Chapter 12,13 &14. Motivation, Emotion, Stress & Health

Transcription

1 Chapter 12,13 &14 Motivation, Emotion, Stress & Health

2 Motivation Motivation a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior Instinct complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

3 Motivation Drive-Reduction Theory the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst) Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking)

4 Motivation Homeostasis tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level Incentive a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

5 Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one s fullest and unique potential Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied then higher-level safety needs become active then psychological needs become active

6 Motivation-Hunger Glucose the form of sugar that circulates in the blood provides the major source of energy for body tissues when its level is low, we feel hunger

7 Motivation-Hunger Set Point the point at which an individual s weight thermostat is supposedly set when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight Basal Metabolic Rate body s base rate of energy expenditure

8 Motivation-Hunger The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

9 Motivation-Hunger

10 Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve usually an adolescent female Bulimia Nervosa disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

11 Sexual Motivation Sex a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values Sexual Response Cycle the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson excitement plateau orgasm resolution

12 Sexual Motivation Refractory Period resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm Estrogen a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males

13 Sexual Motivation Sexual Orientation an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one s own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation)

14 Motivation at Work Flow a completely, involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one s skills Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

15 Motivation at Work Personnel Psychology sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development Organizational Psychology Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

16 Motivation at Work Structured Interview process that asks the same jobrelevant questions of all applicants rated on established scales Achievement Motivation a desire for significant accomplishment for mastery of things, people, or ideas for attaining a high standard

17 Motivation Task Leadership goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals Social Leadership group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

18 Motivation Theory X assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money workers should be directed from above Theory Y assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity

19 Emotion Emotion a response of the whole organism physiological arousal expressive behaviors conscious experience

20 James-Lange Theory of Emotion Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotionarousing stimuli Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion)

21 Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: physiological responses subjective experience of emotion

22 Polygraph Emotion- Lie Detectors machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion perspiration cardiovascular breathing changes

23 Emotion-- Lie Detectors Is 70% accuracy good? Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty test all employees 285 will be wrongly accused What about 95% accuracy? Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty test all employees (including 999 innocents) 50 wrongly declared guilty 1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (~2%)

24 Experienced Emotion Catharsis emotional release catharsis hypothesis releasing aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges Feel-good, do-good phenomenon people s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

25 Experienced Emotion Subjective Well-Being self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life used along with measures of objective well-being physical and economic indicators to evaluate people s quality of life

26 Experienced Emotion Adaptation-Level Phenomenon tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level brightness of lights volume of sound level of income defined by our prior experience Relative Deprivation perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

27 Stress and Health Behavioral Medicine interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease Health Psychology subfield of psychology that provides psychology s contribution to behavioral medicine

28 Stress and Illness Leading causes of death in the US in 1900 and 2000

29 Stress and Illness Stress the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

30 Cerebral cortex (perceives stressor) Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary hormone in the bloodstream stimulates the outer part of the adrenal gland to release the stress hormone cortisol Pituitary gland Sympathetic nervous system releases the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from nerve endings in the inner part of the adrenal glands Adrenal glands

31 Stress and Illness Stress resistance The body s resistance to stress can last only so long before exhaustion sets in Stressor occurs Phase 1 Alarm reaction (mobilize resources) Phase 2 Resistance (cope with stressor) Phase 3 Exhaustion (reserves depleted) General Adaptation Syndrome Selye s concept of the body s adaptive response to stress in three stages

32 Stressful Life Events Catastrophic Events earthquakes, combat stress, floods Life Changes death of a loved one, divorce, loss of job, promotion Daily Hassles rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout

33 Stressful Life Events Chronic Stress by Age

34 Stress and the Heart Coronary Heart Disease clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle leading cause of death in many developed countries

35 Stress and the Heart Type A Friedman and Rosenman s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people Type B Friedman and Rosenman s term for easygoing, relaxed people

36 Stress and Disease Psychophysiological Illness mind-body illness any stress-related physical illness some forms of hypertension some headaches distinct from hypochondriasis-- misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

37 Stress and Disease Lymphocytes two types of white blood cells that are part of the body s immune system B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

38 Stress and Disease UCS (drug) CS (sweetened water) CS (sweetened water) UCR (immune suppression) UCS (drug) CR (immune suppression) UCR (immune suppression) Conditioning of immune suppression

39 Stress and Disease Negative emotions and health-related consequences Heart disease Persistent stressors and negative emotions Release of stress hormones Immune suppression Unhealthy behaviors (smoking, drinking, poor nutrition and sleep) Autonomic nervous system effects (headaches, hypertension)

40 Promoting Health Depression score No-treatment group Aerobic Exercise Aerobic exercise group Relaxation treatment group sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness 3 Before treatment evaluation After treatment evaluation

41 Promoting Health Biofeedback system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state blood pressure muscle tension

42 Promoting Health Complementary and Alternative Medicine unproven health care treatments not taught widely in medical schools, not used in hospitals, and not usually reimbursed by insurance companies