CHAPTER 3 - DEFINITION, SCOPE, AND INDICATIONS FOR ENDODONTIC THERAPY ARNALDO CASTELLUCCI

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1 Contents Volume I CHAPTER 1 - A BRIEF HISTORY OF ENDODONTICS CHAPTER 2 - EMBRYOLOGY Crown formation Root formation Single- and multiple-root formation The formation of lateral canals Exposed dentin and enamel pearls Function and fate of dental lamina CHAPTER 3 - DEFINITION, SCOPE, AND INDICATIONS FOR ENDODONTIC THERAPY Basic phases of endodontic therapy Indications and contraindications True contraindications False contraindications True indications Strategic endodontics CHAPTER 4 - DIAGNOSIS IN ENDODONTICS Subjective information Medical history Dental history Objective information Examination Percussion Palpation Radiographic examination Thermal tests Electric pulp test

2 Cavity test Anesthesia test Transillumination Bite test CHAPTER 5 - ENDODONTIC RADIOGRAPHY Basic principles of radiology Principles of x-ray formation The quality of the radiograph Factors controlling the x-ray beam Kilovoltage Exposure time Milliamperage Filter Collimator Target-object distance Basic principles of image formation Image sharpness Image magnification Image distortion Intraoral radiographic techniques Bisecting angle technique Paralleling technique Spatial localization: buccal object rule Radiographic orientation Endoral radiographic examinations A) Preoperative or diagnostic radiographs Upper incisors Upper canine Upper premolars Upper molars Lower incisors Lower canine Lower premolars Lower molars

3 B) Intraoperative radiographs Upper incisors and canines Upper premolars Upper molars Lower incisors and canines Lower premolars Lower molars Common causes of errors 1) Light radiographs 2) Dark radiographs 3) Radiographs with poor contrast 4) Dark stains 5) Light stains 6) Yellow or brown stains 7) Blurry radiographs 8) Radiographs with partial images Protection of the patient, dentist, and auxiliary personnel CHAPTER 6 - DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY SYSTEMS (DRS) MARIO LENDINI Origins and technological evolution Features of the DRS image Reading and processing of DRS images Quality of DRS images Hardware Acquisition Sensors Software Execution and processing time Supplied dosage Adaptation and repetitiveness Filing Large formats CHAPTER 7 - PULPAL PATHOLOGY

4 The reparative capacity of pulp tissue Pulpal diseases Clinical classification Healthy pulp Hyperemia Clinical symptoms Diagnosis Therapy Pulpitis Symptomatology Diagnosis Pulp tests Radiographic examination Therapy Necrosis Symptomatology Radiographic examination Pulp tests Therapy Vital pulp therapy Pulp capping with MTA Operative sequence for pulp capping CHAPTER 8 - PERIAPICAL DISEASE, UZIEL BLUMENKRANZ The reparative capacity of periapical tissues Classification of the lesionsof encloclontic origin Chronic apical periodontitis Granuloma and cyst Granuloma Cysts Reactivation of chronic apical periodontitis Acute apical periodontitis Acute alveolar abscess The Cracked-Tooth Syndrome

5 Introduction Definition Cracked tooth syndrome Etiology Symptoms Clinical findings Diagnosis Classification Treatment Class I Class II Class III Class IV Conclusion CHAPTER 9 - USE OF ANESTHESIA IN ENDODONTICS, KIRK A. COLIRY Topical anesthesia Local infiltration Regional anesthesia or nerve blocks Inferior alveolar nerve block Indirect technique Direct technique Mental nerve block Nasopalatine nerve block Anterior palatine nerve block Supplemental anesthetic techniques Anesthetic solutions and inflammation Lingual infiltration Intraseptal injection Intraligamental infiltration Intrapulpal infiltration Intraosseous anesthesia The intraosseous technique Step 1: anesthetize the attached gingiva Step 2: Cortical plate perforation

6 Step 3: Injecting into the cancellous bone Dosage reccomendations Duration of anesthesia Considerations for intraosseous anesthesia Anatomical considerations Patient considerations Other considerations CHAPTER 10 - TOOTH ISOLATION: THE RUBBER DAM Instruments 1) Rubber dam 2) Rubber dam punches 3) Rubber dam clamps 4) Rubber dam clamp forceps 5) Rubber clam frame 6) Lubricant 7) Rubber dam napkins 8) Dental floss 9) Assistant Positioning of the dam CHAPTER 11 - ACCESS CAVITY AND ENDODONTIC ANATOMY Requirements of the access cavity Rules for the preparation of an adequate access cavity General principles for the preparation of the access cavity Penetration phase Enlargement phase Finishing and flaring phase Upper central incisor Upper lateral incisor Upper canine Upper first premolar

7 Upper second premolar Upper first molar Upper second molar Upper third molar Lower central incisor Lower lateral incisor Lower canine Lower first premolar Lower second premolar Lower first molar Lower second molar Lower third molar The access cavity in prosthetically prepared teeth The access cavity through prosthetic crowns Common errors in the preparation of the access cavity Errors related to inadequate preparation Errors related to over-aggressive preparation CHAPTER 12 - TREATMENT: PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR ENDODONTIC THERAPHY STEFANO PATRONI, PAOLO FERRARI Introduction Pretreatment Modern indications forendodontic pre-treatment Classification Periodontal pretreatment Gingivectomy-gingivoplasty The apically repositioned flap Prosthetic restorative pretreatment

8 Hollow posts Conservative restorative pretreatment Reconstruction of the fourth wall Copper and orthodontic bands Amalgam anchored with posts or amalgam pins Pre-endodontic composite Orthodontic pretreatment

ENDODONTIC PAIN CONTROL. Dr. Ameer H. AL-Ameedee Ph.D in Operative and Esthetic Dentistry

ENDODONTIC PAIN CONTROL. Dr. Ameer H. AL-Ameedee Ph.D in Operative and Esthetic Dentistry ENDODONTIC PAIN CONTROL Dr. Ameer H. AL-Ameedee Ph.D in Operative and Esthetic Dentistry ENDODONTIC EMERGENCIES ARE CHALLENGE IN BOTH DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT -EVERY CASE IS A COMPLETE SEPARATE STORY Diagnostic