IN ORTHODONTICS & DENTOFACIAL SURGERY Facial planning for orthodontists and oral surgeons G. William Arnett, DDS, FACD, a and Michael J. Gunson, DDS, MD b Santa Barbara, Calif The bite indicates
More informationAngular photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissue profile in 12-year-old southern Chinese
Leung et al. Head & Face Medicine (2014) 10:56 DOI 10.1186/s13005-014-0056-3 HEAD & FACE MEDICINE RESEARCH Open Access Angular photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissue profile in 12-year-old southern
More informationThere is no uniform grading system for nasal dorsal deformities currently in general use
ORIGINAL ARTICLE A Grading System for Nasal Dorsal Deformities Matthew A. Kienstra, MD; Holger G. Gassner, MD; David A. Sherris, MD; Eugene B. Kern, MD There is no uniform grading system for nasal dorsal
More informationReproducibility of soft tissue landmarks on three-dimensional facial scans
European Journal of Orthodontics 28 (2006) 408 415 doi:10.1093/ejo/cjl024 Advance Access publication 11 August 2006 The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic
More informationEvaluation of maxillary protrusion malocclusion treatment effects with prosth-orthodontic method in old adults
Evaluation of maxillary protrusion malocclusion treatment effects with prosth-orthodontic method in old adults Peicheng Xu, DDS, MSD, a and Honghu Liu, DDS, PhD b a Shanghai Xuhui Dental Hospital and b
More informationA CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF SOFT TISSUE FACIAL MORPHOMETRY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 1, January 2006 (25-29) ORIGINAL ARTICLE A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF SOFT TISSUE FACIAL MORPHOMETRY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Nizam Abdullah*, Lin Naing**,
More informationSoft Tissue Changes after Upper Premolar Extraction in Class II Camouflage Therapy
Original Article Soft Tissue Changes after Upper Premolar Extraction in Class II Camouflage Therapy R. Scott Conley a ; Christopher Jernigan b Abstract: The long-term effect on the facial profile has led
More informationEvaluation of the Maxillary Dental Midline Relative to the Face. David A. Rothas
Evaluation of the Maxillary Dental Midline Relative to the Face David A. Rothas A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements
More informationMorphologic outcome of bimaxillary surgery An anthropometric appraisal
Journal section: Oral Surgery Publication Types: Research doi:10.4317/medoral.19978 http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4317/medoral.19978 An anthropometric appraisal Gregor F. Raschke 1, Ulrich M. Rieger 2, Andre
More informationLong Term Stability and Prediction of Soft Tissue Changes Following LeFort I Surgery
University of Connecticut DigitalCommons@UConn SoDM Masters Theses School of Dental Medicine June 1991 Long Term Stability and Prediction of Soft Tissue Changes Following LeFort I Surgery Gregory A. Hack
More informationNasal Changes after Surgical Correction of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion in Koreans
Original Article Nasal Changes after Surgical Correction of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion in Koreans Chooryung Chung a ; Yebert Lee b ; Kwang-Ho Park c ; Sun-Hyung Park d ; Young-Chel Park e ; Kyung-Ho
More informationReliability of the integrated radiograph-photograph method to obtain natural head position in cephalometric diagnosis
Original Article Reliability of the integrated radiograph-photograph method to obtain natural head position in cephalometric diagnosis Dima P. Dvortsin a, *; Qingsong Ye b, *; Gerard J. Pruim c ; Pieter
More informationA correlation between a new angle (S-Gn-Go angle) with the facial height
A correlation between a new angle (S-Gn-Go angle) with the facial height Esraa S. Jassim B.D.S., M.Sc. (1) Marwan S. Al-Daggistany B.D.S., M.Sc. (1) Jinan E. Saloom B.D.S., M.Sc. (1) ABSTRACT Background:
More informationCorrelation of Incisors Inclination and Position with Facial Profile
ISSN: 1812 1217 Correlation of Incisors Inclination and Position with Facial Profile Ne'am F Agha 1 BDS, MSc (Asst Prof) Zeina M Ahmad 2 BDS, MSc (Lec) 1 Dept of Pedod, Orthod and Prev Dentistry College
More informationPhotogrammetric Analysis of Nasolabial Angle and Mentolabial Angle norm in Malaysian Adults
Original article Photogrammetric Analysis of Nasolabial Angle and Mentolabial Angle norm in Malaysian Adults Lin CS 1, Shaari R 2, Alam MK 3, Rahman SA 4 Abstract Introduction: While measurement of nasolabial
More informationAn Estimation of Mento-Labial Angle on Standardized Digital Photographs in Gujarati Population- A Cross Sectional Study
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2013 1 An Estimation of Mento-Labial Angle on Standardized Digital Photographs in Gujarati Population- A Cross Sectional
More informationAP Relationship of the Maxillary Central Incisors to the Forehead in Adult White Females
Original Article AP Relationship of the Maxillary Central Incisors to the Forehead in Adult White Females Will Alan Andrews a ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate and compare the anteroposterior relationship
More informationScientific Treatment Goals for Oral and Facial Harmony
Scientific Treatment Goals for Oral and Facial Harmony AAO Lecture May 7, 2013 Philadelphia, PA Will A. Andrews, D.D.S. Optimal oral and facial harmony implies a state of maximum health, function and appearance
More informationQuantitative Determination of
The Application of 3D Images for Quantitative Determination of Zygoma in an Asian Population Shih-Hsuan Mao, Yu-Hsuan Hsieh, Chih-Hao Chen, Chien-Tzung Chen Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery,
More informationPlastic Surgeon, Middlesbrough General Hospital, Stockton Children's Hospital, Newcastle Regional Hospital Board
THE NASAL TIP IN BILATERAL HARE LIP By J. POTTER, F.R.C.S.Ed. Plastic Surgeon, Middlesbrough General Hospital, Stockton Children's Hospital, Newcastle Regional Hospital Board IN the problem of the bilateral
More informationPREDICTING LOWER LIP AND CHIN RESPONSE TO MANDIBULAR ADVANCEMENT WITH GENIOPLASTY A CEPHALOMETRIC STUDY
PREDICTING LOWER LIP AND CHIN RESPONSE TO MANDIBULAR ADVANCEMENT WITH GENIOPLASTY A CEPHALOMETRIC STUDY Dr. Deepthi T. Amanna Authors : Dr. Deepthi T. Amanna Assistant Professor Dr. E.T. Roy Professor
More informationA new classification system of nasal contractures
Original Article J Cosmet Med 2017;1(2):106-111 https://doi.org/10.25056/jcm.2017.1.2.106 pissn 2508-8831, eissn 2586-0585 A new classification system of nasal contractures Geunuck Chang 1, Donghak Jung
More informationEthnic Differences in the Soft Tissue Profile of Korean and European-American Adults with Normal Occlusions and Well-Balanced Faces
Original Article Ethnic Differences in the Soft Tissue Profile of Korean and European-American Adults with Normal Occlusio and Well-Balanced Faces Hyeon-Shik Hwang, DDS, MSD, PhD a ; Wang-Sik Kim, DDS,
More informationEvaluation of Anteroposterior Lip Positions in the Most-Favored Iranian Facial Profiles Using Silhouette
Original Article Evaluation of Anteroposterior Lip Positions in the Most-Favored Iranian Facial Profiles Using Silhouette Ahmad Sodagar 1, Darab Gholami Borujeni 2 1 Associate Professor, Dental Research
More informationPH-04A: Clinical Photography Production Checklist With A Small Camera
PH-04A: Clinical Photography Production Checklist With A Small Camera Operator Name Total 0-49, Passing 39 Your Score Patient Name Date of Series Instructions: Evaluate your Series of photographs first.
More informationIntroduction. Images supplied. SUBJECT IMAGES (Victor Vinnetou) TARGET IMAGES (Mbuyisa Makhubu)
Victor Vinnetou and Mbuyisa Makhubu facial comparison case, compiled by Dr T Houlton, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand (3 June 2016) Introduction There currently exists an
More informationAesthetic reconstruction of the nasal tip using a folded composite graft from the ear
The British Association of Plastic Surgeons (2004) 57, 238 244 Aesthetic reconstruction of the nasal tip using a folded composite graft from the ear Yong Oock Kim*, Beyoung Yun Park, Won Jae Lee Institute
More informationResearch Article Numbers of Beauty: An Innovative Aesthetic Analysis for Orthognathic Surgery Treatment Planning
BioMed Research International Volume 2016, Article ID 6156919, 6 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6156919 Research Article Numbers of Beauty: An Innovative Aesthetic Analysis for Orthognathic Surgery
More informationComparison of craniofacial characteristics of typical Chinese and Caucasian young adults
European Journal of Orthodontics 33 (2011) 205 211 doi:10.1093/ejo/cjq054 Advance Access Publication 13 August 2010 The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic
More informationPerception of maxillary dental midline shift in asymmetric faces
Perception of maxillary dental midline shift in asymmetric faces Bruno Pereira Silva, DMD, PhD Clinical Professor of Prosthodontics School of Dentistry, University of Seville Emilio Jiménez-Castellanos,
More informationUse of tent-pole graft for setting columella-lip angle in rhinoplasty
Agrawal et al. Plast Aesthet Res 2018;5:13 DOI: 10.20517/2347-9264.2018.17 Plastic and Aesthetic Research Letter to Editor Open Access Use of tent-pole graft for setting columella-lip angle in rhinoplasty
More informationDental Research Journal
Dental Research Journal Original Article Comparative assessment of soft-tissue changes in Class II Division 1 patients following extraction and non-extraction treatment Sneh Lata Verma 1, Vijay Prakash
More informationAESTHETIC ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY
c0435 ESTHETIC ORTHOGNTHIC SURGERY Stephen. aker, MD, DDS, and Harvey Rosen, MD, DMD CHPTER 87 s0010 p0010 s0020 p0015 s0025 p0020 s0030 p0025 s0035 p0030 s0040 p0035 s0045 p0040 1. What is orthognathic
More informationCLINICAL NOTE. Long-Term Results in the Bilateral Cleft Lip Repair by Mulliken s Method
CLINICAL NOTE Long-Term Results in the Bilateral Cleft Lip Repair by Mulliken s Method Seok-Kwun Kim, MD, PhD, Myung-Hoon Kim, MD, Yong-Seok Kwon, MD, and Keun-Cheol Lee, MD, PhD Purpose: To evaluate long-term
More informationG. Perseo* Corresponding author: Dr. Gianluca Perseo Marburg Deutschland (Original version in English and Italian)
Original Article Published on 15-11-2002 In italiano, per favore En español, por favor The "Beauty" of Homo sapiens sapiens: standard canons, ethnical, geometrical and morphological facial biotypes. Publication
More informationIt is a common observation that the Asian face
INJECTABLES Ethnic and Gender Considerations in the Use of Facial Injectables: Asian Patients Steven Liew, FRACS Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Background: Asians have distinct facial characteristics
More informationComparative Evaluation of Smile Arc in Population of Central India
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-issn: 2279-0853, p-issn: 2279-0861.Volume 14, Issue 3 Ver. VI (Mar. 2015), PP 46-51 www.iosrjournals.org Comparative Evaluation of Smile Arc in
More informationUpper Triangular Flap Method for Primary Repairs of Incomplete Unilateral Cleft Lip Patients. Minor to Two-Thirds Way Defects
HEAD AND NECK SURGERY Upper Triangular Flap Method for Primary Repairs of Incomplete Unilateral Cleft Lip Patients Minor to Two-Thirds Way Defects Kyung S. Koh, MD, PhD,* Tae Suk Oh, MD,* and Jin Woo Song,
More informationContents. Section 1: Introduction and History. 1. Cephalometry in Orthodontics Section 2: Classification of Cephalometric Landmarks
Contents Section 1: Introduction and History 1. Cephalometry in Orthodontics... 3 Technical Aspects 4 Cephalometric X-ray Tracing Techniques 4 Section 2: Classification of Cephalometric Landmarks 2. Classification
More informationThe three-dimensional effects of orthodontic treatment on the facial soft tissues a preliminary study.
IN BRIEF l Orthodontic treatment can effect the appearance of the face in all three dimensions of space. The extent of these effects can be accurately assessed using an imaging technique such as three-dimensional
More informationChanges of lip morphology following mandibular setback surgery using 3D conebeam computed tomography images
Paek et al. Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (2016) 38:38 DOI 10.1186/s40902-016-0082-0 Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery RESEARCH Open Access Changes of lip morphology following
More informationIncisal and Soft Tissue Effects of Maxillary Premolar Extraction in Class II Treatment
Original Article Incisal and Soft Tissue Effects of Maxillary Premolar Extraction in Class II Treatment Nevenka Tadic a ; Michael G. Woods b ABSTRACT Objective: This retrospective study was designed to
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE. A Novel Technique for Malar Eminence Evaluation Using 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography
ORIGINAL ARTICLE A Novel Technique for Malar Eminence Evaluation Using 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography Sami P. Moubayed, MD; Frederick Duong, MD; Christian Ahmarani, MD, FRCSC; Akram Rahal, MD, FRCSC
More informationThe overprojected ( Pinocchio ) tip and the ptotic
Featured Operative Technique Management of the Overprojected Nose and Ptotic Nasal Tip William E. Silver, MD, FCS; and Giancarlo F. Zuliani, MD The overprojected ( Pinocchio ) tip and the ptotic tip are
More informationManagement of Nasofrontal Angle in Rhinoplasty
Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal REVIEW ARTICLE Management of Nasofrontal Angle in Rhinoplasty SB Pousti 1, M Jalessi 1, A Asghari 1 * 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, ORL-HNS
More informationImpact of Bimaxillary Position on Esthetic Preferences among Health Professionals and Lay Persons
Received: 10 Sep 2013 Revised: 21 Nov 2013 Accepted:03 Dec 2013 Impact of Bimaxillary Position on Esthetic Preferences among Health Professionals and Lay Persons Abstract Shabnam Ajami 1, Morteza Oshagh
More informationWe are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors
We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 4,000 116,000 120M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our
More informationEvaluating Upper Lip and Nose Changes after Alveolar Bone Grafting in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients Using 3D Stereophotogrammetry
Evaluating Upper Lip and Nose Changes after Alveolar Bone Grafting in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients Using 3D Stereophotogrammetry Atchariyaporn Ranchan DDS*, Poonsak Pisek DDS, MS, FRCDT*, Supaporn
More informationEffect of Depressor Septi Resection in Rhinoplasty on Upper Lip Length
Research Original Investigation Effect of Depressor Septi Resection in Rhinoplasty on Upper Lip Length Yan Ho, MD; Robert Deeb, MD; Richard Westreich, MD; William Lawson, MD, DDS IMPORTANCE Resection of
More informationChanges in soft tissue thickness after Le Fort I osteotomy in different cleft types
Arja Heliövaara, DDS, PhD Orthodontist Jyri Hukki, MD, PhD Senior Consultant in Plastic Surgery Reijo Ranta, DDS, PhD Docent and Senior Orthodontist Aarne Rintala, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Plastic
More informationCentral Lip Lift as Aesthetic and Physiognomic Plastic Surgery: The Effect on Lower Facial Profile
Cosmetic Medicine Central Lip Lift as Aesthetic and Physiognomic Plastic Surgery: The Effect on Lower Facial Profile Aesthetic Surgery Journal 2015, Vol 35(6) 698 707 2015 The American Society for Aesthetic
More informationPHOTOGRAMMETRY AS A TOOL TO AID ORTHODONTIC DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT ASSESSMENT
PHOTOGRAMMETRY AS A TOOL TO AID ORTHODONTIC DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT ASSESSMENT Dr. Prasad Chitra a,, Dr. Ashwin Prakash b Original Article 46 ABSTRACT Aim: To present simple photogrammetric techniques
More informationISPUB.COM. Position Of The Ear In Relation To Facial Midline Landmarks In Nigerians. A Akinlolu, B Akinola, A Hussein INTRODUCTION
ISPUB.COM The Internet Journal of Human Anatomy Volume 2 Number 1 Position Of The Ear In Relation To Facial Midline Landmarks In Nigerians. A Akinlolu, B Akinola, A Hussein Citation A Akinlolu, B Akinola,
More informationResearch & Reviews: Journal of Dental Sciences
Research & Reviews: Journal of Dental Sciences Orthodontic Camouflage of Skeletal Class I, Class II and Class III Malocclusion in Borderline Cases Report of Three Cases Dr. Seema Kapil Lahoti 1 *, Dr.
More informationScientific Forum. Nostrilplasty: Raising, Lowering, Widening, and Symmetry Correction of the Alar Rim
Nostrilplasty: Raising, Lowering, Widening, and Symmetry Correction of the lar Rim Richard Ellenbogen, MD; and Greg azell, MD ackground: lthough the alar rim has frequently been neglected in correction
More informationThe changes of soft tissue profile. skeletal class II patients with mandibular retrognathy treated with extraction of maxillary first premolars
The changes of soft tissue profile in skeletal class II patients with mandibular retrognathy (Hendri et al) The changes of soft tissue profile in skeletal class II patients with mandibular retrognathy
More informationPredictors of favorable soft tissue profile outcomes following Class II Twin-block treatment
Original Article THE KOREAN JOURNAL of ORTHODONTICS pissn 2234-7518 eissn 2005-372X Predictors of favorable soft tissue profile outcomes following Class II Twin-block treatment Ji-Eun Kim a Su-Jung Mah
More informationThe Long Term Outcome of Mandibular Orthognathic Surgery
The Long Term Outcome of Mandibular Orthognathic Surgery Mohammed Ibrahim Al-Ajmi B.D.S (Ireland), MFDS RCPS (Glasgow) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctorate of Clinical Dentistry (Oral and Maxillofacial
More informationLATERAL CEPHALOMETRIC EVALUATION IN CLEFT PALATE PATIENTS
POLSKI PRZEGLĄD CHIRURGICZNY 2009, 81, 1, 23 27 10.2478/v10035-009-0004-2 LATERAL CEPHALOMETRIC EVALUATION IN CLEFT PALATE PATIENTS PRADEEP JAIN, ANAND AGARWAL, ARVIND SRIVASTAVA Department of Plastic
More informationEvaluation of the donor site after the median forehead flap
Evaluation of the donor site after the median forehead flap June Seok Choi 1, Yong Chan Bae 1,2, Soo Bong Nam 1, Seong Hwan Bae 1, Geon Woo Kim 1 1 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Pusan
More informationSoftware Designation to Assess the Proximity of Different Facial Anatomic Landmarks to Midlines of the Mouth and Face
Journal of Dental Biomaterials. 2014;1(2) Software Designation to Assess the Proximity of Different Facial Anatomic Landmarks to Midlines of the Mouth and Face Moshkelgosha V a, Zare R b, Safari A c a.
More informationPostnatal Growth. The study of growth in growing children is for two reasons : -For health and nutrition assessment
Growth of The Soft Tissues Postnatal Growth Postnatal growth is defined as the first 20 years of growth after birth krogman 1972 The study of growth in growing children is for two reasons : -For health
More informationAnatomy of. External NOSE. By Dr Farooq Aman Ullah Khan PMC
Anatomy of External NOSE By Dr Farooq Aman Ullah Khan PMC 24 th Nov. 2017 The External Nose Descriptions of the nose always begin with that part of it which is covered by the skin, i.e., the EXPOSED PART
More informationAnalyzing and controlling nasal tip projection COSMETIC. A Multivariate Analysis of Nasal Tip Deprojection
COSMETIC A Multivariate Analysis of Nasal Tip Deprojection Jacob G. Unger, M.D. Michael R. Lee, M.D. Robert K. Kwon, M.D. Rod J. Rohrich, M.D. Dallas, Texas Background: Projection of the nasal tip is a
More informationSurgical treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer of the head and neck: expanding reconstructive options van der Eerden, P.A.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Surgical treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer of the head and neck: expanding reconstructive options van der Eerden, P.A. Link to publication Citation for published
More informationUCL Repair: Emphasis on Muscle Dissection and Reconstruction
UCL Repair: Emphasis on Muscle Dissection and Reconstruction Unilateral cleft lip repair is performed using rotation-advancement technique. Markings are made on columella base, redlines, Cupid s bow on
More informationTHE COMPARISON OF 3-DIMENSIONAL SOFT-TISSUE OF ADULT KOREAN, CHINESE, AND HOUSTONIAN CAUCASIAN PATIENTS WITH CLASS I MALOCCLUSION JAMIE YOUNGSHIN KIM
THE COMPARISON OF 3-DIMENSIONAL SOFT-TISSUE OF ADULT KOREAN, CHINESE, AND HOUSTONIAN CAUCASIAN PATIENTS WITH CLASS I MALOCCLUSION by JAMIE YOUNGSHIN KIM CHUNG HOW KAU, COMMITTEE CHAIR KYOUNGA CHEON AMJAD
More informationSOFT TISSUE FACIAL PROFILE ASSESSMENT OF YEAR OLD TSWANA SUBJECTS
SOFT TISSUE FACIAL PROFILE ASSESSMENT OF 15-20 YEAR OLD SUBJECTS DUMISO YVONNE HELEN MZIZANA BChD (Medunsa) Dip Odont (Ortho) Stellenbosch University 2009 University of Pretoria SOFT TISSUE FACIAL PROFILE
More informationFundamental to the evolution of rhinoplasty COSMETIC. Classifying Deformities of the Columella Base in Rhinoplasty.
COSMETIC Classifying Deformities of the Columella Base in Rhinoplasty Michael R. Lee, M.D. Georges Tabbal, M.D. T. Jonathan Kurkjian, M.D. Jason Roostaeian, M.D. Rod J. Rohrich, M.D. Dallas, Texas Background:
More informationVertical relation: It is the amount of separation between the maxilla and
Vertical relations Vertical relation: It is the amount of separation between the maxilla and the mandible in a frontal plane. Vertical dimension: It is the distance between two selected points, one on
More informationHow to Design an Ideal Maxillary Plane of Occlusion For Fixed or Removeable Prosthetics
How to Design an Ideal Maxillary Plane of Occlusion For Fixed or Removeable Prosthetics By James R. Neuber RDT Full Mouth Rehabilitation Ceramist There are several techniques to establish a new plane of
More informationThe Effectiveness of Modified Vertical Dome Division Technique in Reducing Nasal Tip Projection in Rhinoplasty
IJMS Vol 36, No 3, September 2011 Original Article The Effectiveness of Modified Vertical Dome Division Technique in Reducing Nasal Tip Projection in Rhinoplasty Behrooz Gandomi 1, Mohammad Hossein Arzaghi
More informationSEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN SOFT TISSUE FACIAL FORM AS CAPTURED BY DIGITAL THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY. Seung B. Lim
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN SOFT TISSUE FACIAL FORM AS CAPTURED BY DIGITAL THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY by Seung B. Lim B.A. Mathematics, Binghamton University, 2001 D.D.S., University at Buffalo, 2009 Submitted
More informationA clinical study to evaluate the correlation between maxillary central incisor tooth form and face form in an Indian population
273 Journal of Oral Science, Vol. 54, No. 3, 273-278, 2012 Original A clinical study to evaluate the correlation between maxillary central incisor tooth form and face form in an Indian population Pavankumar
More informationThree-Dimensional Craniofacial Features of Glut1 Deficiency Syndrome Patients
Three-Dimensional Craniofacial Features of Glut1 Deficiency Syndrome Patients Valentina PUCCIARELLI 1, Marina CODARI 1, Chiara INVERNIZZI 1, Simona BERTOLI 2, Alberto BATTEZZATI 2, Ramona DE AMICIS 2,
More informationSmile Analyzer: A Software Package for Analyzing the Characteristics of the Speech and Smile
Innovation Smile Analyzer: A Software Package for Analyzing the Characteristics of the Speech and Smile Roozbeh Rashed 1, Farzin Heravi 2, Leila Raziee 3 1 Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics,
More informationSURGICAL MODEL ACCURACY DEVICE. 25 years - manufacturing and distribution - around the globe research - design - manufacturing - distribution
SURGICAL MODEL ACCURACY DEVICE 25 years - manufacturing and distribution - around the globe research - design - manufacturing - distribution 2 SMAD - SURGICAL MODEL ACCURACY DEVICE SMAD has be designed
More informationJefferson Cephalometric Analysis--Face and Health Focused
Jefferson Cephalometric Analysis--Face and Health Focused Google: Jefferson Ceph Analysis Video Instruction for video instruction. Note: video instruction teaches how to find Center O. Center O is now
More informationFour Limb Shaped Auricular Chondrocutaneous Composite Graft for the Alar and the Columellar Defects
ORIGINAL ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.14730/aaps.2017.23.3.149 Arch Aesthetic Plast Surg 2017;23(3):149-154 pissn: 2234-0831 eissn: 2288-9337 aaps Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Four Limb Shaped Auricular Chondrocutaneous
More informationPreoperative Evaluation of the Aesthetic Patient
Preoperative Evaluation of the Aesthetic Patient Michael E. Prater, MD Karen H. Calhoun, MD The University of Texas Medical Branch Department of Otolaryngology Grand Rounds Presentation May 2005 Introduction
More informationAssessment of Facial Soft Tissue Dimensions in Adult Patients with Different Sagittal Skeletal Classes using Cone beam Computed Tomography
Heba M Jazmati et al ORIGINAL RESEARCH 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1886 Assessment of Facial Soft Tissue Dimensions in Adult Patients with Different Sagittal Classes using Cone beam Computed Tomography 1
More informationAn Analysis of Sexual Dimorphism in the Human Face
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln CSE Journal Articles Computer Science and Engineering, Department of 2007 An Analysis of Sexual Dimorphism in the Human
More informationWe are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors
We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 3,500 108,000 1.7 M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our
More informationOrthognathic surgery. Dr. Mohamed Rahil. ((Maxillofacial surgeon))
Orthognathic surgery Dr. Mohamed Rahil ((Maxillofacial surgeon)) Tikrit dentistry college 2015 2016 Orthognathic surgery is the art and science of diagnosis, and treatment of facial disproportion. These
More information