252 Index. social problem, 90 stressful interpersonal relationships, 17 stress level, 29 subjective health, 89 work depressive disorders, 23, 24

Transcription

1 A Active coping description, 205 hardiness, 210, 211 organization of leisure and recovery, 205 vs. passive coping, 205 personal accomplishment, 206 Active jobs, 160, 161 Adjustment disorder, 61, 64 African countries, Age group individual risk factors, structure of, western countries, 159 Alexithymia, Antidepressants, Anxiety disorders, 77 Asia, 22 Australia, B Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), 178 Burnout. See also Burnout syndrome absenteeism, 101, 106, 108, 153 affective disorders, 44 age group, 104, 105, 108 alcohol, 53, 57, 59 appraisal theory, awareness, bullying, 163 caregiver burden, 5 care-giving and service occupations, 42 chronic work distress, 26 clinical depression, 2, 53, 59 communication coaching, cognitive structure, 192 companies/organizational context, description, face-to-face communication, 194 levels, 192 self-diagnosis and self-motivation, symptoms, and coping (see Coping) problem-focused coping, 107, 206 emotion-focused coping, 107, 206 core manifestation, 49 costs, 5 6, 27 cycle Five Stages of Burnout, Four Stages of Burnout, Stage Burnout Cycle, 52 Three Stages of Burnout, cynicism, 50, 159, 160 definition, 2, 170, 225 depersonalization, 50 vs. depressive episodes, depressive symptoms measurement BDI, 178 HRSD, description, 1 2, 47, destigmatization, 247 development, diabetes, 55, 79 discrimination, 104, 105 dimensions, 159, 225, 253 disorder (see Specific disorders) divorced women, 2 DSM, early recognition, 28, 171 early retirement, 27 educational programs, 28 S. Bährer-Kohler (ed.), Burnout for Experts: Prevention in the Context of Living and Working, DOI / , Springer Science+Business Media New York

2 250 Burnout. See also Burnout syndrome absenteeism (cont.) emotional exhaustion, emotional strains, 43 emotions, empirical phase in 1980s, 43 in 1990s, in 2000s, 44 for employers, organizations, and society, 7 energy depletion, 41 energy exhaustion, 89 European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 3 examination biological markers, 179 contributive and preventive factors, critical inspection and investigation, 170 etiology and development, healthcare providers, 170 pop psychology, 170 exhaustion, 159 fear, financial costs, 27 frustration, 54, 57 gastrointestinal disturbances, 169 gender (see Gender) general population, 100 in Germany, globalization, 17 18, 121 gross national product, 27 headache, 52, 53, 55 health, 26 historical development clinical context, 42 definitions, discovery, 41 empirical phase, in literature, pioneer phase, situational context, 42 systematic regularities, 42 housing, 1 hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, 55, 106 ICD, 2, 77, 78 identification CBI, 175 MBI, 173, 175 measures, 173, 174 OLBI, 176 SBI, self-reporting scales, 173 SMBM, indirect costs, 27 individual approaches, for individuals, 6 individual stress response, 42, 120 industrial organization psychology, 43 insufficient income, 1 interdisciplinary approach, 79, 187, 192 internal factors (see Self-esteem and negative affectivity) International Labor Organization, 96 interpersonal factors, 48 interventions cognitive behavioral training, 242, 243 critical appraisal and data extraction, duration of, effects of, general health aspects, 241 health care sector, 242 inclusion criterions, literature search and publication selection process, 227, 228 outcomes, 239 psychological effects, 240 search strategy, 227 intervention short, 6, 7 social support, 241 study populations, 238 target group-specific approach, 243 types of, 238 US Preventive Services Task Force guidelines, 229 work-related factors, 241 intolerance, 52, 152 life-management difficulty, 23, 44 in literature by Beard, 39 by Bradley, 40 Elijah fatigue, by Freudenberger, by Greene, 40 by Mann, 39 Old Testament, by Schneider, by Schwartz and Will, 40 by Shakespeare, 39 low personal accomplishment, 22, 23 vs. major depressive episodes, Mental Health Atlas 2011, 185, 247 models, 16 17, 50, 51 multidisciplinary teams, 171, 179 neuralgia, 39 vs. neurasthenia, occupational psychology, 79

3 occupational stress, 90 organizational approaches, pain, 78, 80, 83, 93, 94 personal accomplishment, 50, 119, 120, , 173, 175 phase models, 17, 119 phases, 2 phoenix phenomenon, physical and mental health conditions Physical symptoms, 55, 56, 105, 164, 241 of Brazilian police officers, diagnoses, 91 symptoms, 90 possibilities, 3 potential symptoms, 2 poverty, 1, 18, 25 prevalence, 5, 225 prevention client-centered approach, 196 health, high level emotional support, 29 levels, 28 organizational and individual approach strategies, psychotherapeutic interventions, 29 stress reduction, 28 professional competence lack, 50 professional distress, 26 professional efficacy, 176 professional exhaustion syndrome, 90 professional inefficacy, 159 protective factors, 226 psychiatric disorders adjustment disorder, 61, 64 chronic fatigue, depression, 59 description, 58 neurasthenia, PubMed database, 37 quality of life, 207 rehabilitation, 187 risk factors, 48, 226 risk profession, 170 role ambiguity and role con fl ict, 19, 105, 148 self-appraisal, 216 self-attributes, 106 self-beliefs, 148 self-care, 6, 28 self-concept, 216 self-confidence, self-management, self-observation, 6, self-regulation, 6, self respect, 2 sleep disorders, 90 social aspects of health, 186 social context, 61 social environment, 48 social factors, 1 societal factors, 2, 3 socio-economic factors, 1 somatic symptoms, 73 staff turnover, 43 stages, 50, 51 stress biological measurability, 4 concept, 78 criteria, 190 description, 3 factors, 83 hormone levels, 179 by Lazarus, 189 self-reinforcing process, by Selye, 189 theoretical models, 3 4 work situation, 3 vs. stress manifestations, 58, 59 subjective health emotion, individual assessments, vs. subthreshold depressive symptoms, supervisory support, 148 survey tools, 5 symptoms affective, 56 behavioral, 57 categories, 55 cognitive, motivational, physical illness, sexual problems, 52 tiredness, 78 training in resilience, 217 transactional theory of stress, 3 treatment antidepressants, anxiety disorders, 77 assessment, 74 benzodiazepine, 80, 82 CBT, CFS, depression, depression-related disorders, myeloencephalitis, 78 neurobiological parameters, psychiatric disorders, 75

4 252 Burnout. See also Burnout syndrome absenteeism (cont.) psychotherapy, sleep disturbance, 77 somatoform disorder, 78 Z-Diagnosis, 74 treatment studies, 43 underdeveloped countries, 17 verbal expression, 216 violence, 57 vulnerability, 53 wealth, 172 weight loss, 59 well being of workers, 29 WHO, 1 women s traditional roles, 101 work ability, 29 work attitude, 107 work circumstances, 29 work conflicts, 3 work engagement, 112 workplace coaching, 7 work productivity, 23 work-related stress, 3 Burnout syndrome emotional exhaustion, 17 health care-related occupations, 18, 19 an international setting in African countries, in Asia, 22 in Australia and New Zealand, developing countries, in Europe and United States, MBI, 17, 18 measurement tools, 17, 18 in South America, 21 mental illness description, 23 epidemiology, gender-specific risk factors, interpersonal conflicts, job demand control social support model, 25 risk factors, professional stress syndrome, 15 risk factors, 16 self-care, 27 sexual dysfunction, 53 shame, 53 social factors, 1 social problem, 90 stressful interpersonal relationships, 17 stress level, 29 subjective health, 89 work depressive disorders, 23, 24 C Caregiver burden, 5 Carers, 101 Care giving, 102 Care load, 110,113 CBI. See Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) Child care, 108,109 Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and neurasthenia, and related disorders, 78 treatment etiological factors, stress reduction strategies, 83 Chronic job stress, 15, 23, 26, 47, 49, 57, 74, 170, 177 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), Communication coaching corporate, management, 196 person-centered, 196 cognitive structure, 192 companies/organizational context, corporate, 193, 194 description, face-to-face, 194 levels, 192 prophylaxis, 192, 196 self-diagnosis, self-motivation, 196 support for manager, 194 symptoms, tertiary prevention, 187 unemployment, 188 value conflicts, 191 workplace conditions, 194 Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), 175 Coping active (see Active coping) anticipatory, 207 definition, 205 emotional self-efficacy, 213 emotion-focused, 205, 206 leisure and recovery, 205 MER emotional competence,

5 hardiness, optimal function, schematic representation, 214, 215 optimism, self-regulation, 208, 209 modalities, 205 organizational culture, 207 positive psychology, practical implications, preventive, 207 proactive, 207 problem-focused, 205, 206 research, Cortisol, 136, 164 Cynicism, 50, 159, 160 D Daytime sleepiness, 80 Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), 136 Demand control social support model, 25 Dementia patients, 1 Depersonalization (DP), 50, , 173, 174, 240 Depression and burnout, 59 gender, work environment, 103 measurement BDI, 178 HRSD, treatment, 75 76, Depression-related disorders symptom-oriented approach, 79 treatment anxiety symptoms, 82 daytime sleepiness, 80 depression, scales, 178 sleep disturbance, 80 Destigmatization of burnout, 247 E EE. See Emotional exhaustion (EE) Elijah fatigue, Emotional competence (EC) cause-effect relation, 214 consequences, description, essential aspects, 213 person-situation interaction, 213 self-efficacy, verification of, 213 workplace implications, Emotional exhaustion (EE) affective symptoms, 56 gender, 99 health, women, 109 psychosocial work factors active jobs, 161 chronic pain, 163 components, 160 job decision latitude, 160 job demand control social support model, 161 job demands, 160 occupational social support, 161 organizational justice, prevalence data calculation, workplace bullying, social climate, 165 Emotion-focused coping, 205, 206 Energy exhaustion, 89 Environmental risk factors job settings community breakdown, 123 job insecurity, 124 job strain, 121 lack of control, 122 material rewards, lack of, value conflicts, 124 work overload, workplace fairness, absence of, working conditions artificial and inadequate illumination, 126 human computer interactions, 125 involvement with people, noise, 126 overcrowding, 127 shift work, 126 Europe epidemiological studies, nurses and physicians, 19 Scottish psychiatric nurse study, 19 students, 20 European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 3 F Fatigue chronic fatigue, chronic fatigue syndrome, 78, Elijah fatigue, neurasthenia, 60, physical fatigue, 174, 177 psychological fatigue, 175 work fatigue, 203

6 254 Fibromyalgia, 91, 164 Five Stages of Burnout, Four Stages of Burnout, 53 Frenetic type burnout, 122 G Gender anger, 103 assertiveness, 106 control at work, 104 emotional exhaustion, 99 employment policies, 110 family friendly policies, 110 family-friendly working conditions, 110 flexible work schedules, 102 health, women age-dependent, 108 emotional exhaustion, 109 gender differences, 109 gender role, prevalence, 109 short vs. long term sickness leave, intervention strategies, 111 JDR model, 112 micro-inflammation biomarkers, 105, 106 positive work environment, 112 pregnancy, psychological distress, 104, 107 qualitative research, 113 short term absences, 108 sickness absence, 109 societal role expectations, 113 socio-political factors, 109 stress management interventions, 111 reduction strategies, sympathetic adrenomedullary systems, 105 total stress, 101 work attitude, 110 work engagement, 112 work ethic, 106 workforce and work environment attitudinal issues, biological basis, depression, 103 discrimination, Effort Recovery Theory, female workforce, 102 gender role theory, 104 job insecurity, labor contracts, 100 mental illnesses, 103 occupation advancement, preconceptions, 106 socio-demographic factors, 104 stressors, response pattern, WHI, 101 work-time scheduling, 100 workplace discrimination, work related absenteeism, 106 work related strain, 101 Gender-specific risk factors, Global self-esteem. See Self-esteem and negative affectivity H Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), Hardiness, 131 Helplessness, High-strain jobs, 160 HRSD. See Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) I Individual risk factors demographic features age, education, 135 gender, 134 marital status, 135 neurobiological features biomarkers, genetic factors, 136 personality traits agreeableness, 129 alexithymia, conscientiousness, 130 description, dispositional optimism, 133 extraversion, hardiness, 131 locus of control, 131 narcissistic, 134 negative affectivity, 130 neuroticism, 128 openness, perfectionism, 133 positive affectivity, 130 proactive personality, type A behavior, 132 type D behavior, psychiatric disorders depression, 137 post-traumatic stress disorder, 138

7 Interdisciplinary professional support, 7 Interventions blood pressure, 241, 243 cognitive behavioral training, 242, 243 critical appraisal and data extraction, duration of, effects of, emotional intelligence, 226 general health aspects, 241 health care sector, 242 inclusion criterions, lack of motivation, 225 literature search and publication selection process, 227, 228 organization-directed (see Organizationdirected interventions) outcomes, 239 person-directed (see Person-directed interventions) psychological effects, 240 search strategy, 227 social support, 241 study populations, 238 target group-specific approach, 243 types of, 238 US Preventive Services Task Force guidelines, 229 work-related factors, 241 Iso-strain model, 161 J Job demand control social support model, 25, 161 Job demands resource (JDR) model, 112 Job strain model, 160, 161 L Low-strain jobs, 160 M Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), 17, 18, 173, 175 Mental illness chronic work distress, 26 description, 23 epidemiology, financial costs, 27 gender-specific risk factors, health, 26, 225 interpersonal conflicts, job demand control social support model, 25 professional distress, 26 risk factors, women, 103 workplace bullying, Model of emotional resilience (MER) emotional competence, hardiness, optimal function, schematic representation, 214, 215 optimism, self-regulation, 208, 209 Myeloencephalitis, 78 N Neurasthenia in Asia, description, 60 fatigue, 60, in Netherlands, 60 in North America, 60 in Sweden, 60 symptoms, 60 New Zealand, O Occupational stress, 90 Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), 176 Organizational justice dimensionality, 162 health issues, lack of justice, 163 sleep disturbance, 163 sources, 162 Organization-based self-esteem blue collar workers, 150 definition, 147 factors/forces affecting, vs. generalized self-efficacy, 149 hypothesis, job performance predictor, 149, 150 mediating roles, 148 motivating factors, for employees evaluation-intervention program, 153, 154 job performance, 153 loyalty, 152 organizational policies, 152 personal resources, 153 personal stability, 152, 153 supportive work environment,

8 256 Organization-based self-esteem (cont.) multiple regression analysis, 151 organization trust, 151 person/organization relationship, 147 quasi-experimental study, 150 role condition outcome relationship, Organization-directed interventions outcomes, 239 vs. person-directed interventions, , 229, P Passive coping, 205 Passive jobs, 160 Persistent fatigue. See Chronic fatigue Personal accomplishment (PA), 50, 119, 120, , 173, 175 Personality disorders, 134 Personal stress management, 64 Person-directed interventions elements of, 226 vs. organization-directed interventions, outcomes, 239 study characteristics, and work-directed interventions, 229, work-related factors, 241 Phoenix phenomenon, Physical and mental health conditions aggression, 91 of Brazilian police of fi cers chronic diseases scale, degree of dissatisfaction with life, 95 diseases, 93, 94 life quality indicator, 95, 96 low professional awareness, 92 psychiatric disturbances, 92 quality of life, 93, 95 social support scale, 93 statistical analysis, 93 stress and risk relationship, 91, 92 diagnoses, 91 institutional climate, 91 personal exhaustion, 89 symptoms, 90 Physical illness, Preventive coping, 207 Proactive coping, 207 Proactive personality, Problem-focused coping, 205, 206 Professional distress, 26 Professional exhaustion syndrome, 90 Psychiatric disorders adjustment disorder, 61, 64 chronic fatigue, depression, 59 description, 58 lack of professional accomplishment, 49 memory impairment, 57 neurasthenia in Asia, depressive episodes, description, 60 major depressive episodes, in Netherlands, 60 in North America, 60 subthreshold depressive symptoms, in Sweden, 60 symptoms, 60 personal stress management, 64 treatment, 75 Psychosocial work environment active jobs, 161 components, 160 iso-strain model, 161 job decision latitude, 160 job demand control social support model, 161 job demands, 160 lack of competence, 159 occupational social support, 161 organizational justice dimensionality, 162 health issues, lack of justice, 163 sleep disturbance, 163 sources, 162 prevalence data calculation, workplace bullying cortisol, 164 definition, interpersonal problems, 164 mental health symptoms, sick leave, 165 social climate, 165 Q Quality of life, 93, 95, 207, 213

9 257 R Risk factors autonomy, 122, 132 environmental job settings, working conditions, gender-specific, individual characteristics demographic features, neurobiological features, personality, psychiatric disorders, mental illness, social isolation, 125 time demands, 120 time pressure, 121 work home conflicts, 126 workplace bullying, psychological exhaustion, Stage Burnout Cycle, 52 Stress biological measurability, 4 caregivers, criteria, 190 description, 3 economic costs, 5 6 interpersonal relationships, 17 lack of autonomy, 191 lack of influence, 191 by Lazarus, 189 management, 205 response pattern, women, self-reinforcing process, by Selye, 189 theoretical models, 3 4 work situation, 3 S SBI. See Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI) Self-esteem and negative affectivity. See also Organization-based self-esteem description, employee motivation, 146 hypotheses, organizational and social contributions, quasi-experimental study, 150 self-categorization, 150 social identity components, 147 work-life balance, 153 work motivation, 146 work-related attitudes, 146 Shirom Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM), Short intervention, 238 Sleep disturbance organizational justice, 163 treatment, 77, 80 Social capital, 226 Social factors, 1 Social network, 226 Social support, 210, 241 Somatoform disorder, 78 South America, 21 Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI) Cronbach s alpha reliability coefficient, 178 enthusiasm, 177 guilt, 177 indolence, 177 job satisfaction, 178 T Three Stages of Burnout energy conservation, 53 exhaustion, 54 stress arousal, 53 W Women health age-dependent, 108 emotional exhaustion, 109 gender differences, 109 gender role, prevalence, 109 short vs. long term sickness leave, workforce and work environment employment opportunities, 101 healthcare sector, 102 job insecurity, Work depressive disorders, 23, 24 Work/home interference (WHI), 101 Workplace bullying cortisol, 164 definition, interpersonal problems, 164 mental health symptoms, sick leave, 165 social climate, 165 Workplace performance, 212 Work-related stress, 3 World Health Organization (WHO), 1, 186, 247