Influence of Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction on the Development of Type 2 Diabetes
|
|
- Charles Tucker
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Epidemiology/Health Services/Psychosocial Research O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Influence of Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction on the Development of Type 2 Diabetes The CARDIA study MERCEDES R. CARNETHON, PHD 1 DAVID R. JACOBS, JR., PHD 2 3 STEPHEN SIDNEY, MD, MPH KIANG LIU, PHD 1 OBJECTIVE We investigated whether autonomic nervous system dysfunction, estimated by slow heart rate recovery (HRR) following cessation of an exercise treadmill test, was associated with increases in insulin and glucose over time and the development of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Maximal exercise tests were performed by 3,295 healthy adults aged years in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Repeat measurements of insulin and glucose collected at 7-, 10-, and 15-year examinations were compared by quartiles of HRR (maximum heart rate minus heart rate 2 min after cessation of the test). Incident diabetes was identified at any follow-up examination as glucose 7 mmol/l or the use of diabetes control medication. RESULTS Among participants who did not develop diabetes, fasting insulin concentrations increased from baseline to year 15. Following adjustment (for age, race, sex, smoking status, and BMI), participants with the slowest HRR (quartile 1) had higher fasting insulin at each examination than participants with faster HRR (e.g., year 15 examination: 88.1 vs pmol/l for quartile 1 vs. quartile 4, respectively, P 0.05). Glucose did not differ by quartile of HRR at any examination. Among participants with poor fitness, the risk of developing diabetes (n 98) was 3.4-fold greater (95% CI ) when HRR was 42 vs. 42 bpm. This persisted following adjustment for baseline insulin. CONCLUSIONS Autonomic dysfunction, in combination with poor physical fitness, may be a mechanism associated with early glucose dysmetabolism and the development of diabetes. While autonomic dysfunction is an established complication of diabetes (1), impaired autonomic function is often detected at the time of diabetes diagnosis (2,3). This suggests that autonomic dysfunction may be present after a relatively brief exposure to hyperglycemia or perhaps even in the Diabetes Care 26: , 2003 clinically normal range of glucose. Using noninvasive estimates of autonomic function such as heart rate variability, heart rate recovery (HRR) from exercise treadmill testing, and baroreflex sensitivity, strong inverse associations have been reported among autonomic function, insulin, and glucose in adults without diabetes From the 1 Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; the 2 Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and the 3 Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Oakland, California. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Mercedes Carnethon, Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 680 N Lake Shore Dr., Suite 1102, Chicago, IL carnethon@northwestern.edu. Received for publication 15 April 2003 and accepted in revised form 24 July Abbreviations: CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; HRR, heart rate recovery. A table elsewhere in this issue shows conventional and Système International (SI) units and conversion factors for many substances by the American Diabetes Association. (4 8). However, only one previous study (9) has demonstrated that impaired autonomic nervous system function is associated with the development of diabetes. Previous research suggests that autonomic dysfunction is more strongly associated with plasma insulin levels than with glucose levels (1,7,8,10), but most of these same studies also report statistically significant associations with plasma glucose (5,6,8). This suggests that hyperinsulinemia, alone or in conjunction with hyperglycemia, can damage the peripheral nerves, leading to autonomic impairment among people without diabetes. It is equally plausible that autonomic impairment is an underlying causal factor in the development of both hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia in adults without diabetes because of autonomic innervation of major organs, such as the pancreas, liver, and skeletal muscle, each of which play an important role in glucose metabolism (11 13). HRR, the rapid decrease in heart rate to preexercise levels following cessation of exercise, has been inversely associated with mortality (14,15), fasting glucose, and diabetes (4,6) in previous studies of middle-aged adults. Vagal reactivation is the principal determinant of the decrease in heart rate in the first 30 s of recovery; low values of HRR (slow HRR) may reflect decreased parasympathetic activity (16,17). In a sample from the longitudinal Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, we tested the hypothesis that participants with slow HRR, indicative of decreased parasympathetic tone, had larger increases in insulin and glucose over time and an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes over 15 years of follow-up. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The CARDIA study is a longitudinal cohort study designed to investigate factors that influence the evolution of coronary heart disease risk factors DIABETES CARE, VOLUME 26, NUMBER 11, NOVEMBER
2 Heart rate recovery and incident diabetes in black and white young adults. Adults aged years (n 5,115) from four geographic areas, Birmingham, Alabama; Chicago, Illinois; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Oakland, California, were recruited and examined in (18). Roughly half of the participants were women (54.5%), and roughly half were African American (51.6%). Participants were reexamined at years 2, 5, 7, 10, and 15; 74% (n 3,672) of the original cohort returned for examination at year 15. For this analysis, we excluded participants for the following reasons: 1) prevalent diabetes or impaired fasting glucose at baseline (glucose 6.1 mmol/l) (n 75), 2) no completion of exercise treadmill testing at baseline (n 217), 3) nonfasting (n 141), 4) pregnancy (n 32), 5) heart rate reserve ([maximum heart rate resting heart rate]/[220 age resting heart rate] 100) 80% (n 1,275) (19), and 6) use of medication for hypertension or cardiovascular disease (n 80). Following these exclusions, 3,295 participants remained. However, for analyses of changes in insulin and glucose, we required that participants have at least two consecutive measurements (insulin n 2,534; glucose n 2,762). Data collection All measurements in CARDIA were collected according to standardized protocols across study sites (18). Subjects were asked to fast for at least 12 h before examination and to avoid smoking or engaging in heavy physical activity for at least 2 h before the examination. Exercise testing At baseline, all medically eligible participants underwent a graded symptomlimited maximal exercise test according to the Balke protocol (20). Participants were determined to be ineligible for the test for the following reasons: history of ischemic heart disease, use of cardiovascular medications (except high blood pressure medication), elevated resting blood pressure (systolic blood pressure 160 mmhg or diastolic blood pressure 100 mmhg), or acute illness with a fever (test was rescheduled for a later date whenever possible). Additionally, we excluded participants who did not achieve an estimated heart rate reserve of at least 80% for two reasons: 1) these participants likely did not exercise to their maximum capacity, a requirement for determining HRR; and, 2) heart rate reserve 80% is a marker of chronotropic incompetence (19), an independent marker for mortality (21). The exercise test procedure has been previously described (20). In brief, the test included up to nine 2-min stages of progressively increasing difficulty, and participants were instructed to exercise to maximal exertion. At the end of each stage, and at 1, 2, and 3 min after cessation of the test, heart rate and blood pressure were measured. Metabolic equivalent rate of energy expenditure at peak exercise (equal to a multiple of oxygen consumption of 3.5 ml kg 1 min 1 ) was estimated. Participants in the uppermost quartile of sex- and agespecific (18 24 and 25 years) heart rate at the end of stage 2 (4 min) of the exercise test were classified as being in poor physical fitness (22). In secondary analyses, fitness was evaluated according to treadmill test duration. Participants in the lowest quintile of sex-specific test duration (men 10.7 min; women 7 min) were classified as being in low fitness. Heart rate recovery. HRR was defined as the difference between the maximum heart rate and the heart rate 2 min following the cessation of exercise. A smaller value of HRR indicates a slower (less favorable) recovery, which is indicative of impaired vagal reactivation. We categorized HRR into sex-specific quintiles for analysis and dichotomized HRR at 42 bpm based on previously published reports that have indicated an increased risk of mortality below that value (15). Clinical evaluation Blood was drawn into vacuum tubes from participants in the seated position and was centrifuged at 4 C within 60 min. Serum and plasma were stored in cryovials (containing fluoride for the glucose assay) and then frozen at 70 C for shipment to a central laboratory. Glucose was measured by the hexokinase method. Impaired fasting glucose was defined as glucose 6.1 mmol/l (110 mg/dl) and 7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl). Diabetes was defined as a fasting glucose 7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl) or the use of oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin. Incident events were identified at years 7, 10, and 15. Fasting insulin was analyzed using a radioimmunoassay technique that used overnight equilibrium incubation (23,24). With the participant in light examination clothes and no shoes, height, weight, and waist circumference were measured. BMI was calculated as the ratio of weight (kilograms) to standing height (meters) squared. Waist circumference was measured to the nearest 0.5 cm at the minimum abdominal girth with participants standing upright. The average of two measurements was used. After a 5-min rest, pulse was recorded for a 30-s interval. Age, race, education, cigarette smoking status, and medication use were ascertained by interview at all examinations. First-degree family history of diabetes was collected by self-report at baseline, 5-, and 10-year examinations. Self-reported physical activity was assessed by a validated interview-administered questionnaire in which participants were asked about the frequency of participation in 13 different categories of recreational sports and exercise in the past 12 months. Physical activity scores were computed by multiplying the frequency of participation by the intensity of the activity; details of the instrument have been published (25). Statistical methods Demographic and clinical characteristics were computed for the total population and stratified by sex-specific quintiles of 2-min HRR. Tests of linear trend were performed using continuously measured HRR in linear (continuous) and logistic (categorical) regression models. Before modeling, we evaluated homogeneity of effect across race and sex by using stratified modeling and including a multiplicative interaction term in regression models. Because there was no qualitative or quantitative difference of effect between race and sex, the results were pooled and adjusted for race and sex. Next, we used generalized estimating equations to examine the association between HRR and average annual change in insulin and glucose over follow-up. The results were comparable whether or not values were log-transformed, so values are presented without transformation. We tested for statistical interaction between characteristics hypothesized to modify the association between autonomic nervous system function and insulin and glucose using maximumlikelihood 2 tests. Poor physical fitness [ 25th percentile of heart rate at 4 min of treadmill test (22)] emerged as a signifi DIABETES CARE, VOLUME 26, NUMBER 11, NOVEMBER 2003
3 Carnethon and Associates Table 1 Sample characteristics by sex-specific quartiles of HRR at 2 min Sex-specific quartiles Total 1 (slow) (fast) Trend P HRR Median (minimum, maximum) Women 42 (1, 116) 29 (1, 33) 37 (34, 40) 44 (41, 48) 54 (49, 116) Men 45 ( 8, 95) 32 ( 8, 36) 40 (37, 43) 47 (44, 51) 57 (52, 95) Age (years) Race (% black) Education Less than high school (%) High school (%) More than high school (%) Smoking status Never (%) Former (%) Current (%) Family history of diabetes (%) BMI (kg/m 2 ) Waist circumference (cm) Length of exercise test (min) Resting heart rate (bpm) Maximum heart rate (bpm) Increase in heart rate from resting to maximum (bpm) Estimated METs at peak exercise Poor physical fitness (%) Physical activity intensity (exercise units) % of heart rate reserve used during exercise Data are means SD, unless otherwise noted. Linear trend test based on F tests (continuous variables) and 2 tests (categorical variables), Highest quartile (age and sex specific) of heart rate at stage 2 of the exercise test (4 min), Heart rate reserve ([maximum heart rate - resting heart rate]/[220 age resting heart rate]) 100; 80% was excluded. cant effect modifier. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to evaluate the association between HRR and incident diabetes. Effects are presented specific to each stratum. Statistical significance was denoted at P All analyses were conducted using SAS software version 8.1 (SAS, Cary, NC). RESULTS The distribution of demographic, anthropometric, and clinical characteristics and health behaviors in this sample is consistent with previous CARDIA reports (Table 1). Sex-specific quartile cutpoints of HRR were 34, 41, and 49 bpm for women and 37, 44, and 52 bpm for men. Participants with slower HRR were slightly older, reported their race as black less frequently, were more highly educated, and were less frequently current smokers. BMI and waist circumference were inversely associated with HRR. On average, participants spent 10.5 min (SD 2.7) on the treadmill, and the length of the test was directly associated with HRR. Resting heart rate and the prevalence of poor physical fitness were inversely associated with HRR quartiles, although there was no difference in maximum heart rate. The increase in heart rate from resting to maximum and the self-reported physical activity participation were directly associated with HRR. At baseline, mean insulin was 75.8 pmol/l (95% CI ) and was highest among participants in the lowest quartile (80.9 pmol/l, ), compared with the uppermost quartile (70.7 pmol/l, ), of HRR. Following the exclusion of participants who developed diabetes during follow-up, insulin increased over time and remained inversely associated with HRR (Fig. 1A). When models were adjusted additionally for baseline smoking status and BMI change, insulin no longer increased with time (Fig. 1B), but differences in insulin between the upper and lower quartiles persisted. At baseline, mean glucose in all participants was 4.53 mmol/l (95% CI ) and did not differ markedly across quartiles of HRR (Q mmol/l, 95% CI ; Q2 4.54, ; Q3 4.52, ; and Q mmol/l, ). In the subset of participants who did not develop diabetes, there was no association between HRR and glucose at any examination and no pattern of glucose change over time (Fig. 2). During the study, 98 participants developed incident diabetes. The association between HRR and incident diabetes was not linear, but the risk of developing diabetes was significantly elevated in individuals with abnormally slow HRR ( 42 bpm) (Table 2). However, following adjustment for BMI, cigarette smoking (model 2), and baseline fasting insulin (model 3), this finding was attenuated. DIABETES CARE, VOLUME 26, NUMBER 11, NOVEMBER
4 Heart rate recovery and incident diabetes Figure 1 Adjusted changes in fasting insulin over time by HRR. A: Model adjusted for age, race, and sex. B: Model adjusted for age, race, sex, cigarette smoking, and BMI change. HRR quartiles: f, quartile 1 (slow);, quartile 2; F, quartile 3; E, quartile 4 (fast). While HRR was only weakly correlated with physical fitness, estimated as the heart rate at stage 2 of the exercise test (r 0.33), it was a significant ( , P 0.002) modifier of the association between HRR and incident diabetes. The risk of developing diabetes among participants in low fitness and with abnormally slow HRR was threefold higher than in those with faster HRR. This association persisted with adjustment for fasting insulin. In secondary analysis, we tested whether this interaction with fitness was present using a different marker of fitness, treadmill test duration. Treadmill test duration was weakly correlated with HRR (r 0.23) but also proved to be a modifier of the association between HRR and incident diabetes ( , P 0.01). Less fit participants with HRR 42 bpm were 2.2 times (95% CI ) more likely to develop diabetes over follow-up than less fit participants with higher HRR. Among participants in good fitness, slow HRR was not associated with the development of diabetes (OR 0.9, 95% CI ). CONCLUSIONS Young adults in this population-based sample with impaired vagal reactivation following exercise were hyperinsulinemic compared with their counterparts, and if they were also in poor fitness, they were at an elevated risk of developing incident diabetes DIABETES CARE, VOLUME 26, NUMBER 11, NOVEMBER 2003
5 Carnethon and Associates Figure 2 Adjusted changes in fasting glucose over time by HRR. A: Model adjusted for age, race, and sex. B: Model adjusted for age, race, sex, cigarette smoking, and BMI change. HRR quartiles: f, quartile 1 (slow);, quartile 2; F, quartile 3; E, quartile 4 (fast). Despite an inverse association between HRR and insulin at baseline and each follow-up examination, which is consistent with previous research (7,8,10), we did not observe differences in the increase in insulin over time between individuals by HRR once we accounted for changes in BMI. Our findings imply a complex association among insulin, glucose, and autonomic dysfunction. Previous animal (26), clinical (27), and therapeutic (10,28) studies postulate that persistently elevated levels of glucose damage peripheral nerve fibers, thus stimulating sympathetic activity and decreasing parasympathetic control. This is plausible because the pancreas is heavily innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibers. Parasympathetic fibers stimulate the -cells to release insulin in response to circulating glucose levels, whereas sympathetic activation inhibits insulin secretion from the -cells, resulting in impaired transport of blood glucose to the muscle cells. Gradual glucose increases in response to declining insulin secretion and decreased liver and muscle metabolism are one mechanism for the development of frank diabetes. Findings from this study confirm those of DIABETES CARE, VOLUME 26, NUMBER 11, NOVEMBER
6 Heart rate recovery and incident diabetes Table 2 Multivariable-adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for the 15-year incidence of diabetes by abnormal (<42 bpm) HRR Total population OR (95% CI) Low fitness OR (95% CI) Stratified by fitness* High fitness OR (95% CI) Model 1. Adjusted for age, race, and sex 1.53 ( ) 3.54 ( ) 0.69 ( ) Model 2. Adjusted for model 1 smoking status and BMI 1.29 ( ) 3.43 ( ) 0.73 ( ) Model 3. Adjusted for model 2 baseline fasting insulin 1.15 ( ) 3.27 ( ) 0.60 ( ) *Low fitness is the highest quartile of age- and sex-specific heart rate at stage 2 (4 min) of the exercise test. another prospective study in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort (9) that demonstrate that poor autonomic function is associated with the development of diabetes. In this study, however, this association was detected only among participants who were both in poor physical fitness and had autonomic dysfunction. Research in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study has consistently indicated that good physical fitness can reduce mortality from all causes and cancer among adults with cardiovascular disease risk factors such as obesity, diabetes (29), and cigarette use (30). Thus, it may be plausible that good fitness modifies metabolic changes associated with autonomic dysfunction by stimulating muscle glucose uptake required for energy during activity. Although physically fit individuals should have better autonomic profiles, some research suggests that endurancetrained athletes have alterations in sympathovagal balance toward sympathetic predominance, but that this profile does not place them at increased risk of disease (31). The physically fit individuals in this study with relatively slow HRR may have this profile. Our findings must be interpreted in light of some limitations. First, this observational epidemiological study cannot identify the mechanisms by which people with impaired autonomic function are more likely to become hyperglycemic and develop diabetes. It is not possible to identify whether HRR contributes to the development of diabetes independent of baseline insulin, resting heart rate, and heart rate increase because of their close correlations. However, this limitation does not discount our important finding that the simple measure of HRR, and all that it represents, predicts incident diabetes. Second, while fasting plasma insulin is a reasonable surrogate for insulin resistance in people without diabetes (32), it is an insensitive measure of insulin resistance. Because this study did not have more sensitive measures of insulin resistance available, the etiology of diabetes development in regard to insulin resistance cannot be ascertained. Finally, we did not have measures of maximum VO 2 to estimate physical fitness directly and instead had to rely on the hemodynamic response to exercise (heart rate) to estimate fitness. However, this measure of fitness (highest sex-specific quartile of heart rate at stage 2 of the treadmill test) represents a distinct process from HRR and has previously been used to predict mortality (22). Secondary analyses using treadmill test duration as a marker of fitness confirmed the important heterogeneity observed in this study. Despite these limitations, this prospective study provides further evidence that autonomic nervous system dysfunction is related to the development of diabetes in previously healthy people. It is the only prospective investigation to our knowledge to use repeated measurements of insulin in an attempt to investigate the role of hyperinsulinemia in an association between autonomic dysfunction and development of diabetes. Additionally, it is the only study demonstrating that the combination of low fitness and autonomic dysfunction during young adulthood is associated with the development of diabetes in middle age. Further research is needed into the role of insulin resistance and other mechanisms in these metabolic changes. Acknowledgments Work on this study was partially supported by contracts N01-HC , N01-HC-48048, N01-HC-48049, N01-HC-48050, and N01-HC and M.R.C. was supported by a career development award from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1 K01 HL ). References 1. Toyry J, Niskanen L, Mantysaari M, Lansimies E, Uusitupa M: Occurrence, predictors, and clinical significance of autonomic neuropathy in NIDDM: tenyear follow-up from the diagnosis. Diabetes 45: , Pfeifer MA, Weinberg CR, Cook DL, Reenan A, Halter JB, Ensinck JW, Porte D Jr: Autonomic neural dysfunction in recently diagnosed diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 7: , Lehtinen JM, Uusitupa M, Siitonen O, Pyörälä K: Prevalence of neuropathy in newly diagnosed NIDDM and nondiabetic control subjects. Diabetes 38: , Panzer C, Lauer MS, Brieke A, Blackstone E, Hoogwerf B: Association of fasting plasma glucose with heart rate recovery in healthy adults: a population-based study. Diabetes 51: , Singh JP, Larson MG, O Donnell CJ, Wilson PF, Tsuji H, Lloyd-Jones DM, Levy D: Association of hyperglycemia with reduced heart rate variability (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 86: , Seshadri N, Acharya N, Lauer MS: Association of diabetes mellitus with abnormal heart rate recovery in patients without known coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 91: , Watkins L, Surwit R, Grossman P, Sherwood A: Is there a glycemic threshold for impaired autonomic control? Diabetes Care 23: , Liao D, Cai J, Brancati FL, Folsom A, Barnes RW, Tyroler HA, Heiss G: Association of vagal tone with serum insulin, glucose, and diabetes mellitus: the ARIC study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 30: , Carnethon MR, Golden SH, Folsom AR, Haskell W, Liao D: Prospective investigation of autonomic nervous system function and the development of type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, Circulation 107: , Van De Borne P, Hausberg M, Hoffman RP, Mark AL, Anderson EA: Hyperin DIABETES CARE, VOLUME 26, NUMBER 11, NOVEMBER 2003
7 Carnethon and Associates sulinemia produces cardiac vagal withdrawal and nonuniform sympathetic activation in normal subjects. Am J Physiol 276:R178 R183, Nonogaki K: New insights into sympathetic regulation of glucose and fat metabolism. Diabetologia 43: , Shimazu T: Innervation of the liver and glucoregulation: the role of the hypothalamus and autonomic nerves. Nutrition 12: Reaven GM, Lithell H, Landsberg L: Hypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities: the role of insulin resistance and the sympathoadrenal system. N Engl J Med 334: , Cole CR, Blackstone EH, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE, Lauer MS: Heart-rate recovery immediately after exercise as a predictor of mortality. N Engl J Med 341: , Cole CR, Foody JM, Blackstone EH, Lauer MS: Heart rate recovery after submaximal exercise testing as a predictor of mortality in a cardiovascularly healthy cohort. Ann Intern Med 132: , Imai K, Sato H, Hori M, Kusuoka H, Ozaki H, Yokoyama H, Takeda H, Inoue M, Kamada T: Vagally mediated heart rate recovery after exercise is accelerated in athletes but blunted in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 24: , Arai Y, Saul JP, Albrecht P, Hartley LH, Lilly LS, Cohen RJ, Colucci WS: Modulation of cardiac autonomic activity during and immediately after exercise. Am J Physiol 256:H132 H141, Friedman GD, Cutter GR, Donahue RP, Hughes GH, Hulley SB, Jacobs DR, Liu K, Savage P: CARDIA: study design, recruitment, and some characteristics of the examined subjects. J Clin Epidemiol 41: , Wilkoff BL, Miller RE: Exercise testing for chronotropic assessment. Cardiol Clin 10: , Sidney S, Haskell WL, Crow R, Sternfeld B, Oberman A, Armstrong MA, Cutter GR, Jacobs DR, Savage PJ, Van Horn L: Symptom-limited graded treadmill exercise testing in young adults in the CAR- DIA study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24: , Lauer MS, Francis GS, Okin PM, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE, Marwick TH: Impaired chronotropic response to exercise stress testing as a predictor of mortality. JAMA 281: , Ekelund LG, Haskell WL, Johnson JL, Whaley FS, Criqui MH, Sheps DS: Physical fitness as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in asymptomatic North American men: the Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study. N Engl J Med 319: , Haffner SM, Bowsher RR, Mykkanen L, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Valdez RA, Gingerich R, Monterrosa A: Proinsulin and specific insulin concentration in highand low-risk populations for NIDDM. Diabetes 43: , Folsom AR, Jacobs DR, Wagenknecht LE, Winkhart SP, Yunis C, Hilner JE, Savage PJ, Smith DE, Flack JM: Increase in fasting insulin and glucose over seven years with increasing weight and inactivity of young adults: the CARDIA study: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults. Am J Epidemiol 144: , Jacobs DR, Hahn L, Haskell WL, Pirie P, Sidney S: Validity and reliability of short physical activity history: CARDIA study and the Minnesota Heart Health Program. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 9: , Landsberg L: Diet, obesity and hypertension: an hypothesis involving insulin, the sympathetic nervous system, and adaptive thermogenesis. Q J Med 61: , Emdin M, Gastaldelli A, Muscelli E, Macerata A, Natali A, Camastra S, Ferrannini E: Hyperinsulinemia and autonomic nervous system dysfunction in obesity: effects of weight loss. Circulation 103: , Vanninen E, Uusitupa M, Lansimies E, Siitonen O, Laitinen J: Effect of metabolic control on autonomic function in obese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 10:66 73, Wei M, Gibbons LW, Mitchell TL, Kampert JB, Lee CD, Blair SN: The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus in men. Ann Intern Med 130:89 96, Lee CD, Blair SN: Cardiorespiratory fitness and smoking-related and total cancer mortality in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34: , Iellamo F, Legramante JM, Pigozzi F, Spataro A, Norbiato G, Lucini D, Pagani M: Conversion from vagal to sympathetic predominance with strenuous training in high-performance world class athletes. Circulation 105: , Howard G, Bergman R, Wagenknecht LE, Haffner SM, Savage PJ, Saad MF, Laws A, D Agostino RB Jr: Ability of alternative indices of insulin sensitivity to predict cardiovascular risk: comparison with the minimal model : Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Investigators. Ann Epidemiol 8: , 1998 DIABETES CARE, VOLUME 26, NUMBER 11, NOVEMBER
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION. C-Reactive Protein Concentration and Incident Hypertension in Young Adults
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION C-Reactive Protein Concentration and Incident Hypertension in Young Adults The CARDIA Study Susan G. Lakoski, MD, MS; David M. Herrington, MD, MHS; David M. Siscovick, MD, MPH; Stephen
More informationResting Heart Rate in Middle Age and Diabetes Development in Older Age
Diabetes Care Publish Ahead of Print, published online October 24, 2007 Resting Heart Rate in Middle Age and Diabetes Development in Older Age Mercedes Carnethon, PhD 1, Lijing Yan, PhD 1,2, Philip Greenland,
More informationThere is ample clinical and cross-sectional epidemiological
Prospective Investigation of Autonomic Nervous System Function and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities Study, 1987 1998 Mercedes R. Carnethon, PhD; Sherita H. Golden,
More informationDeterminants of Heart Rate Recovery in Patients with Suspected Coronary Artery Disease
Kobe J. Med. Sci., Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 93-98, 2007 Determinants of Heart Rate Recovery in Patients with Suspected Coronary Artery Disease AKIKO NONAKA 1, HIDEYUKI SHIOTANI 2, KIMIKO KITANO 2 and MITSUHIRO
More informationImpaired Chronotropic Response to Exercise Stress Testing in Patients with Diabetes Predicts Future Cardiovascular Events
Diabetes Care Publish Ahead of Print, published online May 28, 2008 Chronotropic response in patients with diabetes Impaired Chronotropic Response to Exercise Stress Testing in Patients with Diabetes Predicts
More informationJournal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 41, No. 6, by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN /03/$30.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 41, No. 6, 2003 2003 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/03/$30.00 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00052-4
More informationAbnormal Heart Rate Recovery Immediately After Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Heart Failure Patients
Abnormal Heart Rate Recovery Immediately After Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Heart Failure Patients Tuba BILSEL, 1 MD, Sait TERZI, 1 MD, Tamer AKBULUT, 1 MD, Nurten SAYAR, 1 MD, Gultekin HOBIKOGLU,
More informationAerobic fitness and physical activity are each inversely
Joint Associations of Physical Activity and Aerobic Fitness on the Development of Incident Hypertension Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Mercedes R. Carnethon, Natalie S. Evans, Timothy
More informationVelocity of Heart Rate Recovery in Post-Exercise Under Different Protocols of Active Recovery
American Medical Journal 4 (2): 179-183, 2013 ISSN: 1949-0070 2013 doi:10.3844/amjsp.2013.179.183 Published Online 4 (2) 2013 (http://www.thescipub.com/amj.toc) Velocity of Heart Rate Recovery in Post-Exercise
More informationHeart Rate Acceleration and Recovery Indices are Not Related to the Development of Ventricular Premature Beats During Exercise Test
Original Article Acta Cardiol Sin 2014;30:259 265 Electrophysiology & Arrhythmia Heart Rate Acceleration and Recovery Indices are Not Related to the Development of Ventricular Premature Beats During Exercise
More informationElevated Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in San Antonio, Texas, Compared With That of Mexico City, Mexico
Epidemiology/Health Services/Psychosocial Research O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Elevated Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in San Antonio, Texas, Compared With That of Mexico City, Mexico JAMES P. BURKE, PHD
More informationCover Page. The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/1557 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Hillebrand, Stefanie Title: The role of the autonomic nervous system in diabetes
More informationA Comparative Study of Physical Fitness among Rural Farmers and Urban Sedentary Group of Gulbarga District
AJMS Al Ameen J Med Sci (20 1 2 )5 (1 ):3 9-4 4 (A US National Library of Medicine enlisted journal) I S S N 0 9 7 4-1 1 4 3 C O D E N : A A J M B G ORIGI NAL ARTICLE A Comparative Study of Physical Fitness
More informationEffect of Training Mode on Post-Exercise Heart Rate Recovery of Trained Cyclists
Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School Undergraduate Library Research Award ULRA Awards Effect of Training Mode on Post-Exercise Heart Rate Recovery of Trained Cyclists Kelia
More informationHEART-RATE RECOVERY IMMEDIATELY AFTER EXERCISE AS A PREDICTOR OF MORTALITY HEART-RATE RECOVERY IMMEDIATELY AFTER EXERCISE AS A PREDICTOR OF MORTALITY
HEART-RATE RECOVERY IMMEDIATELY AFTER EXERCISE AS A PREDICTOR OF MORTALITY CHRISTOPHER R. COLE, M.D., EUGENE H. BLACKSTONE, M.D., FREDRIC J. PASHKOW, M.D., CLAIRE E. SNADER, M.A., AND MICHAEL S. LAUER,
More informationHeart Rate Recovery Following Maximal Exercise Testing as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality in Men With Diabetes
Epidemiology/Health Services/Psychosocial Research O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Heart Rate Recovery Following Maximal Exercise Testing as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality
More informationYOUNG ADULT MEN AND MIDDLEaged
BRIEF REPORT Favorable Cardiovascular Profile in Young Women and Long-term of Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality Martha L. Daviglus, MD, PhD Jeremiah Stamler, MD Amber Pirzada, MD Lijing L. Yan, PhD,
More informationJournal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 48, No. 2, by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN /06/$32.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 48, No. 2, 2006 2006 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/06/$32.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.043
More informationARIC Manuscript Proposal #1233. PC Reviewed: 4_/_10/07 Status: _A Priority: 2_ SC Reviewed: Status: Priority:
ARIC Manuscript Proposal #1233 PC Reviewed: 4_/_10/07 Status: _A Priority: 2_ SC Reviewed: Status: Priority: 1.a. Full Title: Subclinical atherosclerosis precedes type 2 diabetes in the ARIC study cohort
More informationRisk Factors for Heart Disease
Risk Factors for Heart Disease Risk Factors we cannot change (Age, Gender, Family History) Risk Factors we can change (modifiable) Smoking Blood pressure Cholesterol Diabetes Inactivity Overweight Stress
More informationATTENUATED HEART RATE REcovery
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Heart Rate Recovery and Treadmill Exercise Score as Predictors of Mortality in Patients Referred for Exercise ECG Erna Obenza Nishime, MD Christopher R. Cole, MD Eugene H. Blackstone,
More informationARIC Manuscript Proposal # PC Reviewed: 2/10/09 Status: A Priority: 2 SC Reviewed: Status: Priority:
ARIC Manuscript Proposal # 1475 PC Reviewed: 2/10/09 Status: A Priority: 2 SC Reviewed: Status: Priority: 1.a. Full Title: Hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and risk of incident hospitalized
More informationBy: Julie S. MacMillan, Leslie L. Davis, Carol F. Durham, and Elizabeth S. Matteson
Exercise and heart rate recovery By: Julie S. MacMillan, Leslie L. Davis, Carol F. Durham, and Elizabeth S. Matteson MacMillian, J.S., Davis, L.L., Durham, C.F., Matteson E.S. (2006). Exercise and heart
More informationLong-term trends in cardiorespiratory fitness and the incidence of type 2. diabetes
Diabetes Care Publish Ahead of Print, published online March 9, 2010 Long-term trends in fitness and diabetes Long-term trends in cardiorespiratory fitness and the incidence of type 2 diabetes Running
More information1. Study Title. Exercise and Late Mortality in 5-Year Survivors of Childhood Cancer: a Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study.
CCSS Analysis Concept Proposal Exercise, Mortality, & Childhood Cancer 1 1. Study Title. Exercise and Late Mortality in 5-Year Survivors of Childhood Cancer: a Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor
More informationChronic kidney disease (CKD) has received
Participant Follow-up in the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) After Initial Detection Allan J. Collins, MD, FACP, 1,2 Suying Li, PhD, 1 Shu-Cheng Chen, MS, 1 and Joseph A. Vassalotti, MD 3,4 Background:
More informationEffect of intravenous atropine on treadmill stress test results in patients with poor exercise capacity or chronotropic incompetence ABSTRACT
Effect of intravenous atropine on treadmill stress test results in patients with poor exercise capacity or chronotropic incompetence Samad Ghaffari, MD, Bahram Sohrabi, MD. ABSTRACT Objective: Exercise
More informationCite this article as: BMJ, doi: /bmj (published 7 April 2006)
Cite this article as: BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj.38779.584028.55 (published 7 April 2006) Active and passive smoking and development of glucose intolerance among young adults in a prospective cohort: CARDIA
More informationPhysical Activity, Sedentary Behaviors and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Multi-
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviors and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Multi- Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Running Title: Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior and Incident
More informationElevated Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Prior to Clinical Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes
Epidemiology/Health Services/Psychosocial Research O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Elevated Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Prior to Clinical Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes FRANK B. HU, MD 1,2,3 MEIR J. STAMPFER,
More informationAssociations of fitness and fatness with mortality in Russian and American men in the lipids research clinics study
(2004) 28, 463 470 & 2004 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0307-0565/04 $30.00 www.nature.com/ijo PAPER Associations of fitness and fatness with mortality in Russian and American men in the
More informationGender Differences in Physical Inactivity and Cardiac Events in Men and Women with Type 2 Diabetes
Gender Differences in Physical Inactivity and Cardiac Events in Men and Women with Type 2 Diabetes Margaret M. McCarthy 1 Lawrence Young 2 Silvio Inzucchi 2 Janice Davey 2 Frans J Th Wackers 2 Deborah
More informationBiostats Final Project Fall 2002 Dr. Chang Claire Pothier, Michael O'Connor, Carrie Longano, Jodi Zimmerman - CSU
Biostats Final Project Fall 2002 Dr. Chang Claire Pothier, Michael O'Connor, Carrie Longano, Jodi Zimmerman - CSU Prevalence and Probability of Diabetes in Patients Referred for Stress Testing in Northeast
More informationEarly-Adulthood Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Profiles Among Individuals With and Without Diabetes in the Framingham Heart Study
Early-Adulthood Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Profiles Among Individuals With and Without Diabetes in the Framingham Heart Study The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please
More information300 Biomed Environ Sci, 2018; 31(4):
300 Biomed Environ Sci, 2018; 31(4): 300-305 Letter to the Editor Combined Influence of Insulin Resistance and Inflammatory Biomarkers on Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-based Prospective Cohort Study of
More informationAutonomic nervous system, inflammation and preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in depressed subjects with coronary risk factors
Autonomic nervous system, inflammation and preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in depressed subjects with coronary risk factors Carmine Pizzi 1 ; Lamberto Manzoli 2, Stefano Mancini 3 ; Gigliola Bedetti
More informationDepok-Indonesia STEPS Survey 2003
The STEPS survey of chronic disease risk factors in Indonesia/Depok was carried out from February 2003 to March 2003. Indonesia/Depok carried out Step 1, Step 2 and Step 3. Socio demographic and behavioural
More informationASSESSMENT OF CARDIAC AUTONOMIC FUNCTION BY POST EXERCISE HEART RATE RECOVERY IN DIABETICS
2017 ILEX PUBLISHING HOUSE, Bucharest, Roumania http://www.jrdiabet.ro Rom J Diabetes Nutr Metab Dis. 24(4):289-293 doi: 10.1515/rjdnmd-2017-0034 ASSESSMENT OF CARDIAC AUTONOMIC FUNCTION BY POST EXERCISE
More informationAtherosclerotic Disease Risk Score
Atherosclerotic Disease Risk Score Kavita Sharma, MD, FACC Diplomate, American Board of Clinical Lipidology Director of Prevention, Cardiac Rehabilitation and the Lipid Management Clinics September 16,
More informationNon alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis Raul Santos, MD
Non alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis Raul Santos, MD Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital Sao Paulo, Brazil Disclosure Honoraria received for consult and/or speaker : Astra Zeneca, Amgen,
More informationCONSIDERABLE STRIDES HAVE
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION Comparison of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Mortality in Black and White Adults Mercedes R. Carnethon, PhD; Elizabeth B. Lynch, PhD; Alan R. Dyer, PhD; Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, MD,
More informationWALKING endurance tests are increasingly used to
Journal of Gerontology: MEDICAL SCIENCES 2003, Vol. 58A, No. 8, 715 720 Copyright 2003 by The Gerontological Society of America Walking Performance and Cardiovascular Response: Associations With Age and
More informationUC San Diego UC San Diego Previously Published Works
UC San Diego UC San Diego Previously Published Works Title Usefulness of the integrated scoring model of treadmill tests to predict myocardial ischemia and silent myocardial ischemia in community-dwelling
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content Kavousi M, Leening MJG, Nanchen D, et al. Comparison of application of the ACC/AHA guidelines, Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, and European Society of Cardiology guidelines
More informationHeart Rate Recovery in association with exercise stress testing
Heart Rate Recovery in association with exercise stress testing Daniel E. Forman, M.D. Director, Exercise Laboratory Brigham and Women s Hospital April 21, 2006 Stress Testing Historical Rationale for
More informationCardiorespiratory Fitness is Strongly Related to the Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents. Queen s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Diabetes Care In Press, published online May 29, 2007 Cardiorespiratory Fitness is Strongly Related to the Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents Received for publication 16 April 2007 and accepted in revised
More informationCardiorespiratory Fitness Levels Among US Adults Years of Age: Findings From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
American Journal of Epidemiology Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 2010. Vol. 171, No. 4 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp412 Advance Access publication:
More informationClinical Study Adults with Greater Weight Satisfaction Report More Positive Health Behaviors and Have Better Health Status Regardless of BMI
Journal of Obesity Volume 2013, Article ID 291371, 13 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/291371 Clinical Study Adults with Greater Weight Satisfaction Report More Positive Health Behaviors and Have Better
More informationLong-term Blood Pressure Variability throughout Young Adulthood and Cognitive Function in Midlife; CARDIA study
The EPI/NPAM Spring 2014 Scientific Sessions, Hilton San Francisco Union Square, San Francisco, CA Northwestern Mar. 18-21, 2014 University Feinberg School of Medicine Long-term Blood Pressure Variability
More informationFrom Policemen to Policies: What Is the Future for 2-h Glucose?
Epidemiology/Health Services/Psychosocial Research O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E From Policemen to Policies: What Is the Future for 2-h Glucose? The Kelly West Lecture, 2000 EVELINE ESCHWÈGE, MD 1 MARIE
More informationASSOCIATION OF CARDIO-PULMONARY STRESS TEST PARAMETERS AND HEART RATE RECO- VERY IN OBESE SUBJECTS WITH OR WITHOUT TYPE II DIABETES
Acta Medica Mediterranea, 2016, 32: 889 ASSOCIATION OF CARDIO-PULMONARY STRESS TEST PARAMETERS AND HEART RATE RECO- VERY IN OBESE SUBJECTS WITH OR WITHOUT TYPE II DIABETES ANGELO CATALDO 1, DANIELE ZANGLA
More informationKnow Your Number Aggregate Report Comparison Analysis Between Baseline & Follow-up
Know Your Number Aggregate Report Comparison Analysis Between Baseline & Follow-up... Study Population: 340... Total Population: 500... Time Window of Baseline: 09/01/13 to 12/20/13... Time Window of Follow-up:
More informationLifetime Risks for Cardiovascular Disease Mortality by Cardiorespiratory Fitness Levels Measured at Ages 45, 55, and 65 Years in Men
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 57, No. 15, 2011 2011 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/$36.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.10.056
More informationPrescription Fitness. Robert M. Pepper, DO, FAAFP. ACOFP 55th Annual Convention & Scientific Seminars
Prescription Fitness Robert M. Pepper, DO, FAAFP 8 ACOFP 55th Annual Convention & Scientific Seminars RX: FITNESS Robert M Pepper, DO, FAAFP Assistant Dean for Predoctoral Clinical Education West Virginia
More informationObesity and Control. Body Mass Index (BMI) and Sedentary Time in Adults
Obesity and Control Received: May 14, 2015 Accepted: Jun 15, 2015 Open Access Published: Jun 18, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.14437/2378-7805-2-106 Research Peter D Hart, Obes Control Open Access 2015, 2:1
More informationCardiorespiratory Fitness Is Inversely Associated With the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome A Prospective Study of Men and Women
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Inversely Associated With the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome A Prospective Study of Men and Women Michael J. LaMonte, PhD, MPH; Carolyn E. Barlow, MS; Radim Jurca, PhD; James
More informationSugar sweetened beverages association with hyperinsulinemia
Sugar sweetened beverages association with hyperinsulinemia among aboriginal youth population Aurélie Mailhac 1, Éric Dewailly 1,2, Elhadji Anassour Laouan Sidi 1, Marie Ludivine Chateau Degat 1,3, Grace
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content Li S, Chiuve SE, Flint A, et al. Better diet quality and decreased mortality among myocardial infarction survivors. JAMA Intern Med. Published online September 2, 2013. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.9768.
More informationARIC Manuscript Proposal #1491. PC Reviewed: 03/17/09 Status: A Priority: 2 SC Reviewed: Status: Priority:
ARIC Manuscript Proposal #1491 PC Reviewed: 03/17/09 Status: A Priority: 2 SC Reviewed: Status: Priority: 1.a. Full Title: The Association of Hemoglobin A1c with Depressive Symptoms in Persons with and
More informationAssociations of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Obesity With Risks of Impaired Fasting Glucose and Type 2 Diabetes in Men 3,4
Epidemiology/Health Services Research O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Associations of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Obesity With Risks of Impaired Fasting Glucose and Type 2 Diabetes in Men DUCK-CHUL LEE,
More informationAssociation between Raised Blood Pressure and Dysglycemia in Hong Kong Chinese
Diabetes Care Publish Ahead of Print, published online June 12, 2008 Raised Blood Pressure and Dysglycemia Association between Raised Blood Pressure and Dysglycemia in Hong Kong Chinese Bernard My Cheung,
More informationExercise treadmill testing is frequently used in clinical practice to
Preventive Cardiology FEATURE Case Report 55 Commentary 59 Exercise capacity on treadmill predicts future cardiac events Pamela N. Peterson, MD, MSPH 1-3 David J. Magid, MD, MPH 3 P. Michael Ho, MD, PhD
More informationEFFECT OF SMOKING ON BODY MASS INDEX: A COMMUNITY-BASED STUDY
ORIGINAL ARTICLE. EFFECT OF SMOKING ON BODY MASS INDEX: A COMMUNITY-BASED STUDY Pragti Chhabra 1, Sunil K Chhabra 2 1 Professor, Department of Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences,
More informationGuidelines on cardiovascular risk assessment and management
European Heart Journal Supplements (2005) 7 (Supplement L), L5 L10 doi:10.1093/eurheartj/sui079 Guidelines on cardiovascular risk assessment and management David A. Wood 1,2 * 1 Cardiovascular Medicine
More informationThe role of physical activity in the prevention and management of hypertension and obesity
The 1 st World Congress on Controversies in Obesity, Diabetes and Hypertension (CODHy) Berlin, October 26-29 2005 The role of physical activity in the prevention and management of hypertension and obesity
More informationEpidemiology and Prevention
Epidemiology and Prevention Associations of Pregnancy Complications With Calculated Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Middle Age The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and
More informationCardiology Division, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
Original Scientific Paper Comparison of the chronotropic response to exercise and heart rate recovery in predicting cardiovascular mortality Jonathan Myers, Swee Y. Tan, Joshua Abella, Vikram Aleti and
More informationPOPULATION AGING, OBESITY, AND
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Adiposity as Mortality Predictors in Older Adults Xuemei Sui, MD Michael J. LaMonte, PhD James N. Laditka, PhD James W. Hardin, PhD Nancy Chase, BS Steven
More informationSociety for Behavioral Medicine 33 rd Annual Meeting New Orleans, LA
Society for Behavioral Medicine 33 rd Annual Meeting New Orleans, LA John M. Violanti, PhD* a ; LuendaE. Charles, PhD, MPH b ; JaK. Gu, MSPH b ; Cecil M. Burchfiel, PhD, MPH b ; Michael E. Andrew, PhD
More informationDoes metformin modify the effect on glycaemic control of aerobic exercise, resistance exercise or both?
Diabetologia (2013) 56:2378 2382 DOI 10.1007/s00125-013-3026-6 SHORT COMMUNICATION Does metformin modify the effect on glycaemic control of aerobic exercise, resistance exercise or both? Normand G. Boulé
More informationexercise and the heart Exercise Capacity in Adult African- Americans Referred for Exercise Stress Testing*
exercise and the heart Exercise Capacity in Adult African- Americans Referred for Exercise Stress Testing* Is Fitness Affected by Race? Carl J. Lavie, MD, FCCP; Tulsidas Kuruvanka, MD; Richard V. Milani,
More informationThe Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score
Plasma Concentration of C-Reactive Protein and the Calculated Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score Michelle A. Albert, MD, MPH; Robert J. Glynn, PhD; Paul M Ridker, MD, MPH Background Although
More informationImpact of Body Mass Index, Physical Activity, and Other Clinical Factors on Cardiorespiratory Fitness (from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study)
Impact of Body Mass Index, Physical Activity, and Other Clinical Factors on Cardiorespiratory Fitness (from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study) Susan G. Lakoski, MD, MS a, *, Carolyn E. Barlow, MS b,
More informationUsefulness of Exercise Testing in the Prediction of Coronary Disease Risk Among Asymptomatic Persons as a Function of the Framingham Risk Score
Usefulness of Exercise Testing in the Prediction of Coronary Disease Risk Among Asymptomatic Persons as a Function of the Framingham Risk Score Gary J. Balady, MD; Martin G. Larson, SD; Ramachandran S.
More informationFasting glucose, diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and depression: the Vietnam Experience Study
Fasting glucose, diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and depression: the Vietnam Experience Study Catharine R. Gale 1, Mika Kivimaki 2,3, Debbie A. Lawlor 4, Douglas Carroll 5, Anna C. Phillips 5, G. David Batty
More informationGlobal Coronary Heart Disease Risk Assessment of U.S. Persons With the Metabolic. Syndrome. and Nathan D. Wong, PhD, MPH
Diabetes Care Publish Ahead of Print, published online April 1, 2008 Global Coronary Heart Disease Risk Assessment of U.S. Persons With the Metabolic Syndrome Khiet C. Hoang MD, Heli Ghandehari, BS, Victor
More informationRelations of body weight status in early adulthood and weight changes until middle age with metabolic syndrome in the Chinese population
International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health Zhao L et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2017 Nov;4(11):4011-4017 http://www.ijcmph.com pissn 2394-6032 eissn 2394-6040 Original Research
More informationProf. Samir Morcos Rafla Alexandria Univ. Cardiology Dept.
Obesity as a risk factor for Atrial Fibrillation Prof. Samir Morcos Rafla Alexandria Univ. Cardiology Dept. CardioAlex 2010 smrafla@hotmail.com 1 Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United
More informationBIPN100 F15 Human Physiol I (Kristan) Lecture 14 Cardiovascular control mechanisms p. 1
BIPN100 F15 Human Physiol I (Kristan) Lecture 14 Cardiovascular control mechanisms p. 1 Terms you should understand: hemorrhage, intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, anoxia, myocardial contractility, residual
More informationINDIVIDUALS WITH MENTAL retardation have low levels. Chronotropic Incompetence in Persons With Down Syndrome
1604 Chronotropic Incompetence in Persons With Down Syndrome Myriam Guerra, MD, PhD, Natalia Llorens, MD, Bo Fernhall, PhD ABSTRACT. Guerra M, Llorens N, Fernhall B. Chronotropic incompetence in persons
More informationARIC Manuscript Proposal # 1518
ARIC Manuscript Proposal # 1518 PC Reviewed: 5/12/09 Status: A Priority: 2 SC Reviewed: Status: Priority: 1. a. Full Title: Prevalence of kidney stones and incidence of kidney stone hospitalization in
More informationAPPENDIX AVAILABLE ON THE HEI WEB SITE
APPENDIX AVAILABLE ON THE HEI WEB SITE Research Report 178 National Particle Component Toxicity (NPACT) Initiative Report on Cardiovascular Effects Sverre Vedal et al. Section 1: NPACT Epidemiologic Study
More informationSecular Trends in Birth Weight, BMI, and Diabetes in the Offspring of Diabetic Mothers
Epidemiology/Health Services/Psychosocial Research O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Secular Trends in Birth Weight, BMI, and Diabetes in the Offspring of Diabetic Mothers ROBERT S. LINDSAY, MB, PHD ROBERT
More informationDiabetes Care 31: , 2008
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Global Coronary Heart Disease Risk Assessment of Individuals With the Metabolic Syndrome in the U.S. KHIET C. HOANG, MD HELI GHANDEHARI VICTOR
More informationPreventing Myocardial Infarction in the Young Adult in the First Place: How Do the National Cholesterol Education Panel III Guidelines Perform?
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 41, No. 9, 2003 2003 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/03/$30.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00187-6
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content Sigal RJ, Alberga AS, Goldfield GS, et al. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on percentage body fat and cardiometabolic risk markers in obese adolescents:
More informationAdolescent Hypertension Roles of obesity and hyperuricemia. Daniel Landau, MD Pediatrics, Soroka University Medical Center
Adolescent Hypertension Roles of obesity and hyperuricemia Daniel Landau, MD Pediatrics, Soroka University Medical Center Blood Pressure Tables BP standards based on sex, age, and height provide a precise
More informationExcess Body Mass Index- and Waist Circumference-Years and Incident Cardiovascular Disease: The CARDIA Study
Excess Body Mass Index- and Waist Circumference-Years and Incident Cardiovascular Disease: The CARDIA Study Jared P. Reis 1, Norrina Allen 2, Erica P. Gunderson 3, Joyce M. Lee 4, Cora E. Lewis 5, Catherine
More informationSUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL. Materials and Methods. Study design
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL Materials and Methods Study design The ELSA-Brasil design and concepts have been detailed elsewhere 1. The ELSA-Brasil is a cohort study of active or retired 15,105 civil servants,
More informationThe Framingham Risk Score (FRS) is widely recommended
C-Reactive Protein Modulates Risk Prediction Based on the Framingham Score Implications for Future Risk Assessment: Results From a Large Cohort Study in Southern Germany Wolfgang Koenig, MD; Hannelore
More informationImpact of Physical Activity on Metabolic Change in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
2012 International Conference on Life Science and Engineering IPCBEE vol.45 (2012) (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore DOI: 10.7763/IPCBEE. 2012. V45. 14 Impact of Physical Activity on Metabolic Change in Type
More informationImpact of Body Mass Index and Metabolic Syndrome on the Characteristics of Coronary Plaques Using Computed Tomography Angiography
Impact of Body Mass Index and Metabolic Syndrome on the Characteristics of Coronary Plaques Using Computed Tomography Angiography Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba Akira
More informationRelationship Between Obesity And Parasympathetic Nerve Function
Relationship Between Obesity And Parasympathetic Nerve Function Shahin Akhter 1,Noorzahan Begum 2, Sultana Ferdousi 3, Shelina Begum 4,Taskina Ali 5 Back ground: Obesity is a potential risk factor for
More informationNomogram of the Relation of Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity with Blood Pressure
801 Original Article Nomogram of the Relation of Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity with Blood Pressure Akira YAMASHINA, Hirofumi TOMIYAMA, Tomio ARAI, Yutaka KOJI, Minoru YAMBE, Hiroaki MOTOBE, Zydem
More informationEXERCISE STRESS TESTING IN ASYMPtomatic
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Global Risk Scores and Exercise Testing for Predicting All-Cause Mortality in a Preventive Medicine Program Mehmet K. Aktas, MD Volkan Ozduran, MD Claire E. Pothier, MPH Richard Lang,
More informationLifetime Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Individuals with and without Diabetes Stratified by Obesity Status in The Framingham Heart Study
Diabetes Care Publish Ahead of Print, published online May 5, 2008 Lifetime Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Individuals with and without Diabetes Stratified by Obesity Status in The Framingham Heart
More informationWeb Extra material. Comparison of non-laboratory-based risk scores for predicting the occurrence of type 2
Web Extra material Comparison of non-laboratory-based risk scores for predicting the occurrence of type 2 diabetes in the general population: the EPIC-InterAct Study Outline Supplementary Figures Legend...
More information290 Biomed Environ Sci, 2016; 29(4):
290 Biomed Environ Sci, 2016; 29(4): 290-294 Letter to the Editor Prevalence and Predictors of Hypertension in the Labor Force Population in China: Results from a Cross-sectional Survey in Xinjiang Uygur
More informationNormal Fasting Plasma Glucose and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis
CLINICAL RESEARCH STUDY Normal Fasting Plasma Glucose and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis Gregory A. Nichols, PhD, Teresa A. Hillier, MD, MS, Jonathan B. Brown, PhD, MPP Center for Health Research, Kaiser
More informationHeart Rate Recovery After Exercise Is a Predictor of Mortality, Independent of the Angiographic Severity of Coronary Disease
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 42, No. 5, 2003 2003 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/03/$30.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00833-7
More information