Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most

Transcription

1 Brief Genetics Report Type A Insulin Resistance Syndrome Revealing a Novel Lamin A Mutation Jacques Young, 1 Louise Morbois-Trabut, 2 Béatrice Couzinet, 1 Olivier Lascols, 2,3 Elisabeth Dion, 4 Véronique Béréziat, 2 Bruno Fève, 1 Isabelle Richard, 5 Jacqueline Capeau, 2 Philippe Chanson, 1 and Corinne Vigouroux 2 Particular forms of polycystic ovary syndrome with severe hyperandrogenism, acanthosis nigricans, and marked insulin resistance, defining the type A insulin resistance syndrome, are due to insulin receptor gene mutations. However, the majority of affected individuals do not have such mutation, arguing for the genetic heterogeneity of this syndrome. The familial partial lipodystrophy of the Dunnigan type, one of the diseases due to mutations in the lamin A/C (LMNA) gene, is characterized by a lipodystrophic phenotype and shares some clinical and metabolic features with the type A syndrome. We describe here the case of a nonobese 24-year-old woman affected with type A syndrome without clinical lipodystrophy. We linked this phenotype to a novel heterozygous missense mutation in the LMNA, predicting a G602S amino acid substitution in lamin A. This mutation cosegregated with impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans in the absence of clinical lipodystrophy in the family. The skin fibroblasts from the proband exhibited nuclear alterations similar to those described in other laminopathies, and showed several defects in the insulin transduction pathway. This study further extends the vast range of diseases linked to LMNA mutations and identifies another genetic cause for the type A insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes 54: , 2005 From the 1 Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and INSERM U.693, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin- Bicêtre, Paris XI University, Paris, France; the 2 INSERM U680, Saint-Antoine Faculty of Medicine, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France; the 3 Molecular Biology Department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France; the 4 Radiology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; and 5 Généthon CNRS UMR8115, Evry, France. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Corinne Vigouroux, Saint- Antoine Faculty of Medicine, INSERM U680, 27 rue Chaligny, Paris Cedex 12, France. vigouroux@st-antoine.inserm.fr. Received for publication 25 June 2004 and accepted in revised form 21 February Additional information for this article can be found in an online appendix at DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; ERK, extracellular regulated kinase; FPLD, familial partial lipodystrophy of the Dunnigan type; IR, insulin receptor subunit; IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate-1; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; PKB, protein kinase B by the American Diabetes Association. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine abnormality in women of reproductive age and the main cause of anovulatory infertility (1). It is associated with hyperandrogenemia, metabolic alterations including insulin resistance, and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The primary cause of PCOS remains elusive, although there is evidence that genetic factors have an important role (2). Particular forms of PCOS with acanthosis nigricans, severe insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenism, defining the type A insulin resistance syndrome, are due to insulin receptor gene mutations (3). However, many affected individuals do not have such a mutation, which lends support to the genetic heterogeneity of this syndrome (4). Lamins are the main components of the nuclear lamina, a filamentous network located between inner nuclear membrane and chromatin that plays a fundamental role in nuclear organization in all differentiated cells (5). Mutations in lamins A and C, which are alternatively spliced products of the lamin A/C (LMNA) gene, are responsible for several genetic diseases, including familial partial lipodystrophy of the Dunnigan type (FPLD) (5). Women with FPLD often have irregular menses and hyperandrogenemia, as well as severe insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic vascular disease (6 8). These common clinical and metabolic features of FPLD and type A insulin resistance syndrome led us to search for mutations of the LMNA gene in a patient with a typical type A phenotype. We describe the case of a nonobese 24-year-old woman with severe hyperandrogenemia who had clinical, hormonal, and morphological ovarian features of PCOS, acanthosis nigricans, and profound insulin resistance but was free of clinical lipodystrophy. Type A insulin resistance syndrome was therefore diagnosed. We linked this phenotype to a novel heterozygous missense mutation in the LMNA gene, predicting a G602S amino acid substitution in lamin A. Her skin fibroblasts exhibited nuclear alterations similar to those described in other laminopathies and showed several defects in the insulin transduction pathway. These findings suggest that a mutation in lamin A can affect insulin signaling and may be responsible for in vivo DIABETES, VOL. 54, June

2 LAMIN A MUTATION IN TYPE A INSULIN RESISTANCE FIG. 1. Clinical characteristics of the propositus. A: Pedigree subjects bearing the LMNA G602S mutation are represented as filled symbols. The propositus is indicated by an arrow. B: Anterior view. C: Axillary acanthosis nigricans. D: Enlarged polycystic left ovary, transvaginal sonography. E: Cross-sectional computed tomography at the level of the L4 vertebra and the mid-thigh in a control woman, the proband, and a woman with typical FPLD due to the LMNA R482W mutation and similar BMI (22.8, 23.2, and 23.1 kg/m 2, respectively). profound insulin resistance, leading to severe hyperandrogenism and oligomenorrhea but without significantly affecting adipose tissue distribution. CASE REPORT The propositus (subject II-3, Fig. 1A and B), a 24-year-old African-Creole woman originating from Reunion Island, was referred to our department with oligomenorrhea and hirsutism. Spontaneous thelarche and menarche occurred at ages 11 and 12 years, respectively. She has since had irregular spotting every 4 months on average, but not spontaneous regular menses. At the age of 14 she developed acne, seborrhea, and increasing hair growth on the face and nipples. Between the ages of 16 and 23, she received combined oral contraceptive treatment that induced cyclical withdrawal bleeding, but oligomenorrhea recurred after interruption of this treatment. Her personal medical history was otherwise unremarkable; in particular, she did not have any period of overweight. Her birth weight was normal, and she did not have premature pubarche. Her height was 170 cm, weight 67 kg (BMI 23.2 kg/m 2 ), and blood pressure 110/60 mmhg. Physical examination revealed an android habitus with moderate excess hair on the upper lip, chin, submental and periareolar areas, and midline of the lower abdominal wall, together with a male balding pattern (Fig. 1B). Applying the Ferriman-Gallwey standard, the patient achieved a score of 13 (normal 5). The breasts were of adult size. Evidence of acanthosis nigricans was observed in the axillae (Fig. 1C), neck, and back. The waist-to-hip circumference ratio was normal (0.84). No lipoatrophy of the limbs or faciocervical fat accumulation was present. Examination of the genitalia disclosed a mildly enlarged clitoris. Neuromuscular, cardiac, and cutaneous examinations showed no abnormalities. Hormone tests (Table 1) showed a normal serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate level but elevated levels of plasma androstenedione and total and bioavailable testosterone. The plasma sex hormone binding globulin level (immunoradiometric assay methodology) was low. The plasma estradiol concentration was normal. The ratio of luteinizing hormone to follicle stimulating hormone was elevated, in both the basal and gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulated state. Pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion was evaluated at 10-min intervals for 6 h (9). An increased amplitude and frequency of luteinizing hormone pulses was observed. The free urinary cortisol and the serum prolactin levels were normal. Basal and corticotropin-stimulated (0.25 mg i.v.) 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels were normal, ruling out late-onset 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The IGF-1 level was normal for age. Pituitary-adrenal TABLE 1 Hormone tests from the proband Normal range Proband (in premenopausal women) Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ( mol/l) Androstenedione (nmol/l) Total testosterone (nmol/l) Bioavailable testosterone (nmol/l) Sex hormone binding globulin (nmol/l) Estradiol (pmol/l) * Luteinizing hormone (IU/l) (basal/gnrh stimulated) 10.5/ /8 25* FSH (IU/l) (basal/gnrh stimulated) 2.1/ /2.0 9* Pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion during 6 h (means SE in normal women) Number of pulses * Amplitude of pulses (IU/l) * *In early follicular phase. FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone DIABETES, VOL. 54, June 2005

3 J. YOUNG AND ASSOCIATES FIG. 2. Comparison of skinfold thickness (A) and regional body distribution of fat (B) between the proband, lipodystrophic LMNA mutated, and control women. A: Truncal and peripheral skinfold thickness was measured in the proband using a Lange caliper (Cambridge Scientific Industries, Cambridge, MD) (black circles), and compared with previously published data. White rectangles represent the 10th and 90th percentile values for control women, used by Garg et al. (13), except for biceps skinfold thickness published by Araujo-Vilar et al. (14). Whiskers represent the range values observed in seven typical FPLD women bearing the R482W LMNA mutation (13), whereas skinfold thickness from two atypical FPLD women with the R582H LMNA mutation are shown as white circles (13). B: The segmental body distribution of fat was assessed by DEXA using the same equipment (Lunar model DPX; GE Medical Systems) in the proband and in three women of similar BMI (22.1, 23.1, and 25.3 kg/m 2 from left to right), diagnosed in our department with typical FPLD due to the LMNA R482W mutation. *Normal values (means SD, n 6) were reported by Mazess et al. (15). and pituitary-thyroid function was normal. Computed tomography of the adrenal glands showed no abnormalities. Pelvic and transvaginal sonography showed a normal uterus but polycystic enlarged ovaries (right: 7.6 cm 2, 10.9 ml; left: 12.4 cm 2, 13.5 ml; normal volume 5.5 cm 2, 10 ml) with stromal hypertrophy (Fig. 1D). More than 20 subcapsular follicles measuring between 3 and 6 mm in diameter were seen on the largest plane of each ovary. A standard 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was performed after a 12-h overnight fast to determine plasma glucose and insulin (measured with immunoradiometric assay) levels. At baseline, glycemia was 5.1 mmol/l and insulinemia 180 pmol/l (normal range: pmol/l); at 120 min, glycemia was 9.8 mmol/l and insulinemia 4,928 pmol/l. The patient was therefore markedly insulin resistant and had altered glucose tolerance. Tests for circulating insulin receptor autoantibodies were negative. The HbA 1c was normal (5.2%). The serum total cholesterol level was normal (3.98 mmol/l), but the HDL cholesterol was low (0.92 mmol/l) and the triglyceride level slightly elevated (2.2 mmol/l). Body fat content, evaluated by means of whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), was 28.4% of body weight, in keeping with the value predicted from BMI, sex, and age (10). The serum leptin level was 13.0 ng/ml (normal for BMI), whereas serum adiponectin was very low (1.7 g/ml, normal: [means SE]) (11). Cross-sectional computed tomography at the level of the L4 vertebra (Fig. 1E) showed a normal amount of subcutaneous fat and a normal visceral-to-total fat ratio (0.13 in the proband, 0.26 in a control woman, as compared with 0.93 in a woman with FPLD due to a R482W LMNA mutation; normal values: [means SD] (12). The mid-thigh computed tomography scan showed the presence of subcutaneous adipose tissue, the thickness of which was slightly thinner than in a control woman free of hyperandrogenism, but which strikingly contrasted with the complete lipoatrophy observed in a typical FPLD woman (Fig. 1E). Similar values for truncal and peripheral skinfolds were observed in the proband and in normal women, unlike those of typical FPLD R482W LMNA mutated women or atypical lipodystrophic women bearing the R582H LMNA mutation (13,14) (Fig. 2A). In addition, the proband s segmental body distribution of fat, assessed by DEXA, was close to that reported for normal women (15) but very different from that observed in three typical FPLD R482W LMNA mutated women with similar BMI (Fig. 2B). Kidney and liver function test results were normal. Levels of serum total hemolytic complement and its C3 and C4 fractions were normal. Echocardiography and 24-h electrocardiogram monitoring showed no abnormalities. The proband s father (subject I-1, Fig. 1A) was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in his forties and also had acanthosis nigricans. He was hemiplegic following a stroke at age 54. Systematic clinical and biological investigations of the other family members led to the diagnosis of insulin-resistant diabetes (fasting glucose: 10.2 mmol/l; fasting insulin: 222 pmol/l) and hypertriglyceridemia (plasma triglycerides: 8.7 mmol/l) in a 26-year-old brother (subject II-2), who also had acanthosis nigricans. Neither the father nor this brother was obese, bald, or lipodystrophic (see online appendix [available at diabetesjournals.org]). The other siblings (subjects II-1 and II-4) had normal fasting glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. The proband s mother (subject I-2) and sister (subject II-4) had no history of hirsutism, menstrual disorders, or infertility. There was no evidence of consanguinity. All the subjects provided written informed consent for these studies. We amplified and directly sequenced all exons and surrounding intronic sequences of the insulin receptor (INSR) and LMNA genes from the proband s genomic DNA, as previously described (6,16). While sequencing of the INSR gene revealed no alterations in the proband, a heterozygous GGC-to-AGC transition at codon 602 (exon 11) of the LMNA gene was detected, predicting a glycineto-serine amino acid substitution in the COOH-terminal tail of the lamin A isoform (Fig. 3A and B). This DNA DIABETES, VOL. 54, June

4 LAMIN A MUTATION IN TYPE A INSULIN RESISTANCE FIG. 3. Molecular studies. A: Schematic representation of the LMNA gene and its main protein products, with the position of the patient s mutation. B: Genetic analysis of the LMNA gene in the proband. DNA sequence analysis from codons 600 to 603 of LMNA, showing a heterozygous G to A transition at position 5513 (exon 11) in the proband, predicting a G602S substitution. variation, which has not been previously reported, was absent in 394 chromosomes from unrelated control subjects, including 194 from Creole subjects with African ancestry from Reunion Island. The same LMNA mutation was found in the father (subject I-1, Fig. 1A) and the younger brother (subject II-2) but not in other relatives. Therefore, the LMNA G602S substitution cosegregates with impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans in the family. Primary fibroblast cultures were established by skin biopsy from the proband and from two nonobese, nondiabetic women aged 20 and 33 years. Immunofluorescence microscopy and protein expression studies were performed as described elsewhere (17). Some of the proband s fibroblasts showed nuclear herniations and altered staining patterns of lamin A/C and B, which constitute the lamina meshwork located on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope (5) (Fig. 4A). Emerin, a known lamin A/C partner protein, consistently colocalized with lamin A/C in mutated fibroblasts, even in regions in which the lamina network was disorganized (not shown). These abnormalities of the lamina structure are similar to those described in other laminopathies (17 21). The cellular amount and apparent molecular masses of lamins and emerin, evaluated by Western blotting, were normal (data not shown). Fibroblast responsiveness to insulin was assessed by examining early and late events in insulin signaling pathways, namely tyrosine and serine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor subunit (IR ) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and activation of protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (extracellular-regulated kinase [ERK] 1/2), respectively (see online appendix for details). The amount of IR, its substrate IRS-1, and the molecular effectors Akt/PKB and ERK1/2 was normal in the proband s fibroblasts (Fig. 4B). In contrast, insulin signal transduction pathway activation was impaired in the patient s fibroblasts: IR and IRS-1 were both tyrosine and serine phosphorylated in the basal state, no further stimulation occurred following insulin treatment, and insulin activation of Akt/PKB and ERK1/2 was impaired (Fig. 4B). DISCUSSION The patient described here was referred to our department with oligomenorrhea and hirsutism. Her clinical history, hormonal test results, and ovarian morphology established the diagnosis of PCOS (1,2,22). However, clinical examination revealed a masculine body habitus, temporal balding, and clitoromegaly (related to a severe hyperandrogenemia) and acanthosis nigricans (linked to a striking insulin resistance). These features, characteristic of type A syndrome, in a FIG. 4. Immunofluorescence (A) and insulin signal transduction (B) studies in cultured fibroblasts. A: Alterations of the proband s fibroblast nuclear shape and lamina structure. Fixed fibroblasts were labeled with antibodies against lamin A/C and lamin B, and more than 400 control and patient cells were analyzed by conventional immunofluorescence microscopy, as previously described (18). Six percent of the patient cells and none of the control cells had dysmorphic nuclei, with herniations lacking lamin B staining, while the lamin A/C signal was heterogeneous. Bar 10 m. B: Insulin signal transduction defects in the proband s cells, as assessed by Western blot analysis. Cells from control subjects and the proband contained a normal amount of IR and its molecular effectors IRS-1, Akt/PKB, and ERK1/2. IR and IRS-1 showed increased basal tyrosine and serine phosphorylation in the proband s cells and did not respond to insulin. Akt/PKB and ERK1/2 activation in response to insulin was blunted in the proband s cells DIABETES, VOL. 54, June 2005

5 J. YOUNG AND ASSOCIATES nonobese women led us to search for and exclude mutations or circulating autoantibodies affecting the insulin receptor (3). Conversely, we discovered an LMNA gene mutation predicting a heterozygous G602S substitution in lamin A protein. LMNA mutations have previously been shown to be responsible for FPLD, which is mainly characterized by abnormal fat distribution with lipoatrophy of the limbs and a relative fat excess in the face, neck, and abdomen, features considered important factors for the development of insulin resistance (23). As our patient was markedly insulin resistant but had no clinical evidence of lipodystrophy, we sought intrinsic defects in insulin signaling pathways by testing her cultured fibroblasts. The IR and its substrate IRS-1 were tyrosine phosphorylated in the basal state, which can lead to desensitization of the insulin signal (24,25). Furthermore, the basal-serine phosphorylation of IR and IRS-1 was enhanced, and this also inhibits the cellular response to insulin (26). Insulin resistance associated with PCOS has previously been linked to increased serine phosphorylation of IR, but the responsible serine kinase is unknown (2). Interestingly, the type A insulin resistance phenotype and the lamin A mutation cosegregated in the propositus family with a dominant pattern. Further work is needed to unravel the precise pathophysiological sequence, but it may involve dysregulation of the serine/threonine kinase PKC, which both inhibits insulin signaling (26) and binds lamin A (27). The low level of adiponectin could also contribute to the state of insulin resistance. Whatever the mechanism of insulin resistance, the resulting hyperinsulinemia may have led to the ovarian disorders observed in this patient (2). This case further extends the vast range of clinical disorders linked to LMNA mutations, which notably comprise FPLD, skeletal and/or cardiac muscle dystrophies, axonal neuropathy, and several premature aging syndromes, including Hutchinson-Gilford progeria (5). Our findings show that an LMNA mutation could be responsible for type A insulin resistance in the absence of clinical lipodystrophy. Although this patient s phenotype was unusual, the fibroblast nuclear shape defects and lamin localization were typical of those observed in other laminopathies. This new LMNA mutation is located in a region highly conserved among species, very close to the mutation responsible for Hutchinson-Gilford progeria (20,21). The combination of PCOS with severe hyperandrogenism, acanthosis nigricans, and insulin resistance in a nonobese woman calls for molecular studies not only of the insulin receptor but also of the LMNA gene. Whether LMNA gene mutations represent a frequent cause for nonobese, insulin-resistant PCOS remains an open issue. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by INSERM, Direction de la Recherche Clinique Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and a grant from Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (to L.M.-T.) We are grateful to Drs. Philippe Levan and François Cartault for providing control skin and DNA samples, respectively. We thank Drs. Brigitte Buendia, Jean-Claude Courvalin, Martine Caron, and Prof. Nicolas Levy for helpful discussions. We thank Martine Auclair for expert technical assistance and anti insulin receptor antibody tests, Yves Chrétien for his expert editorial assistance, and Drs. Jean-Philippe Bastard and Mustapha Maachi for leptin and adiponectin measurements. REFERENCES 1. Franks S: Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 333: , Sam S, Dunaif A: Polycystic ovary syndrome: syndrome XX? Trends Endocrinol Metab 14: , Kahn CR, Flier JS, Bar RS, Archer JA, Gorden P, Martin MM, Roth J: The syndromes of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans: insulin-receptor disorders in man. N Engl J Med 294: , Moller DE, Cohen O, Yamaguchi Y, Assiz R, Grigorescu F, Eberle A, Morrow LA, Moses AC, Flier JS: Prevalence of mutations in the insulin receptor gene in subjects with features of the type A syndrome of insulin resistance. Diabetes 43: , Herrmann H, Foisner R: Intermediate filaments: novel assembly models and exciting new functions for nuclear lamins. Cell Mol Life Sci 60: , Vigouroux C, Magré J, Vantyghem MC, Bourut C, Lascols O, Shackleton S, Lloyd DJ, Guerci B, Padova G, Valensi P, Grimaldi A, Piquemal R, Touraine P, Trembath RC, Capeau J: Lamin A/C gene: sex-determined expression of mutations in Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy and absence of coding mutations in congenital and acquired generalized lipoatrophy. Diabetes 49: , Garg A: Gender differences in the prevalence of metabolic complications in familial partial lipodystrophy (Dunnigan variety). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: , Hegele RA: Premature atherosclerosis associated with monogenic insulin resistance. Circulation 103: , de Roux N, Young J, Misrahi M, Genet R, Chanson P, Schaison G, Milgrom E: A family with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and mutations in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. N Engl J Med 337: , Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Heo M, Jebb SA, Murgatroyd PR, Sakamoto Y: Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr 72: , Vigouroux C, Maachi M, Nguyên TH, Coussieu C, Gharakhanian S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Shimomura I, Rozenbaum W, Capeau J, Bastard JP: Serum adipocytokines are related to lipodystrophy and metabolic disorders in HIV-infected men under antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 17: , Dixon AK: Abdominal fat assessed by computed tomography: sex difference in distribution. Clin Radiol 34: , Garg A, Vinaitheerthan M, Weatherall PT, Bowcock AM: Phenotypic heterogeneity in patients with familial partial lipodystrophy (Dunnigan variety) related to the site of missense mutations in lamin A/C gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:56 65, Araujo-Vilar D, Loidi L, Dominguez F, Cabezas-Cerrato J: Phenotypic gender differences in subjects with familial partial lipodystrophy (Dunnigan variety) due to a nuclear lamin A/C R482W mutation. Horm Metab Res 35:29 35, Mazess RB, Barden HS, Bisek JP, Hanson J: Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for total-body and regional bone-mineral and soft-tissue composition. Am J Clin Nutr 51: , Magré J, Karayanni C, Hadjiathanasiou CG, Desbois-Mouthon C, Meier M, Vigouroux C, Stavrinadis C, Sinaniotis C, Caron M, Capeau J: Dominant transmission of insulin resistance in a type A family resulting from a heterozygous nonsense mutation in the insulin receptor gene and associated with decreased mrna level and insulin binding sites. Diabetes 46: , Vigouroux C, Auclair M, Dubosclard E, Pouchelet M, Capeau J, Courvalin JC, Buendia B: Nuclear envelope disorganization in fibroblasts from lipodystrophic patients with heterozygous R482Q/W mutations in the lamin A/C gene. J Cell Sci 114: , Favreau C, Dubosclard E, Östlund C, Vigouroux C, Capeau J, Wehnert M, Higuet D, Worman HJ, Courvalin JC, Buendia B: Expression of lamin A mutated in the carboxyl-terminal tail generates an aberrant nuclear phenotype similar to that observed in cells from patients with Dunnigantype partial lipodystrophy and Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. Exp Cell Res 282:14 23, Novelli G, Muchir A, Sangiuolo F, Helbling-Leclerc A, D Apice MR, Massart C, Capon F, Sbraccia P, Federici M, Lauro R, Tudisco C, Pallotta R, Scarano G, Dallapiccola B, Merlini L, Bonne G: Mandibuloacral dysplasia is DIABETES, VOL. 54, June

6 LAMIN A MUTATION IN TYPE A INSULIN RESISTANCE caused by a mutation in LMNA-encoding lamin A/C. Am J Hum Genet 71: , De Sandre-Giovannoli A, Bernard R, Cau P, Navarro C, Amiel J, Boccaccio I, Lyonnet S, Stewart CL, Munnich A, Le Merrer M, Levy N: Lamin a truncation in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria. Science 300:2055, Eriksson M, Brown WT, Gordon LB, Glynn MW, Singer J, Scott L, Erdos MR, Robbins CM, Moses TY, Berglund P, Dutra A, Pak E, Durkin S, Csoka AB, Boehnke M, Glover TW, Collins FS: Recurrent de novo point mutations in lamin A cause Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Nature 423: , The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group: Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod 19:41 47, Garg A: Acquired and inherited lipodystrophies. N Engl J Med 350: , Desbois-Mouthon C, Danan C, Amselem S, Blivet-Van Eggelpoël MJ, Sert-Langeron C, Goossens M, Besmond C, Capeau J, Caron M: Severe resistance to insulin and insulin-like growth factor-i in cells from a patient with leprechaunism as a result of two mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor. Metabolism 45: , Longo N, Shuster RC, Griffin LD, Elsas LJ: Insulin-receptor autophosphorylation and kinase activity are constitutively increased in fibroblasts cultured from a patient with heritable insulin-resistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 167: , Zick Y: Role of Ser/Thr kinases in the uncoupling of insulin signaling. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27 (Suppl. 3):S56 S60, Martelli AM, Bortul R, Tabellini G, Faenza I, Cappellini A, Bareggi R, Manzoli L, Cocco L: Molecular characterization of protein kinase C-alpha binding to lamin A. J Cell Biochem 86: , Auclair M, Vigouroux C, Desbois-Mouthon C, Deibener J, Kaminski P, Lascols O, Cherqui G, Capeau J, Caron M: Antiinsulin receptor autoantibodies induce insulin receptors to constitutively associate with insulin receptor substrate-1 and -2 and cause severe cell resistance to both insulin and insulin-like growth factor I. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84: , DIABETES, VOL. 54, June 2005