Q99: At what plasma glucose level would glycosuria be expected? Q101: What is the cause of polydipsia in the hypoglycemia?
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1 Q99: At what plasma glucose level would glycosuria be expected? Q100: What is the cause of polyemia in hyperglycemia? Q101: What is the cause of polydipsia in the hypoglycemia? Q102: What is the effect of prolonged osmotic diuresis on plasma electrolyte status? Q103: What is meant by "Drug phenomenon" Q104: Define somogyi phenomenon? Q105: What is the importance of amelioration of Downs phenomenon and Somogyi phenomenon in the treatment of diabetic Q106: Mention the most important metabolic features of type???? D.M.? Q107: What is the cause of increased plasma VLDL in type???? D.M? Q108: What are the criteria of plasma lipid profile in the type 2 D.M? Q109: Outline the long term effects of diabetes mellitus > Q110: What is the cause of hypertension in D.M. Q111: "Kidney disease is associated with several abnormalities " what are they? Q112: What is the pathological cause of nephrotic syndromes in diabetic Q113: what is micro albuminuria? What is the cause of this situation in diabetic Q114: outline the biochemical changes that lead to cataract formation in diabetic patients. Q115: outline the common types of infections in diabetic patients. Q116: what are the types of diabetic neuropathy in diabetic What is the biochemical abnormality which is mostly suggested for the etiology of neuropathy in diabetic patient? 1
2 Q117: what are the types of diabetic ulcers? Q118: give examples for some skin disorders that may occur in diabetic patients. Q119: "Insulin requirements vary in patients with type I D.M" explain how? Q120: what are the primary steps (other than treatment) for the control of blood sugar in type 2 D.M Q121: at what conditions may insulin be required in type II D.M? Q122: list same types of sulphonyluria drugs. Q123: give examples of biguanides used to treat D.M. Q124: what are the types of type II D.M subjects susceptible to treat with biguanides? Q125: list down the biochemical actions of biguanides that lead to lowering of blood sugar in diabetics. Q126: what is the cause of lactic acidosis associate with treatment of Metformin in diabetic Q127: what is the mechanism of hypoglycemic acarbose? Q128: give examples of glitazones. What are the mechanism of action of these drugs? Q129: what is the mechanism of action of Repaglinide? Q130: "It is now recognized that diabetes mellitus is not just a glucose disorder" Discuss. Q131: what is meant by glycosuria? Q132: what is the most common test that detect glycosuria? Q133: why is the diagnostic strip more sensitive for the detection of glucose urea in comparison to dentics reagent? 2
3 Q134: what is the rare condition associated with glycosuria despite plasma glucose concentrations more than 10 mmol/c? Q135: "Diagnosis of D.M should never be made on the basic of glycosuria" Q136: what is the importance of using the portable glucose meters especially in diabetic patients on insulin treatment? Q137: "Diabetic patients who do not like blood testing for " glmeose use urinary glucose tests (reagent strips) what are the pitfalls of this procedure? Q138: what is glycated hemoglobin? What are the normal value of this component? Q139: what is the main cause of falsely low results of HbAk? Q140: "Measurement of blood HbAk is an adjunct to, not a replacement for serial plasma glucose estimations". Explain why? Q141: what is the importance of the measurement of plasma fructose amine concentrations? What are the methodological limitations of this test? Q142: "Optimization of glycemic control can slow the progression of microalbumiuuria, as can treating hypertension". Explain how? Q143: state the levels of normal albuminuria, Micro albuminuria. Q144: what is the importance of measurement of albumin creatinine ratio (ACR)? What is the advantage of ACR measurement? Q145: state the normal levels of ACR. Explain how is abnormal ACR level is confirmed? Q146: what are the common causes of increased urinary albumin excretion? Q147: explain how do ACE inhibitors affect micro albuminuria in diabetic Q148: do angiotensin receptor antagonists affect micro albuminuria in diabetics? Q149: outline the acute metabolic complications of diabetes mellitus. 3
4 Q150: what is the most commonest cause of coma in diabetic Q151: list the types of drugs that lead to hypoglycemia in diabetics. Q152: what are the precipitating causes of hypoglycemia associated with the use of insulin and sulphonyluria? Q153: discuss the followings statement "Hyperglycemia may be harmful while hypoglycemia may be fatal". Q154: what are the warning signs of hypoglycemia? Q155: "Driving is a major hazard in diabetic patients suffering from hypoglycemia". Explain why? 156: list the precipitating agents of diabetic ketoacidosis. Q157: "The patient who reasons that no food therefore no insulin could mistakenly withhold insulin". Is that true? Explain why? Q158: what are the clinical consequences of diabetic ketoacidosis? Q159: what is the hyperglycemia range in type II D.M. associated with diabetic ketoacidosis? Q160: what are the cause of electrolyte depletion in diabetic ketoacidosis? Q161: what is the mechanism of uremia in diabetic Q162: what is the cause of cellular dehydration in diabetic Q163: what is the cause of hyperglycemic coma? Q164: list the consequences of increased rate of lipolysis due decreased insulin activity. Q165: what is the pathological cause of kamssmaul respiration associated with diabetic ketoacidosis? Q166: what are the causes of hyperkalemia in diabetic ketoacidosis? Q167: what is the cause of hypernatremia in diabetes mellitus? 4
5 Q168: "Diabetes mellitus may be associated with hypernatremia normonatremia or hypernatremia". Explain how? Q169: what is the cause of Pseudohyponatramia in diabetic Q170: what is the effect of intravenous insulin dose on: 1. Gluconeogenesis. 2. Plasma sodium concentrator. 3. Plasma phosphate level. 4. Plasma magnesium level. 5. Serum amylase. Q171: dose the syndrome of "Acute abdomen" indicate acute pancreatition in diabetic Explain why? Q172: "Sometimes false elevation in plasma creatinine levels were observed in diabetic acidosis cases". Explain why? Q173: what is the cause of hypertriglyceridemia and chylomicronamia in diabetic Q174: list down all the clinical and biochemical findings in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis? What is the underlying abnormality for each finding? Q175: what is the suggested mechanism leading to hyperosmolar coma (Pre coma)? Q176: at what level may glucose concentration exceed? 5
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