Table I. Parts of a table

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1 Tables and figures

2 Table I. Parts of a table Stub Column heading 1 Column heading 2 Column heading 3 Column heading 4 Row identifier 1 Row identifier 2 BODY Row identifier 3 Footnote

3 Tables: Guidelines Actual numbers, percentages Mutually exclusive groups 15-45, <45, >45 No blank spaces (0, na, nd) Units of measure Decimals (? to which place)

4 Tables: Guidelines Stand alone No repetition with text or figures Complete Accurate No rules except to separate column headings

5 Text or Tables Number of items Few variables: Text Many variables: Table

6 Example Staph aureus (8), Str viridans (8), Str faecalis (2) Bacteria n stool urine blood Strep aureus Str viridans Str faecalis Pseudomonas E coli S typhi

7 Tables: Common errors Title: none, too long, too brief Effect of adrenaline on cirrhotic and noncirrhotic rats at 20, 40 and 60 days Effect of adrenaline on cirrhotic and noncirrhotic rats Adrenaline and rats

8 Example

9 Example Characteristic Which group does it relate to

10 Example

11 Example LNF? CNF???? What do data in paranthesis mean?

12 Example

13 Figures Types Graphs Photographs Flow charts Location in relation to IMRAD structure Results Methods: technique, study design

14 Figures Purpose-specific Graphs Line: usually event in relation to time Bar: comparisons Pie: parts of a whole Histogram: frequency distribution Scatter: associations between variables

15 Figures Photographs, pictures Technique Before and after Show an event Flow charts Process, sequence, systems Algorithms

16 Figures What do I want to say? Is there a better method? Type of figure? Less better than more Only if necessary

17 Table or figure Prefer tables Use figures only for illustrative Bar, histogram, pie:? table Difference in written and oral communication

18 Example: Figure Per cent 24 Fig Indian Content Layout Printing Appearance Style Overall standard Criterion Indian Foreign

19 Example: Table Table: Judgements of 75 journals by Indian and foreign reviewers Criterion % (no.) reaching international standard Foreign reviewers Indian reviewers Content 24 (18) 8 (6) Layout 16 (12) 12 (9) Printing 16 (12) 7 (5) Appearance 9 (7) 7 (5) Style 23 (17) 4 (3) Overall standard 5 (4) 5 (4)

20 Figure: in place of text Intraperitoneal inoculation of 1 X 10 6 DLA cells (day 0) Study design Treatment (d 1,2,3) Observation Days Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Vehicle Total alkaloid fraction (5 mg/kg/d) Total alkaloid fraction (10 mg/kg/d) Total alkaloid fraction (20 mg/kg/d) Methotrexate (3.4 mg/kg/d) (Positive control)

21 Figure: Guidelines 2 axes: 2 types of information Curves: not more than 5 lines, thick Label axes: quantity, units Start axes at 0 (except log scale) Simple symbols (, ) not, Crossing curves: show break

22 Figures: Guides Good contrast Label Stain used Mask identity: consent Magnification and scale No clips or staples Use colour, if absolutely essential

23 Figure: Legend Write on separate sheet Not on back of figure Brief but complete Explain label Full form of abbreviations

24 Figure: Back of Write TOP and mark Name of first author Brief title of article Figure number Use soft pencil

25 Pie diagrams Normal Mild Moderate Severe 30 Normal Moderate Mild Severe

26 Bar diagrams 50 Serum HCG levels A B C D E Serum HCG levels A B C D E Study group Ink to paper ratio: No wasted ink principle

27 Bar diagrams 50 Others Serum HCG levels A B C D E Cause of death Infection Cardiac Coronary Tumors Study group Mortality rate per Mortality rate Mortality rate Stroke Ca lung Coronary 0 Coronary Ca lung Stroke 0 Smokers Non-smokers Cause of death Cause of death

28 Histogram T4 count (cells/mm3) Number of patients

29 Figure: Inadequate Poor contrast No labels

30 Figure: Improved Right atrium Narrowing Inferior vena cava Hepatic vein

31 Figure: Example

32 Dot-plot diagrams 1600 JRA vs. normal, p<0.001 JRA vs. RA, p<0.001 IL-8 (pg/ml) Normal (n=11) RA (n=10) JRA (n=19)

33 Line diagrams (before-after data) pg/ml 10 4 MTX pg/ml 10 4 Placebo wk 4 wk 1 0 wk 4 wk

Laboratory data Lane 1 2 3 4 5 6 200 125 75 Undigested (387) 247 140 111 50 Lane 1: Molecular weight

34 Laboratory data Lane Undigested (387) Lane 1: Molecular weight marker 2: Undigested PCR product 3: Wild type control 4: Homozygous control 5: Heterozygous control 6: Patient #1

35 Changes with time

36 Bubble plot Marcellin et al. New Engl J Med 2003; 348:

37 Time course/survival data Shrestha et al. New Engl J Med 2007.

38 Temporal profile Days after onset HEV RNA -ve HEV RNA +ve Patient serial number

39 Complex graphs

40 Summary Illustrations: adjuncts Convey a message Various types: use appropriately Ask: Is it needed? Simple, consistent, clear, focussed, visually effective

41 Recommend Look at recent issue of journal Use a similar published table/figure as a template Read journal instructions Read Vancouver style (

42 Bar Charts Mortality rate 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Smokers Non-smokers Cause of death Coronary Ca lung Stroke Response to treatment 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% A B C Group Worsened Unchanged Improved Normal

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Level

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Level *4950993262* BIOLOGY 9700/51 Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation May/June 2013 1 hour 15 minutes