Effects of Image Disparity on Perceived Immersion and Symptoms in 3D Gaming

Transcription

1 Effects of Image Disparity on Perceived Immersion and Symptoms in 3D Gaming Shun-nan Yang, PhD Pacific University, College of Optometry Vision Performance Institute A research consortium supporting Quality Sustainable Vision

2 Acknowledgement The study reported here were funded by the Interaction and Experience Research Group at Intel Corporation (Phil Corriveau & Rina Doherty). Lanen Vaughn and Marisol Hernandez helps with data collection and encoding. Vision Performance Institute A research consortium supporting Quality Sustainable Vision

3 Effects of Image Disparity

4 Defining Experimental Variables Image disparity: amount of lateral disparity relative to screen size. Gaming performance: total score, suffered damage, received rewards. Immersion: sensed object motion, self motion in space, self involvement, lost track of time. Viewing symptoms: Ocular: dry eye, pulled eye, & eye sore. Visual: blurred, floating, & double vision. Physical: neck ache, shoulder ache, & back ache. Cognitive: tiredness, difficulty to think, difficulty to remember. Motion: dizziness, disorientation, & nausea.

5 Experimental Design 3D racing game (wipeout 3D) 6 feet viewing distance 45 subjects (23 females) Samsung 55 LED 3DTV, active shutter glasses. Four levels of scene depth (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% of screen width [1920 pixels]) Surveyed for previous positive and negative gaming experiences. Binocular eye movement recorded (SR Eyelink)

6 Effects of Image Disparity

7 Demographics Age group: years, n = 16, mean = 14.1 years; years, n = 16, mean = 25.8 years; > 30 years, n = 14, mean = 37.4 years. Gaming experience: novice (n = 26, mean = 1.8 out of 5) and advanced (n = 20, mean = 2.6 out of 5). Gaming symptom: symptomatic (n = 20, score = 0) and asymptomatic (n = 26, score > 0).

8 Visual abilities Binocular acuity: superior (n = 22, logmar < -.2, mean = -.23) and normal (n = 24, logmar >= -.2, mean = -.12) Stereoacuity: superior (n = 24, SVA < 30, mean = ) and normal (n = 22, SVA >= 30, mean = ) Phoria: eso- (n = 21, mean = -.76 ) and exophoria (n = 25, mean = 5.12 ) Near point of convergence: far (n = 22, NPC >= 6cm, mean = 8.19 cm) and near (n = 22, NPC < 6cm, mean = 4.93 cm)

9 2D and 3D Comparison Paired 2D and 3D sessions (randomized order and scene depth across four pairs of sessions) Compare between 1 st and 2 nd sessions on an analog scale. Symptoms were pooled based on categories and analyzed. Immersion scores were pooled and analyzed.

10 Gaming Performance For scored points, participants with more gaming experience scored better than those more inexperienced. Young adults scored better than teens and older adults. Those with better stereoacuity scored better than those with normal stereoacuity. Males scored better than females.

11 Vergence response Larger disparities resulted in greater convergence in relation to 2D. Dissociated phoria and NPC interacted with image disparity in effecting vergence amplitude.

12 Vergence Amplitude vs. 2D (deg) Phoria on Vergence Response % 2% 3% 4% Disparity Ratio Esophoria Exophoria

13 2.0 NPC on Vergence Response Vergence Amplitude vs. 2D (deg) Near NPC Far NPC 1% 2% 3% 4% Disparity Ratio

14 Visual and Ocular Symptoms There was an effect of disparity on visual symptom. Scene depth of 3% resulted in greater visual symptoms in 3D viewing than 2D viewing. There was interaction between age and disparity

15 Age on Visual Symptoms 2D > 3D 3D > 2D > 30 1% 2% 3% 4% Disparity Ratio

16 Motion Symptoms For motion symptom, there was a main effect of depth. Greater motion symptoms was reported with 3% depth in 3D viewing than 2D viewing. There was interaction between age and disparity level, and between phoria and disparity level.

17 2D > 3D 3D > 2D Ago on Motion Symptom 1% 2% 3% 4% Disparity Ratio > 30

18 Phoria on Motion Symptom 2D > 3D 3D > 2D % 2% 3% 4% Disparity Ratio Esophoria Exophoria

19 Cognitive Symptoms For cognitive symptoms, there was an effect of depth. Image disparity of 3% resulted in greater symptoms in 3D viewing than 2D viewing. There was interaction among age, phoria, and disparity level.

20 2D > 3D 3D > 2D Age of Exophoria Individuals on Cognitive Symptoms > % 2% 3% 4% Disparity Ratio

21 Gender and Exophoria on Cognitive Symptoms

22 Perceived Immersion For perceiving immersion, there was an effect of depth. A depth level of 3% resulted in greater sense of object motion in 3D viewing There were interactions between age and disparity, and among gender, phoria, and disparity level.

23 2D > 3D 3D > 2D Age on Perceived Immersion > % 2% 3% 4% Disparity Ratio

24 Gender and Phoria on Perceived Immersion

25 Summary Older individuals reported moderate symptoms at less disparity, younger ones severe symptoms at greater disparity. Effects of disparity and age on symptoms were heightened by exophoria. 3D symptom dissipated after reaching a critical depth, which is greater for younger, female participants. Perceived immersion was reduced when the critical depth was reached.

26 Visual Abilities and 3D viewing Older individuals suffer from presbyopia, and those with presbyopia report fewer vergence-based symptoms. Younger individuals typically have more closely linked accommodative and vergence processes. The critical depth likely reflects the point where accommodative-vergence coordination reaches its capacity.

27 Future Directions Define a quantitative way to compute the critical depth (in vergence angle? CA/C?) Behavioral therapy and subsequent 3D symptoms. Interactive relationship between 3D viewing, 3D content, and present symptoms.