Polymorphism in angiotensin II receptor genes and hypertension
|
|
- Abel McCoy
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Exp Physiol 90.3 pp Experimental Physiology Themed Issue Cardiovascular Genomics Paper Polymorphism in angiotensin II receptor genes and hypertension Bruno Baudin 1,2 1 Service de Biochimie A, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 184 rue du faubourg Saint-Antoine, Paris, Cedex 12, France 2 UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Boulevard Bequerel, 14032, Caen (UniversitédeBasse-Normandie), Cedex, France Molecular variants of individual components of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) have been thought to contribute to an inherited predisposition towards essential hypertension. The angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT-1) mediates the major pressor and trophic actions of angiotensin II (Ang II) and at least 50 different polymorphisms have been described in the AT-1 gene (AT 1 R gene); in particular, the C allele of the +1166A/C polymorphism has been associated with the severe form of essential hypertension, but the role of this polymorphism is still ambiguous in pathologies related to high Ang II levels, such as deterioration of renal function, arterial stiffness and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A relationship was suggested between AT 1 R A1166C polymorphism and the humoral and renal haemodynamic responses to losartan, an AT-1 blocker, as well as with enhanced Ang II vascular reactivity or sensitivity. Polymorphism has also been described in angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT-2) gene, AT-2 being the mediator for vasodilatation, natriuresis and apoptosis of smooth muscle cells; associations were found between some of these polymorphisms and both hypertension and left ventricular structure. Further evaluation in adequately powered studies is necessary for full assessment of the allelic markers in genes for RAS components, as well as to allow determination of a predisposition to hypertension or related diseases and selection of an appropriate antihypertensive drug for an individual. (Received 10 September 2004; accepted after revision 4 January 2005; first published online 7 January 2005) Corresponding author B. Baudin: Service de Biochimie A, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 184 rue du faubourg Saint-Antoine, Paris, Cedex 12, France. bruno.baudin@sat.ap-hop-paris.fr High blood pressure (BP) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, kidney failure and stroke. It is recognized as a multifactorial trait resulting from the effect of a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Efforts to date have identified several candidate genes involved in high BP or primary hypertension. Special attention has been paid to the study of genes implicated in the renin angiotensin system (RAS) because its activation and the subsequent generation of angiotensin II (Ang II) both play important roles in normal physiology and in the progression of cardiac and renal diseases. Most of the known actions of Ang II are mediated by the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT-1), including vascular contraction, pressor responses, renal tubular sodium transport and aldosterone secretion (Fig. 1). Antagonists of AT-1 have been developed and are now widely used in the treatment of hypertension, either alone (Burnier & Brunner, 2000) or in combination with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for complete RAS blockade (Azizi & Ménard, 2004). Over the past few decades, several polymorphisms in the AT-1 gene (AT 1 R gene) have been studied in relation to arterial hypertension and related cardiovascular impairments, but often with confusing results. More recently, polymorphism was also shown in the AT 2 R gene, and sometimes in relation to cardiovascular events. This article will try to improve our comprehension of this genetic variability related to parameters of blood pressure, ventricular structure and reactivity. AT 1 R gene polymorphism in hypertension and related diseases The human AT 1 R gene has a length of >55 kb, is composed of five exons and four introns, and has been found to be highly polymorphic. In particular, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been described in which there is either an adenine (A) or a cytosine (C) base (A/C transversion) in position 1166 in the 3 untranslated DOI: /expphysiol
2 278 B. Baudin Exp Physiol 90.3 pp region of the gene (Bonnardeaux et al. 1994); at present this +1166A/C polymorphism is the best evaluated. The Aallele that lacks the enzyme-restriction site is designated as the larger fragment, whereas the C allele, which has an enzyme-restriction site at nucleotide position 1166, is designated as the smaller fragment. The physiological significance of this polymorphism is uncertain because of its location in an untranslated region. Another SNP at nucleotide position +573 was investigated inhypertension and diabetes (Doria et al. 1997; Chaves et al. 2001). Erdmann et al. (1999) characterized nine other SNPs, which may have the potential to influence AT 1 R gene expression given their location in the functional promoter region of the gene. Poirier et al. (1998) detected seven other SNPs in the 5 -flanking region of the gene, not in linkage equilibrium with +1166A/C polymorphism and Takahashi et al. (2000) found seven other polymorphisms; recently, Zhu et al. (2003) described five more SNPs at both 5 - and 3 -flanking regions. Finally, at least 50 SNPs have been described; however, not all of them are associated with hypertension and they are not unique, since they can be linked together defining haplotypes. Moreover, in some studies a linkage disequilibrium was shown between these new SNPs and the +1166A/C polymorphism, in particular the 153A/G polymorphism (Lajemi et al. 2001). The silent +1166A/C SNP in the AT 1 R gene has been associated with the severe form of essential hypertension, and in particular in drug-resistant hypertensive patients taking two or more antihypertensive drugs (Bonnardeaux et al. 1994; Kainulainen et al. 1999). The Callele was others angiotensins and aldosterone secretion AT-1 vasoconstriction glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption cell growth and proliferation angiotensinogen angiotensin I active renin ACE angiotensin II alternative pathways for ang II formation others AT-R AT-2 vasodilatation natriuresis cognitive functions cell growth arrest and apoptosis Figure 1. The RAS and the main functions of the angiotensin II receptors (AT-1 and AT-2) ACE, angiotensin I converting enzyme. particularly over-represented in Caucasian hypertensive subjects with a strong family history (Wang et al. 1997), and it was also significantly more frequent in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension, whereas polymorphisms in genes of other components of the RAS, i.e. ACE I/D and angiotensinogen (AG) M235T polymorphisms, were not associated with a predisposition for development of hypertension in pregnant women (Nalogowska-Glosnicka et al. 2000), or independently associated (Kobashi et al. 2004). However, a significant interaction between the ACE I/D and AT 1 R +1166A/C polymorphisms in terms of influence on BP variation has been reported (Wang & Staessen, 2000), although their linkage mechanism remains unclear. Henskens et al. (2003) recently confirmed an association of both these polymorphisms with BP in healthy normotensive subjects, although synergistic effects did not seem to be present. But large interethnic differences in the frequencies of genotype polymorphisms of the RAS exist; for example, a higher prevalence of the AT 1 R CC genotype was found in Chinese hypertensive patients than in a control population (Jiang et al. 2001), whereas the +1166A/C genotype distribution did not differ between hypertensive and normotensive subjects from Japan (Ono et al. 2003). In a sample of Swedish twins, Iliadou et al. (2002) did not find any significant linkage between ACE I/D polymorphism or AT 1 R +1166A/C polymorphism and high BP. In Caucasoid subjects from Germany, Schmidt et al. (1997) did not detect any association of +1166A/C polymorphism with hypertension, but a trend was observed towards a decreased prevalence of the C allele among hypertensive patients with a late age at diagnosis (>50 years). Tiret et al. (1998) showed a higher prevalence of C allele among female hypertensive patients than in control subjects but no such difference was observed in men. Szombathy et al. (1998) did not find any difference for this polymorphism in the AT 1 R gene between normotensive control subjects and subjects with resistant essential hypertension, but high values of systolic BP were associated with the C allele in older and overweight patients. Thus, the data on +1166A/C AT 1 R gene polymorphism must be interpreted as a function of age, sex and ethnic origin. Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, renal failure and cardiovascular diseases. Sierra et al. (2002) showed that the presence of the ACE Dallele may be a predisposing factor for developing white matter lesions in essential hypertensive patients, whereas no significant association for the AG M235T and AT 1 R +1166A/C polymorphisms was found. Moreover, no association was shown between AT 1 R gene polymorphisms and stroke (Tiret et al. 1998); on the contrary, the presence of the C allele in the AT 1 R gene might be associated with faster deterioration of renal function (Buraczynska et al. 2002; Coll et al. 2003). Originally a synergistic effect was
3 Exp Physiol 90.3 pp Angiotensin II receptor genes and hypertension 279 suggested for AT 1 R +1166A/C polymorphism and poor glycaemic control on the risk of diabetic nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetic patients (Doria et al. 1997); but this association was not confirmed in subsequent studies (Chowdhury et al. 1997; Savage et al. 1999; Tarnow et al. 2000). RAS gene polymorphism was also investigated in obesity, and particularly in obesityassociated hypertension. No association was detected between AG M235T or AT 1 R +1166A/C polymorphism and anthropometric indexes or BP, whereas the ACE I/D polymorphism was a significant predictor of overweight and abdominal adiposity (Strazzullo et al. 2003). Finally, among hypertension-related diseases, only impairment of renal function was clearly related to AT 1 R +1166A/C polymorphism. Arterial stiffness is associated with excess morbidity and mortality, independently of other cardiovascular risk factors. Lajemi et al. (2001) found that the 1166C allele in the AT 1 R gene influences the relationship between age and arterial pulse valve velocity in an additive effect with the 153A/G SNP in the AT 1 R gene. The C allele was also associated with aortic stiffness in both normotensive and hypertensive subjects (Benetos et al. 1996a,b), but Girerd et al. (1998) did not find such a correlation with vascular hypertrophy in subjects with no evidence of cardiovascular disease. Epistatic interactions with ACE I/D polymorphism were shown in relation to the extent of coronary heart disease (Tiret et al. 1994; Benetos et al. 1996a,b; Yeet al. 2003). Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy occurs as a familial disorder with at least six genes clearly identified; but other factors, genetic as well as environmental, may modify the phenotypic expression of the mutated gene. Angiotensin II is an important modulator of cardiac hypertrophy, and ACE inhibition induces regression of cardiac hypertrophy and prevents dilatation and remodelling of the ventricle after myocardial infarction. Diez et al. (2003) suggested that the +1166A/C polymorphism in the AT 1 R gene is associated with collagen type I synthesis and myocardial stiffness in patients with hypertensive heart disease. Osterop et al. (1998) investigated whether the ACE I/D and AT 1 R +1166A/C polymorphisms influence left ventricular hypertrophy in subjects with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and concluded that the C allele in the AT 1 R gene modulates the phenotype of hypertrophy. Takami et al. (1998) also reported an association between the C allele and left ventricular mass index, but in normotensive subjects without hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. These results are not in accordance with the studies of Hamon et al. (1997) and Ishanov et al. 1998), but Andersson et al. (1999) found that patients with ACE DD and AT 1 R CC or AC genotypes tented to have a lower ejection fraction and increased left ventricular mass. Hamon et al. (1997) also observed that the subjects homozygous for the AT 1 R CC genotype had a significantly lower ejection fraction than those with the A allele. Thus, when AT 1 R +1166A/C polymorphism is not clearly associated with arterial stiffness and cardiac hypertrophy, the C allele remains a candidate for the association of vascular and cardiac phenotypes with genetic variation in genes of the RAS components. Among the other polymorphisms in the AT 1 R gene, at the 5 -flanking region a higher frequency of the Tallele ( 535C/T SNP) was observed in hypertensive patients (Takahashi et al. 2000), whereas Zhang et al. (2000), evaluating nine newly characterized SNPs, did not show any association with arterial hypertension. Poirier et al. (1998) also noticed that among seven new polymorphisms none was associated with pressor levels in control subjects, whereas Chaves et al. (2001) found that the +573C/T polymorphism might be a genetic protective factor for urinary albumin excretion in a population of essential hypertensive patients. Investigating 25 new polymorphisms in RAS genes, Zhu et al. (2003) particularly described an association between two AT 1 R gene polymorphisms and hypertension in African but not European Americans. Moreover, among six SNPs discovered in the promoter region of the AT 1 R gene, Jin et al. (2003) found that the 810A/T polymorphism is a genetic risk factor for coronary heart disease complicated with essential hypertension. More adequately funded investigations will be necessary for the assessment of these allelic markers in hypertension and related diseases, in particular for comparison with SNPs in genes of other RAS components. AT 2 R gene polymorphism Polymorphism in the AT 2 R gene, which is located on the X-chromosome, was also investigated (Fig. 1); in particular, the +3123A/C polymorphism may contribute to cardiac hypertrophy in cardiomyopathy (Deinum et al. 2001). Delles et al. (2000) tested another SNP in the AT 2 R gene, namely the +1675G/A polymorphism, and in parallel the 2228G/A polymorphism in the AT 1 R gene; the response to Ang II infusion did not differ between the AT 1 R and AT 2 R genotypes. More recently, identifying nine new SNPs in the AT 2 R gene, Zhang et al. (2003) suggested a relationship between the 1334T/C polymorphism and the development of hypertension in a Chinese population, whereas Alfakih et al. (2004) showed an identical relation but in the UK population and for the 1332G/A polymorphism, and Plummer et al. (2004) showed a similar relationship for preeclampsia in women involving other haplotypes in the AT 2 R gene. Pharmacogenomic considerations regarding Ang II receptors The response of patients to antihypertensive therapy is variable; individuals may respond differently to different
4 280 B. Baudin Exp Physiol 90.3 pp medications, suggesting that treatment should be matched to individual responsiveness. The two main targets in the RAS for an antihypertensive therapy are ACE and AT-1, with ACE inhibitors and AT-1 antagonists (or blockers), respectively. For ACE I/D polymorphism, the first conclusions from pharmacogenomic studies have been analysed (Baudin, 2000), but few data are available for polymorphisms in the AT 1 R gene (Baudin, 2002). Miller et al. (1999) hypothesized that renal and systemic AngIIactivity would be augmented in subjects with the Callele of the AT 1 R gene +1116A/C polymorphism, and tested this hypothesis by comparing haemodynamic and humoral responses to AT-1 blockade with losartan (the first AT-1 antagonist) and with low-dose suppressor infusions of Ang II. In this study, losartan increased the glomerular filtration rate and decreased mean arterial blood pressure in subjects with the C allele. Kurland et al. (2001b) showed that the C allele is associated with a reduction in both endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilatations in normotensive individuals, whereas the Dallele in the ACE gene was only reduced in endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. Several studies have examined relationships between the ACE and AT 1 R genes during antihypertensive therapy but without AT-1 receptor antagonists. Dieguez-Lucena et al. (1996) showed that the AT-1 messenger level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells varies in relation to ACE I/D genotype after treatment with an ACE inhibitor, but not other antihypertensive drugs. Moreover, Benetos et al. (1996a,b) found that, according to the +1166A/C genotype of the AT 1 R gene, an ACE inhibitor and a calcium channel antagonist affect pulse wave velocity but in opposite ways. In another study, Kurland et al. (2001a) did not show relationships between AG M235T or AT 1 R +1116A/C polymorphism and response to treatment for 3 months with irbesartan (an AT-1 antagonist) or atenolol, whereas ACE I/D genotype predicted the blood-lowering response to these antihypertensive therapies. Moreover, the variability in the individual response to AT-1 antagonists could also result from variations in the pharmacokinetics of the drugs. The pharmacogenomic studies on the AT 1 R gene are as yet too poor and disseminated for assessment of the influence of +1166A/C genotype in determination of antihypertensive treatment, but the C allele always appears as a candidate. References Alfakih K, Maqbool A, Sivanthan M et al. (2004). Left ventricle mass index and the common, functional, X-linked angiotensin II type-2 receptor gene polymorphism ( 1332 G/A) in patients with systemic hypertension. Hypertension 43, Andersson B, Blange I & Sylven C (1999). Angiotensin-II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism and long-term survival in patients with idiopathic congestive heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 1, Azizi M & Ménard J (2004). Combined blockade of the renin-angiotensin system with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists. Circulation 109, Baudin B (2000). Angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and drug response. Clin Chem Laboratory Med 38, Baudin B (2002). Angiotensin II receptor polymorphisms in hypertension. Pharmacogenomic considerations. Pharmacogenomics 3, 1 9. Benetos A, Cambien F, Gautier S et al. (1996a). Influence of the angiotensin II, type 1 receptor gene polymorphism on the effects of perindopril and nitrendipine on arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 28, Benetos A, Gautier S, Ricard S et al. (1996b). Influence of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II, type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms on aortic stiffness in normotensive and hypertensive patients. Circulation 94, Bonnardeaux A, Davies E, Jeunemaître X et al. (1994). Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms in human essential hypertension. Hypertension 24, Buraczynska M, Ksiazek P, Zaluska W, Spasiewicz D, Nowicka T&Ksiazek A (2002). Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism in end-stage renal disease. Nephron 92, Burnier M & Brunner HR (2000). Angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Lancet 335, Chaves FJ, Pascual JM, Rovira E, Armengod ME & Redon J (2001). Angiotensin II AT1 receptor gene polymorphism and microalbuminuria in essential hypertension. AmJHypertens 14, Chowdhury TA, Dyer PH, Kumar S et al. (1997). Lack of association of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism with diabetic nephropathy in insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 14, Coll E, Campos B, Gonzalez-Nunez D, Botey A & Poch E (2003). Association between the A1166C polymorphism of the angiotensin II receptor type 1 and progression of chronic renal insufficiency. JNephrol 16, Deinum J, Van Gool J, Kofflard M, Ten Kate F & Jan Danser AH (2001). Angiotensin II type 2 receptors and cardiac hypertrophy in women with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hypertension 38, Delles C, Erdmann J, Jacobi J, Fleck E, Regitz-Zagrosek V & Schmieder RE (2000). Lack of association between polymorphisms of angiotensin II receptor genes and response to short-term angiotensin II infusion. JHypertens 18, Dieguez-Lucena JL, Aranda-Lara P, Ruiz-Galdon M, Garcia-Villanova J, Morell-Ocana M & Reyes-Engel A (1996). Angiotensin I-converting enzyme genotypes and angiotensin II receptors. Response to therapy. Hypertension 28,
5 Exp Physiol 90.3 pp Angiotensin II receptor genes and hypertension 281 Diez J, Laviades C, Orbe J et al. (2003). The A1166C polymorphism of the AT 1 receptor gene is associated with collagen type I synthesis and myocardial stiffness in hypertensives. JHypertens21, Doria A, Onuma T, Warram JH & Krolewski AS (1997). Synergistic effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor genotype poor glycaemic control on risk of nephropathy in IDDM. Diabetologia 40, Erdmann J, Riedel K, Rohde K et al. (1999). Characterization of polymorphisms in the promoter of the human angiotensin II subtype 1 (AT1) receptor gene. Ann Hum Genet 63, Girerd X, Hanon O, Mourad JJ, Boutouyrie P, Laurent S & Jeunemaître X (1998). Lack of association between reninangiotensin system, gene polymorphisms, and wall thickness of the radial and carotid arteries. Hypertension 32, Hamon M, Amant C, Bauters C et al. (1997). Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II type 1 receptor genotypes with left ventricular function and mass in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries. Heart 77, Henskens LH, Spiering W, Stoffers E et al. (2003). Effects of ACE I/D and AT 1 R-A 1666 Cpolymorphisms on blood pressure in a healthy normotensive primary care population: first results of the Hippocrates study. JHypertens21, Iliadou A, Lichtenstein P, Morgenstern R et al. (2002). Repeated blood pressure measurements in a sample of Swedish twins: heritabilities and associations with polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. JHypertens20, Ishanov A, Okamoto H, Watanabe M et al. (1998). Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms in patients with cardiac hypertrophy. Jap Heart J 39, Jiang Z, Zhao W, Yu F & Xu G (2001). Association of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism with essential hypertension. Chin Med J 114, Jin W,LiuY,Sheng HH et al. (2003). Single nucleotide polymorphisms in promoter of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene associated with essential hypertension and coronary heart disease in Chinese population. Acta Pharmacol Sin 24, Kainulainen K, Perola M, Terwilliger J et al. (1999). Evidence for involvement of the type 1 angiotensin II receptor locus in essential hypertension. Hypertension 33, Kobashi G, Hata A, Ohta K et al. (2004). A1166C variant of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene is associated with severe hypertension in pregnancy independently of T235 variant of angiotensinogen gene. JHuman Genet 49, Kurland L, Melhus H, Karlsson J et al. (2001a). Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism predicts blood pressure response to angiotensin II, receptor type 1 antagonist treatment in hypertensive patients. JHypertens 19, Kurland L, Melhus H, Sarabi M, Millgard J, LjunghallS&Lind L (2001b). Polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin system and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in normotensive subjects. Clin Physiol 21, Lajemi M, Labat C, Gautier S et al. (2001). Angiotensin II type 1 receptor 153 A/G and 1166 A/C gene polymorphisms and increase in aortic stiffness with age in hypertensive subjects. JHypertens19, Miller JA, Thai K & Scholey JW (1999). Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism predicts response to losartan and angiotensin II. Kidney Inter 56, Nalogowska-Glosnicka K, Lacka BI, Zychma MJ et al. (2000). Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene A166C polymorphism associated with the increased risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension. MedSci Monitor 6, Ono K, Mannami T, Baba S, Yasui N, OgiharaT&IwaiN (2003). Lack of association between angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism and essential hypertension in Japanese. Hypertens Res 26, Osterop A, Kofflard M, Sandkuijl L et al. (1998). AT 1 receptor A/C 1166 polymorphism contributes to cardiac hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hypertension 32, Plummer S, Tower C, Alonso P et al. (2004). Haplotypes of the angiotensin II receptor genes AGTR1 and AGTR2 in women with normotensive pregnancy and women with preeclampsia. Human Mut 24, Poirier O, Georges JL, Ricard S et al. (1998). New polymorphisms of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene and their associations with myocardial infarction and blood pressure: the ECTIM study. Etude cas-témoin de l infarctus du myocarde. JHypertens16, Savage DA, Feeney SA, Fogarty DG & Maxwell AP (1999). Risk of developing diabetic nephropathy is not associated with synergism between the angiotensin II (type 1) receptor C1166 allele and poor glycaemic control. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14, Schmidt S, Beige S, Walla-Friedel M, Michel MC, Sharma AM &Ritz E (1997). A polymorphism in the gene for the angiotensin II type 1 receptor is not associated with hypertension. JHypertens15, Sierra C, Coca A, Gomez-Angelats E, Poch E, Sobrino J & De La Sierra A (2002). Renin-angiotensin system genetic polymorphisms and cerebral white matter lesions in essential hypertension. Hypertension 39, Strazzullo P, Iacone R, Iacoviello L et al. (2003). Genetic variation in the renin-angiotensin system and abdominal adiposity in men: the Olivetti prospective heart study. Ann Intern Med 138, Szombathy T, Szalai C, Katalin B, Palicz T, Romics L & Csaszar A (1998). Association of angiotensin II type 1 receptor polymorphism in resistant hypertension. Clin Chim Acta 269, Takahashi N, Murakami H, Kodama K et al. (2000). Association of a polymorphism at the 5 -region of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor with hypertension. Ann Hum Genet 64, Takami S, Katsuya T, Rakugi H et al. (1998). Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with increase of left ventricular mass but not with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 11, Tarnow L, Kjeld T, Knudsen E, Major-Pedersen A & Parving HH (2000). Lack of synergism between long-term poor glycaemic control and three gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system on risk of developing diabetic nephropathy in type I diabetic patients. Diabetologia 43,
6 282 B. Baudin Exp Physiol 90.3 pp Tiret L,Blanc H, Ruidavets JB et al. (1998). Gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system in relation to hypertension and parental history of myocardial infarction and stroke: the PEGASE study. JHypertens16, Tiret L,Bonnardeaux A, Poirier O et al. (1994). Synergistic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms on risk of myocardial infarction. Lancet 344, Wang JG & Staessen JA (2000). Genetic polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin system: relevance for susceptibility to cardiovascular disease. EurJPharmacol 410, Wang WY, Zee RY & Morris BJ (1997). Association of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism with essential hypertension. Clin Genet 51, Ye S, Dhillon S, Seear R et al. (2003). Epistatic interaction between variations in the angiotensin I converting enzyme and angiotensin II type 1 receptor genes in relation to extent of coronary atherosclerosis. Heart 89, Zhang X, Erdmann J, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Kurzinger S, Hense HW & Schunkert H (2000). Evaluation of three polymorphisms in the promoter region of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene. JHypertens18, Zhang Y, Zhang KX, Wang GL, HuangW&ZhuDL(2003). Angiotensin II type 2 receptor gene polymorphisms and essential hypertension. Acta Pharmacol Sin 24, Zhu X, Chang YPC, Yan D et al. (2003). Associations between hypertension and genes in the renin-angiotensin system. Hypertension 41,
Association between the CYP11B2 gene 344T>C polymorphism and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis
Association between the CYP11B2 gene 344T>C polymorphism and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis Y. Liu, H.L. Liu, W. Han, S.J. Yu and J. Zhang Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of the
More informationRelation between the angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T gene polymorphism and blood pressure in a large, homogeneous study population
(2003) 17, 555 559 & 2003 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9240/03 $25.00 www.nature.com/jhh ORIGINAL ARTICLE Relation between the angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T gene polymorphism and blood
More informationLeft ventricular hypertrophy: why does it happen?
Nephrol Dial Transplant (2003) 18 [Suppl 8]: viii2 viii6 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfg1083 Left ventricular hypertrophy: why does it happen? Gerard M. London Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Manhes Hospital,
More informationΥπέρταση στις γυναίκες
Υπέρταση στις γυναίκες Ελένη Τριανταφυλλίδη Διευθύντρια ΕΣΥ Καρδιολογίας Υπεύθυνη Αντιυπερτασικού Ιατρείου Β Πανεπιστημιακή Καρδιολογική Κλινική Νοσοκομείο ΑΤΤΙΚΟΝ Cardiovascular disease is the Europe
More informationROLE OF ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS AND ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR BLOCKERS IN TYPE I DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY DR.NASIM MUSA
ROLE OF ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS AND ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR BLOCKERS IN TYPE I DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY DR.NASIM MUSA Type I IDDM is characterized by The abrupt onset of symptoms Insulinopenia
More informationVol. 43, No. 1, September 1997 BIOCHEMISTRY ond MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL Pages
Vol. 43, No. 1, September 1997 BIOCHEMISTRY ond MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL Pages 227-231 ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE I RECEPTOR POLYMORPHISM IN AFRICAN AMERICANS LOWER FREQUENCY OF THE C n66 VARIANT Short
More informationHypertension and diabetic nephropathy
Hypertension and diabetic nephropathy Elisabeth R. Mathiesen Professor, Chief Physician, Dr sci Dep. Of Endocrinology Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Denmark Hypertension Brain Eye Heart Kidney
More informationElements for a public summary
VI.2 Elements for a public summary VI.2.1Overview of disease epidemiology 1 Losartan is indicated for: Treatment of essential hypertension in adults and in children and adolescent 6 18 years of age. Treatment
More informationAssociation between G-217A polymorphism in the AGT gene and essential hypertension: a meta-analysis
Association between G-217A polymorphism in the AGT gene and essential hypertension: a meta-analysis R. Yao*, Y.Y. Du*, Y.Z. Zhang, Q.H. Chen, L.S. Zhao and L. Li Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated
More informationEffects of Renin-Angiotensin System blockade on arterial stiffness and function. Gérard M. LONDON Manhès Hospital Paris, France
Effects of Renin-Angiotensin System blockade on arterial stiffness and function Gérard M. LONDON Manhès Hospital Paris, France Determinants of vascular overload (afterload) on the heart Peripheral Resistance
More informationANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS: MORE THAN THE ALTERNATIVE PRESENTATION BY: PATRICK HO, USC PHARM D. CANDIDATE OF 2017 MENTOR: DR.
ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS: MORE THAN THE ALTERNATIVE PRESENTATION BY: PATRICK HO, USC PHARM D. CANDIDATE OF 2017 MENTOR: DR. CRAIG STERN, PHARMD, MBA, RPH, FASCP, FASHP, FICA, FLMI, FAMCP RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN
More informationPolymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system genes in progressive renal diseases
Kidney International, Vol. 50 (1996), pp. 732 744 EDITORIAL REVIEW Polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system genes in progressive renal diseases If a mutation, such as deletion of a large autosome,
More informationThe CARI Guidelines Caring for Australasians with Renal Impairment. ACE Inhibitor and Angiotensin II Antagonist Combination Treatment GUIDELINES
ACE Inhibitor and Angiotensin II Antagonist Combination Treatment Date written: September 2004 Final submission: September 2005 Author: Kathy Nicholls GUIDELINES No recommendations possible based on Level
More informationPreventing the cardiovascular complications of hypertension
European Heart Journal Supplements (2004) 6 (Supplement H), H37 H42 Preventing the cardiovascular complications of hypertension Peter Trenkwalder* Department of Internal Medicine, Starnberg Hospital, Ludwig
More informationReview of Cardiac Imaging Modalities in the Renal Patient. George Youssef
Review of Cardiac Imaging Modalities in the Renal Patient George Youssef ECHO Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) assessment Diastolic dysfunction Stress ECHO Cardiac CT angiography Echocardiography - positives
More informationTHE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM
THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM The renin angiotensin system (RAS) or the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) is a hormone system that is involved in the regulation of the plasma sodium
More information...SELECTED ABSTRACTS...
The following abstracts, from peer-reviewed journals containing literature on vascular compliance and hypertension, were selected for their relevance to this conference and to a managed care perspective.
More informationBenefits from angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in patients with renal failure: latest results
European Heart Journal Supplements (2003) 5 (Supplement E), E18 E22 Benefits from angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in patients with renal failure: latest results B. Pannier, A.P. Guérin, S.J. Marchais
More informationProceedings of the 34th World Small Animal Veterinary Congress WSAVA 2009
www.ivis.org Proceedings of the 34th World Small Animal Veterinary Congress WSAVA 2009 São Paulo, Brazil - 2009 Next WSAVA Congress : Reprinted in IVIS with the permission of the Congress Organizers PROTEINURIA
More informationCardiovascular diseases identification of genomic markers Potential interest, limitations
Cardiovascular diseases identification of genomic markers Potential interest, limitations Degenerative cardiovascular diseases Complexity of anatomical and clinical phenotypes (arterial remodeling, obstruction,
More informationFunctional vascular disorders
Functional vascular disorders Raynaud s phenomenon Raynaud s phenomenon Refers to Intermittent,bilateral attacks of ischemia of the fingers or toes, and sometimes ears or nose. It clinically manifests
More informationPathology of Hypertension
2016-03-07 Pathology of Hypertension Honghe Zhang honghezhang@zju.edu.cn Tel:88208199 Department of Pathology ❶ Genetic predisposition ❷ Dietary factors ❸ Environmental factors ❹ Others Definition and
More informationThe CARI Guidelines Caring for Australians with Renal Impairment. Specific effects of calcium channel blockers in diabetic nephropathy GUIDELINES
Specific effects of calcium channel blockers in diabetic nephropathy Date written: September 2004 Final submission: September 2005 Author: Kathy Nicholls GUIDELINES a. Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel
More informationΗ σημασία της αρτηριακής σκληρίας στην εκτίμηση της διαστολικής δυσλειτουργίας στην υπέρταση. Θεραπευτικές παρεμβάσεις
Η σημασία της αρτηριακής σκληρίας στην εκτίμηση της διαστολικής δυσλειτουργίας στην υπέρταση. Θεραπευτικές παρεμβάσεις Ελένη Τριανταφυλλίδη Επιμελήτρια Α Β Πανεπιστημιακή Καρδιολογική Κλινική Αττικό Νοσοκομείο
More informationASSOCIATION OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION WITH ARTERIAL STIFFNESS IN HYPERTENSION
ASSOCIATION OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION WITH ARTERIAL STIFFNESS IN HYPERTENSION Jung-Sun Kim a and Sungha Park a,b, a Division of Cardiology, b Cardiovascular Genome Center, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center,
More informationCan Arterial Stiffness Be Reversed? And If So, What Are the Benefits?
...SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS... Can Arterial Stiffness Be Reversed? And If So, What Are the Benefits? Based on a presentation by Michel E. Safar, MD Presentation Summary Systolic and diastolic blood pressure
More informationLEFT ventricular mass (LVM), as measured by M-mode
Journal of Gerontology: MEDICAL SCIENCES 2007, Vol. 62A, No. 10, 1157 1163 Copyright 2007 by The Gerontological Society of America Association Between Functional Polymorphisms of Renin-Angiotensin System,
More informationFOCUS ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
The Consequences of Vitamin D Deficiency: FOCUS ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Vitamin D deficiency is a global health problem. With all the medical advances of the century, vitamin D deficiency is still epidemic.
More informationM2 TEACHING UNDERSTANDING PHARMACOLOGY
M2 TEACHING UNDERSTANDING PHARMACOLOGY USING CVS SYSTEM AS AN EXAMPLE NIGEL FONG 2 JAN 2014 TODAY S OBJECTIVE Pharmacology often seems like an endless list of mechanisms and side effects to memorize. To
More informationSalt Sensitivity: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Clinical Relevance
Salt Sensitivity: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Clinical Relevance Matthew R. Weir, MD Professor and Director Division of Nephrology University of Maryland School of Medicine Overview Introduction Mechanisms
More informationThe CARI Guidelines Caring for Australasians with Renal Impairment. Protein Restriction to prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy GUIDELINES
Protein Restriction to prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy Date written: September 2004 Final submission: September 2005 Author: Kathy Nicholls GUIDELINES a. A small volume of evidence suggests
More informationEXPERIMENTAL and MOLECULAR MEDICINE, Vol. 35, No. 6, , December 2003
EXPERIMENTAL and MOLECULAR MEDICINE, Vol. 35, No. 6, 545-549, December 2003 Angiotensin converting enzyme I/D, angiotensinogen T174M-M235T and angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C gene polymorphisms in
More informationOptimal blockade of the Renin- Angiotensin-Aldosterone. in chronic heart failure
Optimal blockade of the Renin- Angiotensin-Aldosterone Aldosterone- (RAA)-System in chronic heart failure Jan Östergren Department of Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Sweden Key Issues
More informationStructure and organization of blood vessels
The cardiovascular system Structure of the heart The cardiac cycle Structure and organization of blood vessels What is the cardiovascular system? The heart is a double pump heart arteries arterioles veins
More informationThe retinal renin-angiotensin system: implications for therapy in diabetic retinopathy
(2002) 16, S42 S46 2002 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9240/02 $25.00 www.nature.com/jhh : implications for therapy in diabetic retinopathy AK Sjølie 1 and N Chaturvedi 2 1 Department
More informationImportance of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Adolescents
Importance of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Adolescents Josep Redon, MD, PhD, FAHA Internal Medicine Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia University of Valencia CIBERObn Instituto de Salud
More informationVALUE OF ACEI IN THE MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION
VALUE OF ACEI IN THE MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION Dr Catherine BESEME Paris 6 th December 2005 6 th International Congress of Bangladesh Society of Medicine Hypertension is a risk factor at the source, with
More informationReceived: / Revised: / Accepted: / Published:
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN (Print): 2321-3310; ISSN (Online): 2321-3086 Published by Atom and Cell Publishers All Rights Reserved Available online at: http://www.wjpsonline.org/ Original
More informationCentral Pressures and Prehypertension
Central Pressures and Prehypertension Charalambos Vlachopoulos Associate Professor of Cardiology 1 st Cardiology Dept Athens Medical School Central Pressures and Prehypertension Charalambos Vlachopoulos
More informationβ adrenergic blockade, a renal perspective Prof S O McLigeyo
β adrenergic blockade, a renal perspective Prof S O McLigeyo Carvedilol Third generation β blocker (both β 1 and β 2 ) Possesses α 1 adrenergic blocking properties. β: α blocking ratio 7:1 to 3:1 Antioxidant
More informationIndex. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
Heart Failure Clin 2 (2006) 101 105 Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A ACE inhibitors, in diabetic hypertension, 30 31 Adipokines, cardiovascular events related to, 6 Advanced
More informationCirculation. Blood Pressure and Antihypertensive Medications. Venous Return. Arterial flow. Regulation of Cardiac Output.
Circulation Blood Pressure and Antihypertensive Medications Two systems Pulmonary (low pressure) Systemic (high pressure) Aorta 120 mmhg Large arteries 110 mmhg Arterioles 40 mmhg Arteriolar capillaries
More informationLab Period: Name: Physiology Chapter 14 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure, Plus Fun Review Study Guide
Lab Period: Name: Physiology Chapter 14 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure, Plus Fun Review Study Guide Main Idea: The function of the circulatory system is to maintain adequate blood flow to all tissues. Clinical
More informationAntihypertensive Agents Part-2. Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia
Antihypertensive Agents Part-2 Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia Agents that block production or action of angiotensin Angiotensin-converting
More informationAngiotensin-II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism and diabetic microangiopathy
Nephrol Dial Transplant (1996) 11: 1019-1023 Original Article Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation Angiotensin-II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism and diabetic microangiopathy Lise Tarnow, Francois Cambien
More informationCardiovascular Protection and the RAS
Cardiovascular Protection and the RAS Katalin Kauser, MD, PhD, DSc Senior Associate Director, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceutical Inc. Micardis Product Pipeline Scientific Support Ridgefield, CT, USA Cardiovascular
More informationEstrogens vs Testosterone for cardiovascular health and longevity
Estrogens vs Testosterone for cardiovascular health and longevity Panagiota Pietri, MD, PhD, FESC Director of Hypertension Unit Athens Medical Center Athens, Greece Women vs Men Is there a difference in
More informationPrevention And Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy. MOH Clinical Practice Guidelines 3/2006 Dr Stephen Chew Tec Huan
Prevention And Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy MOH Clinical Practice Guidelines 3/2006 Dr Stephen Chew Tec Huan Prevention Tight glucose control reduces the development of diabetic nephropathy Progression
More informationΑΡΥΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΔΓΓΙΗ ΤΠΔΡΣΑΙΚΟΤ ΑΘΔΝΟΤ. Μ.Β.Παπαβαζιλείοσ Καρδιολόγος FESC - Γιεσθύνηρια ιζμανόγλειον ΓΝΑ Clinical Hypertension Specialist ESH
ΑΡΥΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΔΓΓΙΗ ΤΠΔΡΣΑΙΚΟΤ ΑΘΔΝΟΤ Μ.Β.Παπαβαζιλείοσ Καρδιολόγος FESC - Γιεσθύνηρια ιζμανόγλειον ΓΝΑ Clinical Hypertension Specialist ESH Hypertension Co-Morbidities HTN Commonly Clusters with Other Risk
More informationRenal Regulation of Sodium and Volume. Dr. Dave Johnson Associate Professor Dept. Physiology UNECOM
Renal Regulation of Sodium and Volume Dr. Dave Johnson Associate Professor Dept. Physiology UNECOM Maintaining Volume Plasma water and sodium (Na + ) are regulated independently - you are already familiar
More informationSpecial Lecture 11/08/2013. Hypertension Dr. HN Mayrovitz
Special Lecture 11/08/2013 Hypertension Dr. HN Mayrovitz Arterial Blood Pressure (ABP) Major Factors Summarized Sympathetic Hormones Arteriole MAP ~ Q x TPR + f (V / C) SV x HR Renal SBP Hypertension =
More informationAssociation between interleukin-17a polymorphism and coronary artery disease susceptibility in the Chinese Han population
Association between interleukin-17a polymorphism and coronary artery disease susceptibility in the Chinese Han population G.B. Su, X.L. Guo, X.C. Liu, Q.T. Cui and C.Y. Zhou Department of Cardiothoracic
More informationReducing proteinuria
Date written: May 2005 Final submission: October 2005 Author: Adrian Gillin Reducing proteinuria GUIDELINES a. The beneficial effect of treatment regimens that include angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors
More informationO ne of the most important physiological pathways
396 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Angiotensin II type I receptor gene polymorphism: anthropometric and metabolic syndrome traits M R Abdollahi, T R Gaunt, H E Syddall, C Cooper, D I W Phillips, S Ye, I N M Day... See
More information- Dr Alia Shatnawi. 1 P a g e
- 1 مها أبو عجمية - - - Dr Alia Shatnawi 1 P a g e A Skippable Intr0 Blood pressure normally decreases during the night. Absence of this phenomenon is called (nondipping) Wikipedia: Circadian rhythm....
More informationCase Study in Chronic Renal Failure
Case Study in Chronic Renal Failure Development of Knowledge Base: There were over 14,500 articles dealing with chronic renal failure entered into PubMed during 2000 2004. A current concept in this array
More informationNephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes: Can One Identity the Patients at Risk?
Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes: Can One Identity the Patients at Risk? Pierre Lefèbvre University of Liège, Belgium Cuba, November 2007 Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes It has been known for years that the
More informationDIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF DIURETIC RESISTANCE. Jules B. Puschett, M.D.
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF DIURETIC RESISTANCE Jules B. Puschett, M.D. Diuretic Resistance A clinical circumstance in which patients do not respond to a combination of salt restriction and even large
More informationAntihypertensive efficacy of olmesartan compared with other antihypertensive drugs
(2002) 16 (Suppl 2), S24 S28 2002 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9240/02 $25.00 www.nature.com/jhh compared with other antihypertensive drugs University Clinic Bonn, Department of Internal
More informationClinical Updates in the Treatment of Hypertension JNC 7 vs. JNC 8. Lauren Thomas, PharmD PGY1 Pharmacy Practice Resident South Pointe Hospital
Clinical Updates in the Treatment of Hypertension JNC 7 vs. JNC 8 Lauren Thomas, PharmD PGY1 Pharmacy Practice Resident South Pointe Hospital Objectives Review the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC
More informationDRUGS USED TO TREAT HYPERTENSION BY ALI ALALAWI
DRUGS USED TO TREAT HYPERTENSION BY ALI ALALAWI 3. Vasodilators Drugs which dilate blood vessels ( decrease peripheral vascular resistance) by acting on smooth muscle cells through non-autonomic mechanisms:
More informationAssociations between matrix metalloproteinase gene polymorphisms and the development of cerebral infarction
Associations between matrix metalloproteinase gene polymorphisms and the development of cerebral infarction J.H. Zhao 1,2, Y.M. Xu 1, H.X. Xing 2, L.L. Su 2, S.B. Tao 2, X.J. Tian 2, H.Q. Yan 2 and S.B.
More informationCopyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Normal Cardiac Anatomy
Mosby,, an affiliate of Elsevier Normal Cardiac Anatomy Impaired cardiac pumping Results in vasoconstriction & fluid retention Characterized by ventricular dysfunction, reduced exercise tolerance, diminished
More informationManagement of Hypertension
Clinical Practice Guidelines Management of Hypertension Definition and classification of blood pressure levels (mmhg) Category Systolic Diastolic Normal
More informationManagement of Hypertension. M Misra MD MRCP (UK) Division of Nephrology University of Missouri School of Medicine
Management of Hypertension M Misra MD MRCP (UK) Division of Nephrology University of Missouri School of Medicine Disturbing Trends in Hypertension HTN awareness, treatment and control rates are decreasing
More informationHTA ET DIALYSE DR ALAIN GUERIN
HTA ET DIALYSE DR ALAIN GUERIN Cardiovascular Disease Mortality General Population vs ESRD Dialysis Patients 100 Annual CVD Mortality (%) 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 66-74 75-84 >85 Age
More informationSlide notes: References:
1 2 3 Cut-off values for the definition of hypertension are systolic blood pressure (SBP) 135 and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 85 mmhg for home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) and daytime ambulatory
More informationTreatment of Heart Failure: Current Recommendation Waiz A
Treatment of Heart Failure: Current Recommendation Waiz A The impaired left ventricular emptying that characterizes heart failure may result from a variety of cardiac diseases, including myocardial ischaemia
More informationHYPERTENSIVE VASCULAR DISEASE
HYPERTENSIVE VASCULAR DISEASE Cutoffs in diagnosing hypertension in clinical practice sustained diastolic pressures >90 mm Hg, or sustained systolic pressures >140 mm Hg Malignant hypertension A small
More informationHow clinically important are the results of the large trials in hypertension?
How clinically important are the results of the large trials in hypertension? Stéphane LAURENT, MD, PhD, FESC Pharmacology Department and PARCC / INSERM U970 Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université
More information2 Furthermore, quantitative coronary angiography
ORIGINAL PAPER Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Reversal by Blood Pressure Lowering in Chronic Kidney Disease: Japan Multicenter Investigation for Cardiovascular DiseaseB CKD Study Yoshiki Yui, MD;
More informationLXIV: DRUGS: 4. RAS BLOCKADE
LXIV: DRUGS: 4. RAS BLOCKADE ACE Inhibitors Components of RAS Actions of Angiotensin i II Indications for ACEIs Contraindications RAS blockade in hypertension RAS blockade in CAD RAS blockade in HF Limitations
More information(renoprotective (end-stage renal disease, ESRD) therapies) (JAMA)
[1], 1., 2. 3. (renoprotective (end-stage renal disease, ESRD) therapies) (JAMA) (multiple risk (renal replacement therapy, RRT) factors intervention treatment MRFIT) [2] ( 1) % (ESRD) ( ) ( 1) 2001 (120
More informationCombination therapy Giuseppe M.C. Rosano, MD, PhD, MSc, FESC, FHFA St George s Hospitals NHS Trust University of London
Combination therapy Giuseppe M.C. Rosano, MD, PhD, MSc, FESC, FHFA St George s Hospitals NHS Trust University of London KCS Congress: Impact through collaboration CONTACT: Tel. +254 735 833 803 Email:
More informationAssociation between the AGTR1 A1166C polymorphism and risk of IgA nephropathy: a meta-analysis
Association between the AGTR1 A1166C polymorphism and risk of IgA nephropathy: a meta-analysis J.M. Xu 1,2, X. Song 3, F. Gao 4 and R. Wang 5 1 Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province,
More informationHypertension Update Warwick Jaffe Interventional Cardiologist Ascot Hospital
Hypertension Update 2008 Warwick Jaffe Interventional Cardiologist Ascot Hospital Definition of Hypertension Continuous variable At some point the risk becomes high enough to justify treatment Treatment
More informationChapter 01. General introduction and outline
Chapter 01 General introduction and outline General introduction and outline Introduction Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in patients with hypertension and in patients with type-1 diabetes
More informationrenoprotection therapy goals 208, 209
Subject Index Aldosterone, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 induction 163, 164, 168 Aminopeptidases angiotensin II processing 64 66, 214 diabetic expression 214, 215 Angiotensin I intrarenal compartmentalization
More informationRENAAL, IRMA-2 and IDNT. Three featured trials linking a disease spectrum IDNT RENAAL. Death IRMA 2
Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy and Proteinuria Background End stage renal disease is a major cause of death and disability among diabetics BP reduction is important to slow the progression of diabetic
More informationSystemic Hypertension
BCS Theme Session Cardiovascular Block Pathology of Hypertension Department of Pathology University of Sydney Systemic Hypertension Definition of Systemic hypertension: consistent blood pressure elevation
More informationBlood Pressure. a change in any of these could cause a corresponding change in blood pressure
Blood Pressure measured as mmhg Main factors affecting blood pressure: 1. cardiac output 2. peripheral resistance 3. blood volume a change in any of these could cause a corresponding change in blood pressure
More informationRole of inflammatory parameters in the susceptibility of cerebral thrombosis
Role of inflammatory parameters in the susceptibility of cerebral thrombosis X.F. Qi 1, T.J. Feng 2, P. Yang 1, H.Y. Feng 3, P. Zhang 2, L.Y. Kong 1, D.L. Liang 1, P.F. Li 4, W. Na 5, Y.W. Li 5 and Y.
More informationSUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL 1 Supplemental Table 1. ICD codes Diagnoses, surgical procedures, and pharmacotherapy used for defining the study population, comorbidity, and outcomes Study population Atrial fibrillation
More informationBy Prof. Khaled El-Rabat
What is The Optimum? By Prof. Khaled El-Rabat Professor of Cardiology - Benha Faculty of Medicine HT. Introduction Despite major worldwide efforts over recent decades directed at diagnosing and treating
More informationEvaluation of associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FRMD3 and CARS genes and diabetic nephropathy in a Kuwaiti population
Evaluation of associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FRMD3 and CARS genes and diabetic nephropathy in a Kuwaiti population S. Al-waheeb 1, M. Alwohhaib 2, A. Abdelghani 3, S. Al-Sharrah
More informationEuropean CMR Certification: LIST OF PROCEDURES FORM
European CMR Certification: LIST OF PROCEDURES FORM Application for: Level 2 Level 3 Candidate is requested to submit a list of 150 (Level 2) or 300 (Level 3) studies reported by her/him as detailed in
More informationEndothelial function is impaired in women who had pre-eclampsia
Endothelial function is impaired in women who had pre-eclampsia Christian Delles, Catriona E Brown, Joanne Flynn, David M Carty Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences University of Glasgow United
More informationOverview of the outcome trials in older patients with isolated systolic hypertension
Journal of Human Hypertension (1999) 13, 859 863 1999 Stockton Press. All rights reserved 0950-9240/99 $15.00 http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/jhh Overview of the outcome trials in older patients with isolated
More informationPaul M McKie, Alessandro Cataliotti, Guido Boerrigter, Horng C Chen, Fernando L Martin, and John C Burnett Jr
Cardiorenal Enhancing and Aldosterone Suppressing Actions of a Novel Designer Natriuretic Peptide in Experimental Hypertension with Ventricular Pressure Overload Paul M McKie, Alessandro Cataliotti, Guido
More informationAngiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) / Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB) To STOP OR Not in Advanced Renal Disease
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) / Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB) To STOP OR Not in Advanced Renal Disease Investigator Meeting 12 th September 2017 - Sheffield Prof Sunil Bhandari Consultant
More informationCandidate Gene Polymorphisms of Renin Angiotensin System and Essential Hypertension in a South Indian Tamilian Population
Kamla-Raj 2011 Int J Hum Genet, 11(1): 31-40 (2011) Candidate Gene Polymorphisms of Renin Angiotensin System and Essential Hypertension in a South Indian Tamilian Population P. Ramu a, G. Umamaheswaran
More informationSelected age-associated changes in the cardiovascular system
Selected age-associated changes in the cardiovascular system Tamara Harris, M.D., M.S. Chief, Interdisciplinary Studies of Aging Acting Co-Chief, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences Intramural
More informationHypertension. Penny Mosley MRPharmS
Hypertension Penny Mosley MRPharmS Outline of presentation Introduction to hypertension Physiological control of arterial blood pressure What determines our bp? What determines the heart rate? What determines
More informationEntresto Development of sacubitril/valsartan (LCZ696) for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Cardio-Metabolic Franchise Entresto Development of sacubitril/valsartan (LCZ696) for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction Randy L Webb, PhD Rutgers Workshop October 21, 2016 Heart
More informationCASE 13. What neural and humoral pathways regulate arterial pressure? What are two effects of angiotensin II?
CASE 13 A 57-year-old man with long-standing diabetes mellitus and newly diagnosed hypertension presents to his primary care physician for follow-up. The patient has been trying to alter his dietary habits
More informationPositive association of CYP11B2 gene polymorphism with genetic predisposition
(2002) 16, 789 793 & 2002 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9240/02 $25.00 www.nature.com/jhh ORIGINAL ARTICLE Positive association of CYP11B2 gene polymorphism with genetic predisposition
More informationScientific conclusions and detailed explanation of the scientific grounds for the differences from the PRAC recommendation
Annex I Scientific conclusions, grounds for variation to the terms of the marketing authorisations and detailed explanation of the scientific grounds for the differences from the PRAC recommendation 1
More informationHYPERTENSION IN CKD. LEENA ONGAJYOOTH, M.D., Dr.med RENAL UNIT SIRIRAJ HOSPITAL
HYPERTENSION IN CKD LEENA ONGAJYOOTH, M.D., Dr.med RENAL UNIT SIRIRAJ HOSPITAL Stages in Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease and Therapeutic Strategies Complications Normal Increased risk Damage GFR
More informationThe Road to Renin System Optimization: Renin Inhibitor
The Road to Renin System Optimization: Renin Inhibitor A New Perspective on the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) Yong-Jin Kim, MD Seoul National University Hospital Human and Economic Costs of Hypertension
More information