Antiaggressive Effects of Zolpidem and Zopiclone in Agonistic Encounters Between Male Mice
|
|
- Stanley Spencer
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Volume 28, pages (2002) Antiaggressive Effects of Zolpidem and Zopiclone in Agonistic Encounters Between Male Mice Mercedes Martín-López, José Francisco Navarro n Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Spain : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : The effects of benzodiazepines on various types of aggression have been extensively studied. These substances produce their pharmacological effects by allosterically modulating the action of GABA via specific recognition sites on the GABA A receptor called omega 1 and omega 2. The antiaggressive profile of non-benzodiazepine compounds that also act at omega sites, such as zopiclone (a non-selective omega 1 and 2 ligand) and zolpidem (a selective omega 1 ligand) has been scarcely explored. In this study, we examined the action of zolpidem ( mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and zopiclone (1.5-6 mg/ kg), administered acutely or subchronically for 10 days, on agonistic behavior elicited by isolation in male mice. Individually housed mice were exposed to anosmic standard opponents 30 min after drug administration, and the encounters were videotaped and evaluated using an ethologically based analysis. Acute treatment with zopiclone produced a marked antiaggressive effect, reducing offensive behaviors (threat and attack) at all doses used (1.5, 3, and 6 mg/kg) without affecting immobility. Likewise, the intermediate dose of zolpidem (1.5 mg/kg) significantly decreased aggression in a specific manner, without altering immobility, whereas the highest dose (3 mg/kg) provoked a reduction of aggression accompanied by a weak (but significant) increase of immobility. With repeated treatment, no tolerance to the antiaggressive effects of zopiclone and zolpidem was developed. It is concluded that omega sites at the GABA A receptor could be involved in the control of aggression. Aggr. Behav. 28: , r 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Keywords: aggression; zolpidem; zopiclone; GABA; subchronic treatment; mice INTRODUCTION Aggressive behavior of animals is controlled or modulated by a variety of different neurotransmitter systems in the brain, such as serotonine [Bell and Hobson, 1994; Navarro and Maldonado, 1999; Sa nchez et al., 1993], dopamine [Manzaneque and Navarro, 1999; Navarro and Manzaneque, 1997; Navarro et al., 2000], opiates [Espert et al., 1993; Navarro and Da vila, 1997], or nitric oxide [Nelson et al., 1995; Navarro et al., 1997]. However, it is now recognized that aggression may be also influenced by the GABAergic system. Thus, many substances that act on the GABA A /BDZ/Cl receptor complex provoke marked effects on aggressive behavior. Benzodiazepines produce their pharmacological effects by n Correspondence to: José Francisco Navarro, Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinios, Málaga, Spain. navahuma@uma.es Received 13 May 2001; amended version accepted 26 June 2001 r 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. DOI /ab.80013
2 Zolpidem, Zopiclone, and Aggression in Mice 417 allosterically modulating the action of GABA via specific recognition sites on the GABA A receptor called omega 1 and omega 2 [Langer and Arbilla, 1988]. In animal studies, benzodiazepines such as diazepam [Martı n-lo pez and Navarro, 1997], clobazam [Martín- Lo pez and Navarro, 1996], midazolam [Martı n-lo pez and Navarro, 1999], and bentazepam [Martı n-lo pez and Navarro, 1998] have been demonstrated to possess antiaggressive properties using different animal models of aggression. This antiaggressive activity seems to be reverted by flumazenil administration [Miczek et al., 1994; Olivier et al., 1991]. Overall, these data underlie a significant role for the GABA A receptor in modulating of aggressive behavior. During the past few years, several compounds chemically unrelated to benzodiazepines that also act at omega sites associated with GABA A receptor have been developed, such as zopiclone and zolpidem. Zopiclone is a new class of hypnotic agent belonging to the cyclopyrrolone family that shows pharmacological properties similar to those of benzodiazepines (anxiolytic, sedative/hypnotic, anticonvulsant, anticonflict). This compound interacts with high affinity and efficacy at both omega 1 and omega 2 receptors, differing from hypnotic benzodiazepines by its lower miorelaxant activity and its propensity to induce physical dependence [Goa and Heel, 1986; Piot et al., 1990]. In concordance with the behavioral profile of benzodiazepines, zopiclone exhibits an antiaggressive action in rats [Ueki, 1987] and mice [Julou et al., 1983, Martı n-lo pez et al., 1994]. On the other hand, zolpidem is an imidazapyridine with a selective affinity only for the omega 1 receptor subtype, which corresponds with GABA A receptors containing a1b2g2 subunits [McKernan and Whiting, 1996]. In contrast to benzodiazepines, which produce sedative effects with equal or lower potency than anticonvulsant and miorelaxant effects, zolpidem is strongly sedative, showing lower anxiolytic, miorelaxant, and anticonvulsant activity [Holm and Goa, 2000]. Likewise, zolpidem develops less tolerance to their sedative and anticonvulsant effects after repeated administration in rodents [Sanger and Depoortere, 1998]. In this sense, it has been reported that increased convulsant sensitivity occurs during spontaneous and flumazenilprecipitated withdrawal after repeated administration of benzodiazepines but not zolpidem, suggesting that this compound may not produce benzodiazepine-like physical dependence [Perrault et al., 1992]. Although the antiaggressive profile of zopiclone (a non-selective omega 1 and 2 ligand) has been explored [Julou et al., 1983; Martı n-lo pez et al., 1994; Ueki, 1987], there is no evidence with respect to the antiaggressive properties of zolpidem (a selective omega 1 ligand). Therefore, this study was designed to assess the acute and subchronic effects of zopiclone (experiment 1) and zolpidem (experiment 2) on agonistic encounters in isolated male mice using an ethopharmacological approach. The term agonistic behavior encompasses threats and aggressive acts as well as defensive, submissive, and flight behaviors. The ethological analyses of these social encounters seems to be an appropriate technique to distinguish between specific and non-specific drug-induced changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals A total of 336 albino male mice of the OF.1 strain (provided by CRIFFA, Barcelona, Spain) weighing 25 to 30 g were used. Animals were housed under standardized lighting conditions (white lights on: 20:00-8:00) at a constant temperature (211C), and food and tap
3 418 Martín-López and Navarro water were available ad libitum, except during behavioral trials. On arrival in the laboratory, the subjects were allocated to two different categories. Half were housed individually in transparent plastic cages ( cm) as experimental animals. The remainder were housed in groups of five to be used as standard opponents and were rendered temporally anosmic by intranasal lavage with 4% zinc sulfate solution (Sigma Laboratories) on both 1 and 3 days before testing. Fighting in mice, as in most rodents, is closely related to olfaction. We used this type of opponent because it elicits attack but never initiates such behavior [Brain et al., 1981]. These animals very rarely direct spontaneous attacks toward the test animals, and, consequently, fighting is always unidirectional, being easily quantified. All the experimental animals underwent an isolation period of 30 days before the behavioral test (isolation-induced aggression model). Social isolation is an effective form of increasing the level of aggressiveness in different species of animals. This phenomenon is particularly well demonstrated in laboratory mice [Navarro, 1997; Valzelli, 1969]. Experimental Design Seven groups of mice were used in each experiment. Individually housed animals were allocated randomly to one control group receiving vehicle and six experimental groups (n ¼ 12 each) receiving acute or subchronic zopiclone (experiment 1) or zolpidem (experiment 2) injections. Drug administration consisted of (1) acute treatment: each animal received vehicle for 9 consecutive days and zopiclone or zolpidem on day 10; (2) subchronic treatment: each animal received a daily injection of zopiclone or zolpidem for 10 consecutive days, and (3) vehicle: each animal received a daily injection of vehicle for 10 consecutive days (control group). Drugs Zopiclone and zolpidem (Sigma Laboratories) were diluted in physiological saline to provide appropriate doses for injections. Zopiclone was administered either acutely or subchronically (for 10 days) in three doses: 1.5, 3, and 6 mg/kg. Zolpidem was also administered either acute or subchronically (for 10 days) in three doses: 0.75, 1.5, and 3 mg/ kg. The control groups received physiological saline. Drugs and vehicles were injected intraperitoneally in a volume of 10 ml/kg. The doses used in both experiments were chosen on the basis of a pilot study carried out previously in our laboratory. Procedure and Behavioral Analysis Thirty minutes after the last injection, an isolated animal and a standard opponent (marked with fur dye for identification) were confronted in a neutral area for 10 min. This neutral cage consisted of an all-glass area, measuring cm, with a fresh sawdust substrate. Before the encounter, the animals were allowed 1 min of adaptation to the neutral cage, remaining separated by means of a plastic barrier throughout this time. The social encounters were videotaped using a Sony-V8 camera. All tests were conducted under white light between the second and seventh hours of the dark phase of the artificial cycle of the animals. After each encounter, the neutral cage was washed out and the sawdust bedding was replaced.
4 Zolpidem, Zopiclone, and Aggression in Mice 419 The tapes were analyzed using a microprocessor and a custom-developed program [Brain et al., 1989], which facilitated estimation of time allocated to 10 broad behavioral categories. The names of the categories and their constituent elements are as follows: 1. Body care (abbreviated groom, self-groom, wash, shake, scratch). 2. Digging (dig, kick dig, push dig). 3. Non-social exploration (explore, rear, supported rear, scan). 4. Exploration from a distance (approach, attend, circle, head orient, stretched attention). 5. Social investigation (crawl over, crawl under, follow, groom, head groom, investigate, nose sniff, sniff, push past, walk around). 6. Threat (aggressive groom, sideways offensive, upright offensive, tail rattle). 7. Attack (charge, lunge, attack, chase). 8. Avoidance/flee (evade, flinch, retreat, ricochet, wheel, startle, jump, leave, wall, clutch). 9. Defense/submission (upright defensive, upright submissive, sideways defensive). 10. Immobility (squat, cringe). A detailed description of all elements can be found in Brain et al. [1989]. This ethoexperimental procedure allows a complete quantification of the behavioral elements shown by the subject during the agonistic encounters. Only the behavior of the isolated animal was assessed. The analysis was carried out by a trained experimenter, unaware of the treatment of the groups. Statistical Analysis Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to assess the variance of the behavioral measures over different treatment groups. Subsequently, appropriate paired comparisons were carried out using Mann-Whitney U-tests. The analyses were performed using nonparametric statistics since the criteria for parametric statistics were not met by the data. The criterion for statistical significance for all the tests was Po.05. RESULTS The effects of acute and subchronic administration of different doses of zopiclone and zolpidem are shown in Tables I and II, respectively. Kruskal-Wallis analysis showed that zopiclone administration had significant effects on non-social exploration (Po.05), threat (Po.05), and attack (Po.02). Post-hoc Mann-Whitney U-tests revealed that, after acute treatment, zopiclone significantly reduced the time spent in threat and attack behaviors in comparison with the control group (1.5 and 3 mg/kg, Po.02; 6 mg/kg, Po.001). Non-social exploration was significantly increased with the highest dose used (Po.001). After subchronic treatment, zopiclone (1.5 and 6 mg/kg) produced a significant reduction of threat (Po.02) and attack (3 and 6 mg/kg, Po.02) compared with the control group. Kruskal-Wallis analysis revealed significant treatment effects in mice treated with zolpidem on exploration from a distance, threat, attack, and immobility (Po.05). Further statistical analysis with Mann-Whitney U-tests showed that acute treatment with zolpidem produced a significant increase in exploration from a distance (0.75, 1.5, and 3 mg/kg, Po.02) and immobility (3 mg/kg, Po.02), as well as a significant decrease in threat (1.5 and 3 mg/kg,
5 420 Martín-López and Navarro TABLE 1. Median Values (With Ranges) for Times (In Seconds) Allocated to Broad Behavioral Categories in Animals Receiving Acute and Subchronic Treatment With Zopiclone Dose of zopiclone, mg/kg Acute treatment Subchronic treatment Behavioral categories Vehicle Body care ( ) (0 19.9) ( ) (0 20.1) (0 15.9) ( ) (0 10.7) Digging (0 49.5) (0 60.7) (0 40.8) (0 24.1) (0 19.4) (0 33.2) (0 2.5) Non social exploration n nnn ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Explore from a distance (10 310) (14 107) ( ) ( ) ( ) (14 91) ( ) Social investigation (29 203) (30 212) (31 332) (39 198) (57 440) (55 317) (47 236) Threat n nnnn nnnn 0 nnn 52 nnnn nnnn (61 168) (0 147) (0 112) (0 108) (0 115) (0 168) (0 156) Attack nn nnnn 20.4 nnnn 0 nnn **** 3.25 nnnn (20 60) (0 54) (0 61) (0 42) (0 85) (0 51) (0 71) Avoidance/flee (0 0.33) (0 1.06) (0 2.3) (0 4.43) (0 1.29) (0 0.23) (0 0.55) Defense/submission (0 0.31) (0 17.5) (0 27.8) (0 21) (0 56) (0 4.5) (0 21.5) Immobility (0 0) (0 0) (0 0) (0 0) (0 0) (0 0) (0 0) Kruskal Wallis test showed significant variance: n Po.05; nn Po.02
6 Zolpidem, Zopiclone, and Aggression in Mice 421 TABLE 2. Median Values (With Ranges) For Times (in Seconds) Allocated to Broad Behavioral Categories in Animals Receiving Acute and Subchronic Treatment With Zolpidem Dose of zolpidem, mg/kg Acute treatment Subchronic treatment Behavioral categories Vehicle Body care (1.3 19) (0.5 30) ( ) (0 20) (0.2 24) (1 13.1) ( ) Digging (0 44) (0 27) (0 67) (0 25.5) (0 8.37) (0 34) (0 17) Non social exploration ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Explore from a distance n nn nn nn nn nn (14 34) (15 108) (18 128) (35 121) (10 70) (18 150) ( ) Social investigation (42 139) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (11 287) Threat n ; nn nnn nnnn nnnn; (32 191) ( ) (0 149) (0 134) (0 201) ( ) (0 156) Attack n nn 7.72 nn nn nn (13 97) (0.2 84) (0 59) (0 94) (0 99) (0 53) (0 116) Avoidance/flee (0 0.3) (0 3.8) (0 4) (0 2.13) (0 0.5) (0 0.94) (0 1.33) Defense/submission (0 19.2) (0 16.5) (0.68 4) (0 15.5) (0 10.4) (0 14.5) (0 7.41) Immobility n nn nnnnn (0 0) (0 7.3) (0 4.7) ( ) (0 0) (0 0) (0 0) Kruskal Wallis test showed significant variance: n Po.05. Differs from controls on Mann Whitney U tests: nnnn Po.05; nn Po.02; nnn Po.001. Differs from acute treatment on Mann Whitney U test: nnnnn Po.02.
7 422 Martín-López and Navarro Po.02 and Po.001, respectively) and attack (1.5 and 3 mg/kg, Po.02) behaviors, in comparison with the control group. Furthermore, after subchronic treatment with the drug, exploration from a distance was significantly increased (1.5 and 3 mg/kg; Po.02) whereas threat (1.5 and 3 mg/kg; Po.05) and attack (1.5 and 3 mg/kg; Po.02) behaviors were significantly decreased, as compared with the control group. DISCUSSION The results obtained in the present study indicate that zopiclone (a non-selective omega 1 and 2 ligand) and zolpidem (a selective omega 1 ligand) exhibit an antiaggressive activity in isolated male mice. As Table I shows, acute treatment with zopiclone produced a marked antiaggressive effect, reducing offensive behaviors (threat and attack) at all doses used (1.5, 3, and 6 mg/kg) without affecting immobility. Our findings are in concordance with others studies using this drug [Julou et al., 1983; Martı n-lo pez et al., 1994; Ueki, 1987]. Thus, in an experiment in which the same animal model of aggression was employed, it was found that a low dose of zopiclone (1 mg/kg) did not modify aggression in mice, whereas a high dose of the drug (8 mg/kg) provoked a significant reduction of aggressive behaviors, without altering immobility [Martı n-lo pez et al., 1994]. These findings suggest that 1.5 mg/kg might be the minimal effective dose to produce an antiaggressive action, at least when an animal model of isolation-induced aggression is used. In addition, the failure of zopiclone to produce motor impairment agrees with several studies in which are required higher doses of zopiclone to reduce spontaneous locomotor activity (11.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) [Perrault et al., 1990] and to produce ataxia in the rotarod test (25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) in mice [Sanger and Zivkovic, 1992]. On the other hand, our results are similar to those described with benzodiazepines. However, whereas 1 to 4 benzodiazepines usually reduced aggression only at doses that produced pronounced muscle relaxation and sedation [Martı n-lo pez and Navarro, 1997], zopiclone decreased aggressive behavior selectively, without affecting immobility. In sum, the results of this experiment indicate that zopiclone exhibits an ethopharmacological profile characterized by specific suppression of aggression and no evident impairment of motor activity. In different animal models of anxiety, zopiclone has been demonstrated to possess an anxiolytic-like activity [Carlson et al., 2001; Griebel et al., 1998; Ueki, 1987]. In our study, although zopiclone increased the time spent in social investigation behaviors, a parameter commonly used to assess the anxiety-changing properties of drugs [Brain et al., 1991; Maldonado and Navarro, 2001], no significant differences were reached. This lack of action of the drug on social investigation behaviors may be related to a possible ceiling effect (91.05 sec in controls). On the other hand, a significant increase in the behavioral category of non-social exploration was observed with the highest dose used. A possible explanation for this effect might be that animals devote more time to these exploratory behaviors to compensate for the reduction in the offensive behaviors (threat and attack) (see Table I). With repeated treatment, no tolerance to the antiaggressive effects of zopiclone was developed. This finding is in concordance with that of Julou et al. [1983], who also found a lack of tolerance to this action of the drug using a shock-induced aggression model in mice. Repeated administration of various benzodiazepines has been demonstrated to produce sensitivity changes in the efficacy spectrum of compounds acting at the GABA A receptor, and
8 Zolpidem, Zopiclone, and Aggression in Mice 423 it has been suggested that these changes may be underlying the development of tolerance or dependence. Zopiclone has been shown to possess a limited ability to produce receptor sensitivity changes [Piot et al., 1990]. Perhaps this fact is related to the capacity of zopiclone to bind to a site close to, but probably distinct from, that of the benzodiazepine hypnotics and that zopiclone, whose binding is not sensitive to GABA, may not able to induce the conformational state from which receptor sensitivity changes are triggered [Doble et al., 1995]. After acute treatment with zolpidem, a clear dose-dependent reduction of aggression was observed (see Table II). While the lowest dose used (0.75 mg/kg) reduced the time spent in offensive behaviors (threat and attack), no significant differences were found. The intermediate dose (1.5 mg/kg) significantly decreased aggression in a specific manner, without altering immobility, whereas the highest dose (3 mg/kg) provoked a reduction in aggression accompanied by a weak (but significant) increase in immobility. This slight motor impairment is in agreement with the generalized observation that this compound has a sedative activity [Holm and Goa, 2000; Sanger and Depoortere, 1998]. To our knowledge, this is the first report in which an antiaggressive action of zolpidem is described. Therefore, the lack of experimental studies about the antiaggressive action of zolpidem in animals does not permit us to compare our results with other works. The antiaggressive activity of this substance is foreseeable since other omega receptor agonists (benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine compounds) also display remarkable antiaggressive properties in several animal models. Zolpidem, in contrast with other omega ligands, shows a different pattern of behavioral actions in rodents, and these differences have been explained by the selectivity of zolpidem for the omega 1 receptor subtype. This aspect seems to be of particular importance in mediating the sedative/hypnotic effects of this drug [Sanger 1997; Sanger and Depoortere, 1998]. Our results indicate that the antiaggressive action of zolpidem is selective only at 1.5 mg/kg, since with a slightly higher dose (3 mg/kg) a weak sedative action is evident. On the other hand, with repeated treatment, no tolerance to the antiaggressive effects of zolpidem was developed. As Table II shows, no significant differences in the offensive behaviors were found when subchronically and acutely treated groups were compared. A similar absence of tolerance to antiaggressive action has also been described with other omega agonists such as clobazam [Martı n-lo pez and Navarro, 1996], bentazepam [Martín- Lo pez and Navarro, 1998], and midazolam [Martı n-lo pez and Navarro, 1999]. In contrast, after repeated treatment with zolpidem for 10 consecutive days, a significant decrease in immobility was observed, and, consequently, tolerance to the motor effects of the drug was developed. This divergence in the temporal course of tolerance to antiaggressive and motor effects of zolpidem has been also reported with neuroleptic drugs, such as haloperidol [Navarro et al., 1993; Puigcerver et al., 1996] and tiapride [Navarro and Manzaneque, 1997], suggesting that these actions are mediated through different neurophysiological mechanisms. Likewise, animals chronically treated with classical benzodiazepines, such as diazepam or lorazepam, show changes in GABA A receptor subunit genes [Heninger et al., 1990; Impagnatiello et al., 1996], several of these changes being region specific [Galpern et al., 1990; Kang and Miller, 1991]. In this context, recently it has been described as a significant decrease in the level of a 1 subunit mrna in the rat cortex after 14 days of treatment with zolpidem [Holt et al., 1997]. In sum, the development of tolerance may depend not only on pharmacokinetic and pharmacological factors but also on the manner in which different drugs interact with GABA A receptors.
9 424 Martín-López and Navarro REFERENCES Bell R, Hobson H HT1A receptor influences on rodent social and agonistic behaviour: a review and empirical study. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 18: Brain PF, Benton D, Childs G, Parmigiani S The effect of the opponent in tests of murine aggression. Behav Processes 6: Brain PF, McAllister KH, Walmsley S Drug effects on social behavior: methods in ethopharmacology. In: Boulton AA, Baker GB, Greenshaw AJ, editors. Neuromethods. Vol. 13, Psychopharmacology. Clifton, NJ: Humana Press. p Brain PF, Kuumorini N, Benton D Anxiety in laboratory rodents: a brief review of some recent behavioural development. Behav Processes 25: Carlson JF, Haskew R, Wacker J, Maisonneuve IM, Glick SD, Jerussi TP Sedative and anxiolytic effects of zopiclone s enantiomers and metabolite. Eur J Pharmacol 415: Doble A, Canton T, Malgouris C, Stutzmann JM, Piot O, Bardone MC, Pauchet C, Blanchard JC The mechanism of action of zopiclone. Eur Psychiatry 10: Espert R, Navarro JF, Salvador A, Simo n VM Effects of morphine hydrochloride on social encounters between male mice. Aggr Behav 19: Galpern WR, Miller LG. Greenblatt DJ, Dhader RI Differential effects of chronic lorazepam and alprazolam on benzodiazepine binding and GABA A - receptor function. Br J Pharmacol 101: Goa KL, Heel RC Zopiclone: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy as a hypnotic. Drugs 32: Griebel G, Perrault G, Sanger D Limited anxiolytic-like effects of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics in rodents. J Psychopharmacol 101: Heninger C, Saito N, Tallman JF, Garret KM, Vitek MP, Duman RS, Gallager DW Effects of continuous diazepam administration on GABA A subunit mrna in rat brain. J Mol Neurosci 2: Holm KJ, Goa KL Zolpidem: an update of its pharmacology, therapeutic efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of insomnia. Drugs 59: Holt RA, Bateson AN, Martin IL Chronic zolpidem treatment alters GABA A receptor mrna levels in the rat cortex. Eur J Pharmacol 329: Impagnatiello F, Pesold C, Longone P, Caruncho H, Fritschy JM, Costa E, Guidotti A Modifications of GABA A receptor subunit expression in rat neocortex during tolerance to diazepam. Mol Pharmacol 49: Julou L, Bardone MC, Blanchard JC, Garret C, Stutzmann JM Pharmacological studies on zopiclone. Pharmacology 27: Kang I, Miller LG Decreased GABA A receptor subunit mrna concentrations following chronic lorazepam administration. Br J Pharmacol 103: Langer SZ, Arbilla S Imidazopyridines as a tool for the characterization of benzodiazepine receptors: a proposal for a pharmacological classification as omega receptor subtypes. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 29: Maldonado E, Navarro JF MDMA ( ecstasy ) exhibits an anxiogenic-like activity in social encounters between male mice. Pharmacol Res 44: Manzaneque JM, Navarro JF Behavioral profile of amisulpride in agonistic encounters between male mice. Aggr Behav 25: Martín-Lo pez M, Navarro JF Behavioural profile of clobazam in agonistic encounters betwen male mice. Med Sci Res 24: Martín-Lo pez M, Navarro JF Acute and subchronic effects of diazepam on agonistic encounters between male mice. Med Sci Res 25: Martín-Lo pez M, Navarro JF Behavioral profile of bentazepam, an anxiolytic benzodiazepine, in agonistic encounters between male mice. Med Sci Res 25: Martín-Lo pez M, Navarro JF Efectos de la administracio n de midazolam sobre la conducta agonística en ratones machos. Psicothema 11: Martín-Lo pez M, Caño A, Navarro JF Effects of zopiclone on social encounters between male mice. Med Sci Res 22: McKernan RM, Whiting PJ Which GABA A - receptor subtypes really occur in the brain? Trends Neurosci 19: Miczek KA, Weerts E, Haney M, Tidey J Neurobiological mechanisms controlling aggression: preclinical developments for pharmacotherapeutic interventions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 18: Navarro JF An ethoexperimental analysis of the agonistic interactions in isolated male mice: comparison between OF.1 and NMRI strains. Psicothema 9: Navarro JF, Da vila G An ethopharmacological assessment of the effects of methadone on agonistic interactions in male mice. Med Sci Res 25: Navarro JF, Maldonado E Behavioral profile of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) in agonistic encounters between male mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 23:
10 Zolpidem, Zopiclone, and Aggression in Mice 425 Navarro JF, Manzaneque JM Acute and subchronic effects of tiapride on isolation-induced aggression in male mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58: Navarro JF, Min arro J, Simo n VM Antiaggressive and motor effects of haloperidol show different temporal patterns in the development of tolerance. Physiol Behav 53: Navarro JF, Manzaneque JM, Martín-Lo pez M, Vera F Effects of L-NOARG, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, on agonistic interactions between male mice. Med Sci Res 25: Navarro JF, Velasco R, Manzaneque JM Acute and subchronic effects of pimozide on isolationinduced aggression in male mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 24: Nelson GE, Demas PL, Huang MC, Fishman VL, Dawson TM, Snyder SH Behavioural abnormalities in male mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Nature 378: Olivier B, Mos J, Miczek KA Ethopharmacological studies of anxiolytics and aggression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1: Perrault G, Morel E, Sanger DJ, Zivkovic B Differences in pharmacological profiles of a new generation of benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics. Eur J Pharmacol 187: Perrault G, Morel E, Sanger DJ, Zivkovic B Lack of tolerance and physical dependence upon repeated treatment with the novel hypnotic zolpidem. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 263: Piot O, Betschart J, Stutzmann JM, Blanchard JC Cyclopyrrolones, unlike some benzodiazepines, do not induce physical dependence in mice. Neurosci Lett 117: Puigcerver A, Navarro JF, Simo n VM Sorting out antiaggressive and motor effects of haloperidol by means of tolerance development. Med Sci Res 24: Sánchez C, Arnt J, Hyttel J, Moltzen EK The role of serotonergic mechanisms in inhibition of isolation-induced aggression in male mice. Psychopharmacology 110: Sanger DJ The effects of new hypnotic drugs in rats trained to discriminate ethanol. Behav Pharmacol 8: Sanger DJ, Depoortere H The pharmacology and mechanism of action of zolpidem. CNS Drug Rev 4: Sanger DJ, Zivkovic B Differential development of tolerance to the depressant effects of benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine agonists at the omega (BD) modulatory sites of GABA A receptors. Neuropharmacology 31: Ueki S Behavioral pharmacology of zopiclone. Sleep 10:1 6. Valzelli L Aggressive behavior induced by isolation. In: Gaffattini S, editor. Aggressive behavior. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica. p
Behavioral Profile of L 741,741, a Selective D4 Dopamine Receptor Antagonist, in Social Encounters Between Male Mice
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Volume 29, pages 552 557 (2003) Behavioral Profile of L 741,741, a Selective D4 Dopamine Receptor Antagonist, in Social Encounters Between Male Mice J.F. Navarro, n G. Luna and C. Pedraza
More informationEffects of Acute, Subchronic and Intermittent MDMA ( ECSTASY ) Administration on Agonistic Interactions Between Male Mice
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Volume 30, pages 84 91 (2004) Effects of Acute, Subchronic and Intermittent MDMA ( ECSTASY ) Administration on Agonistic Interactions Between Male Mice José Francisco Navarro and Enrique
More informationAn Ethopharmacological Assessment of Agmatine s Effects on Agonistic Encounters Between Male Mice
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Volume 31, pages 374 380 (2005) An Ethopharmacological Assessment of Agmatine s Effects on Agonistic Encounters Between Male Mice José Francisco Navarro n and Gema Luna Department of
More informationEffect of SX-3228, a selective ligand for the BZ 1 receptor, on sleep and waking during the light-dark cycle in the rat
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research (1999) 3: 17-114 Effect of SX-38 on sleep and waking ISSN 1-879X 17 Effect of SX-38, a selective ligand for the BZ 1 receptor, on sleep and waking during
More informationThe GABAergic Effect of Low Doses of Lorazepam on Social Behavior
248 Pérez Conchillo et al. AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Volume 28, pages 248 256 (2002) The GABAergic Effect of Low Doses of Lorazepam on Social Behavior María Pérez Conchillo, Sonia Martínez-Sanchis, Alicia Salvador,
More informationChanges in the Structure of the Agonistic Behavior of Mice Produced by
PII S0091-3057(96)00153-0 Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 47 54, 1997 Copyright 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. Printed in the USA. All rights reserved 0091-3057/97 $17.00.00 Changes
More informationExperimental Evaluation of Newer Non-Benzodiazepine (BZD) Hypno-Sedatives Using Different Animal Models
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN (Print): 2321-3310; ISSN (Online): 2321-3086 Published by Atom and Cell Publishers All Rights Reserved Available online at: http://www.wjpsonline.org/ Original
More informationSedative-Hypnotics & the Treatment of Hypersomnia October 22, 2018 Pharm 9002 Mark Beenhakker, Pharmacology
Sedative-Hypnotics & the Treatment of Hypersomnia October 22, 2018 Pharm 9002 Mark Beenhakker, Pharmacology markbeen@virginia.edu Glossary Anxiolytic: decreases anxiety Sedative: (1) decreases activity,
More informationPREOPERATIVE SEDATION BEFORE REGIONAL ANAESTHESIA: COMPARISON BETWEEN ZOLPIDEM, MIDAZOLAM AND PLACEBO
British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990; 64: 670-674 PREOPERATIVE SEDATION BEFORE REGIONAL ANAESTHESIA: COMPARISON BETWEEN ZOLPIDEM, MIDAZOLAM AND PLACEBO J. PRAPLAN-PAHUD, A. FORSTER, Z. GAMULIN, E. TASSONYI
More informationProtective Effect of Mentat (BR-16A) A Herbal Preparation, on Alcohol Abstinence-Induced Anxiety and Convulsions
[Indian Journal of Experimental Biology (1993): (31), 435] Protective Effect of Mentat (BR-16A) A Herbal Preparation, on Alcohol Abstinence-Induced Anxiety and Convulsions Kulkarni, S.K. and Anita Verma,
More informationDo non-benzodiazepine-hypnotics prove a valuable alternative to benzodiazepines for the treatment of insomnia?
Do non-benzodiazepine-hypnotics prove a valuable alternative to benzodiazepines for the treatment of insomnia? A. KNUISTINGH NEVEN, DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL PRACTICE, LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER Introduction
More informationEvaluation of Anxiolytic Effect of XXX in Guinea Pig Maternal Separation Test.
Evaluation of Anxiolytic Effect of XXX in Guinea Pig Maternal Separation Test. DATE This study was conducted under terms of a Services Agreement between NeuroDetective Inc. and CLIENT, entitled TITLE OF
More informationAN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR IN RATS
ORIGINAL ARTICLES AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR IN RATS Stefka Valcheva-Kuzmanova 1, Miroslav Eftimov 1, Krasimir Kuzmanov 2 ABSTRACT 1 Department of Preclinical
More informationBenzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines
: History 1950s - Invented by Swiss chemists who identified its sedative effects 1950s 60s - Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) marketed as a safer alternative to barbiturates; along with newer benzodiazepines
More informationThe Effects of Body Weight, Food Intake, Activity, and Anxiety in Female Rats
John Carroll University Carroll Collected Senior Honors Projects Theses, Essays, and Senior Honors Projects Spring 2016 The Effects of Body Weight, Food Intake, Activity, and Anxiety in Female Rats Rachel
More informationAnxiolytic-like activity of SB in the elevated plus maze test in mice
Psicothema 2006. Vol. 18, nº 1, pp. 100-104 www.psicothema.com ISSN 0214-9915 CODEN PSOTEG Copyright 2006 Psicothema Anxiolytic-like activity of SB-205384 in the elevated plus maze test in mice José Francisco
More informationEffects of Systemic Administration of 8-OH-DPAT on Agonistic Social Behaviors in Male Syrian Hamsters
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Neuroscience Honors Theses Neuroscience Institute Spring 5-5-2017 Effects of Systemic Administration of 8-OH-DPAT on Agonistic Social Behaviors
More informationAnxiolytic, Sedative and Hypnotic Drugs. Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia
Anxiolytic, Sedative and Hypnotic Drugs Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia Anxiolytics: reduce anxiety Sedatives: decrease activity, calming
More informationBenzodiazepines. Introduction. . GABA, the Principal Inhibitory Transmitter in the Brain. Introductory article
Hanns Möhler, ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland are a group of drugs with wide application as tranquillizers, hypnotics, muscle relaxants and anticonvulsants. They act by enhancing g-aminobutyric
More informationSedatives and Hypnotics. Ahmad Al-Tarifi. Zahra Khalil. Pharmacology. 1 P a g e
Sedatives and Hypnotics Ahmad Al-Tarifi Zahra Khalil 1 P a g e Pharmacology 7 OCD can lead to an anxious behavior and anxiety can be treated with drugs called Sedatives and Hypnotics. What are sedatives?
More informationSubconvulsive Dose of Kainic Acid Transiently Increases the Locomotor Activity of Adult Wistar Rats
Physiol. Res. 64: 263-267, 2015 SHORT COMMUNICATION Subconvulsive Dose of Kainic Acid Transiently Increases the Locomotor Activity of Adult Wistar Rats V. RILJAK 1, D. MAREŠOVÁ 1, J. POKORNÝ 1, K. JANDOVÁ
More informationAnxiogenic-like effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in mice tested in the light-dark box
Psicothema 2008. Vol. 20, nº 3, pp. 460-464 www.psicothema.com ISSN 0214-9915 CODEN PSOTEG Copyright 2008 Psicothema Anxiogenic-like effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in mice tested in the light-dark
More informationARTICLE IN PRESS. Neuropharmacology
Neuropharmacology xxx (2009) 1 7 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuropharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuropharm Effects of acute and repeated zolpidem treatment on pentylenetetrazole-induced
More informationStudy of Agomelatine for the Reduction of Marble Buying Behavior in Brain Disorder
Research Article Study of Agomelatine for the Reduction of Marble Buying Behavior in Brain Disorder Shaily Chaudhary* 1,2 Akash Yadav 3 Nikunjana Patel 4 Indrajeet Singhvi 1 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Pacific
More informationDRUGS THAT ACT IN THE CNS
DRUGS THAT ACT IN THE CNS Anxiolytic and Hypnotic Drugs Dr Karamallah S. Mahmood PhD Clinical Pharmacology 1 OTHER ANXIOLYTIC AGENTS/ A. Antidepressants Many antidepressants are effective in the treatment
More informationNovel Compounds for Treatment of Alcohol Addiction and Anxiety
Novel Compounds for Treatment of Alcohol Addiction and Anxiety (OTT ID 1147) Inventors: James Cook, Ph.D.; Michael Van Linn, Ph.D.; Wenyuan Yin, Ph.D. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry UW-Milwaukee
More informationAnxiolytic-like effects of 4-phenyl-2- trichloromethyl-3h-1,5-benzodiazepine hydrogen sulfate in mice
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research (2) 33: 169-173 Anxiolytic effects of a new benzodiazepine ISSN 1-879X Short Communication 169 Anxiolytic-like effects of 4-phenyl-2- trichloromethyl-3h-1,5-benzodiazepine
More information^ PRIMER OF DRUG ACTION A comprehensive gyide to the actions, uses, and side effects of psychoactive drugs
^ PRIMER OF DRUG ACTION A comprehensive gyide to the actions, uses, and side effects of psychoactive drugs wm, ROBERT M.JULIEN M.D.. PH.D. Claire D. Advokat, Ph.D. Louisiana State University and Joseph
More information"One-trial tolerance" to the anxiolytic actions of benzodiazepines in the elevated plus-maze, or the development of a phobic state?
Psychopharmacology (1993) 11:24-244 Psychopharmacology Springer-Verlag 1993 "One-trial tolerance" to the anxiolytic actions of benzodiazepines in the elevated plus-maze, or the development of a phobic
More informationINFLUENCE OF METHYLDOPA ON CENTRAL EFFECTS OF RESERPINE
Brit. J. Pharmacol. (1964), 22, 366-370. INFLUENCE OF METHYLDOPA ON CENTRAL EFFECTS OF RESERPINE BY B. G. BENFEY AND D. R. VARMA From the Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
More informationNovel Compounds for Anxiety, Epilepsy, and Neuropathic Pain
ovel Compounds for Anxiety, Epilepsy, and europathic Pain (OTT ID 1268) Inventors: James Cook, Ph.D. (Lead Inventor and PI) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry UW-Milwaukee For further information
More informationAnxiolytic & Hypnotic Drugs. Asst Prof Dr Inam S Arif
Anxiolytic & Hypnotic Drugs Asst Prof Dr Inam S Arif isamalhaj@yahoo.com Anxiolytic & Hpnotic Agents Anxiety: unpleasant state of tension, apprehension or uneasiness, characterised by, tachycardia, sweating,
More informationTranquilizers & Sedative-Hypnotics
Tranquilizers & Sedative-Hypnotics 1 Tranquilizer or anxiolytic: Drugs used therapeutically to treat agitation or anxiety Sedative-Hypnotic: drugs used to sedate and aid in sleep Original sedatives (before
More informationAbstract. Introduction. R.N. Takahashi 1, O. Berton 2,3, P. Mormède 2 and F. Chaouloff 2
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research (21) 34: 675-682 Effects of diazepam and SB 26553 in SHR and Lewis rats ISSN 1-879X 675 Strain-dependent effects of diazepam and the 5-HT 2B/2C receptor
More informationThe Effects of Benzodiazepines on Ingestive Behavior. Hannah Dinnen & Ivy Far
The Effects of Benzodiazepines on Ingestive Behavior Hannah Dinnen & Ivy Far Submitted as partial fulfillment of the senior research thesis requirement of the psychology major at Wofford College 1 Abstract
More informationACTIVITY USING RATS A METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC. subject and a variety of stimuli employed. In the examination of new compounds
Brit. J. Pharmacol. (1946), 1, 255. A METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC ACTIVITY USING RATS BY 0. L. DAVIES, J. RAVENT6S, AND A. L. WALPOLE From Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., Biological Laboratories,
More informationMR04A3 An isoindoline derivative, New Sedative/Anesthetic Agent
MR04A3 An isoindoline derivative, ew Sedative/Anesthetic Agent ovember 2009 1 Introduction Sedatives are widely used in: Settings providing stressful and painful procedures Gastroenterology (colonoscopy
More informationRecent Advances in Energy, Environment, Biology and Ecology
Acute and long-term effects elicited by psychoactive drugs on 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in rats: development of a new experimental tool for the study of drug-mediated reward NICOLA SIMOLA Department
More informationSedative-Hypnotics. Sedative Agents (General Considerations)
Sedative Agents (General Considerations) No best sedative agent Any agent given in sufficient dosage can produce any level of sedation Intravenous dosing is more predictable then intramuscular or oral
More informationBehaviors of Mice Given Forced-Swimming
Exp. Anim. 50(4), 331 335, 2001 Behaviors of Mice Given Forced-Swimming Yutaka MASUDA 1), Seiki ISHIGOOKA 2), and Yukihisa MATSUDA 2) 1) Psychosomatic Division and 2) Animal Facilities for Experimental
More informationPRESENTER: DR. DEEPA JJM MEDICAL COLLEGE DAVANGERE
PRESENTER: DR. DEEPA JJM MEDICAL COLLEGE DAVANGERE Depression is a most common mood disorders characterised by a feeling of worthlessness, sadness and suicidal thoughts. Affects more than 10-15% of the
More informationGood evening doctors..
Good evening doctors.. Dr Malek started a quick revision about last lecture s topics, I noticed that much was mentioned in the previous sheet but these are the main points that were emphasized on. GABA
More informationBuspirone Carbamazepine Diazepam Disulfiram Ethosuximide Flumazeil Gabapentin Lamotrigine
CNS Depressants Buspirone Carbamazepine Diazepam Disulfiram Ethosuximide Flumazeil Gabapentin Lamotrigine Lorazepam Phenobarbital Phenytoin Topiramate Valproate Zolpidem Busprione Antianxiety 5-HT1A partial
More informationBenzodiazepines: risks, benefits or dependence
Benzodiazepines: risks, benefits or dependence A re-evaluation Council Report CR 59 January 1997 Royal College of Psychiatrists, London Due for review: January 2002 1 Contents A College Statement 3 Benefits
More informationGABAergic Influences Increase Ingestion across All Taste Categories. Liz Miller. Molly McGinnis. Lindsey Richardson
GABAergic Influences Increase Ingestion across All Taste Categories Liz Miller Molly McGinnis Lindsey Richardson A research thesis submitted in partial completion of PSY451 senior research thesis, at Wofford
More informationFundamentals of Pharmacology
Fundamentals of Pharmacology Topic Page Receptors 2 Ion channels / GABA 4 GPCR s 6 TK receptors 8 Basics of PK 11 ADR s / Clinical study design 13 Introduction to the ANS 16 Cholinergic Pharmacology 20
More informationThe Anxiolytic Activity of Gabapentin in Mice
The Anxiolytic Activity of Gabapentin in Mice A. Sethi, MD* B. P. Das, MD* B. K. Bajaj, DM, MD *Department of Pharmacology (Clinical Pharmacology), BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
More informationAnxiety Pharmacology UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI I HILO PRE -NURSING PROGRAM
Anxiety Pharmacology UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI I HILO PRE NURSING PROGRAM NURS 203 GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY DANITA NARCISO PHARM D Learning Objectives Understand the normal processing of fear vs fear processing
More informationSwitching antipsychotics: Basing practice on pharmacology & pharmacokinetics
Switching antipsychotics: Basing practice on pharmacology & pharmacokinetics John Donoghue Liverpool L imagination est plus important que le savoir Albert Einstein Switching Antipsychotics: Objectives
More informationATTENUATION OF STRESS-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS BY AZADIRACHTA INDICA (NEEM): ROLE OF SEROTONIN
Pak. J. Bot., 38(1): 131-138, 26. ATTENUATION OF STRESS-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS BY AZADIRACHTA INDICA (NEEM): ROLE OF SEROTONIN NOREEN SAMAD, TAHIRA PARVEEN, SAIDA HAIDER AND DARAKHSHAN JABEEN HALEEM
More informationSedative and anticonvulsant effects of zolpidem in adult and aged mice
J Neural Transm (2008) 115:795 802 DOI 10.1007/s00702-008-0020-0 BASIC NEUROSCIENCES, GENETICS AND IMMUNOLOGY - ORIGINAL ARTICLE Sedative and anticonvulsant effects of zolpidem in adult and aged mice Danka
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS FOR BENZODIAZEPINES AS ANXIOLYTICS OR HYPNOTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS FOR BENZODIAZEPINES AS ANXIOLYTICS OR HYPNOTICS Guideline Title Summary of Product Characteristics for Benzodiazepines as Anxiolytics or Hypnotics Legislative basis Directive
More informationSynergistic Anti-Depression Activity Evaluation of Different Composition of Volatile Oil of Eucalyptus and Neem Oil by Tail Suspension Model
Human Journals Research Article November 2015 Vol.:4, Issue:4 All rights are reserved by Kishu Tripathi et al. Synergistic Anti-Depression Activity Evaluation of Different Composition of Volatile Oil of
More informationJournal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research ISSN No: 0975-7384 CODEN(USA): JCPRC5 J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2011, 3(5):468-472 Study on the anticonvulsant activity of Pentazocine
More informationPharmacological evaluation of the central nervous system activity of Aframomum melegueta seed extract in mice
Vol. 5/2 (2005) 141-146 141 JOURNAL OF NATURAL REMEDIES Pharmacological evaluation of the central nervous system activity of Aframomum melegueta seed extract in mice Umukoro S*, Ashorobi R. B. Department
More informationBIOM Pharmacodynamics 4 Types of Antagonism
BIOM2009 2.1 - Pharmacodynamics 4 Types of Antagonism 1. Chemical Antagonism 2. Pharmacokinetic Antagonism 3. Physiological Antagonism 4. Pharmacological Antagonism Where two drugs bind to each other,
More informationN. R. Mirza, R. J. Rodgers, and L. S. Mathiasen
0022-3565/06/3163-1291 1299$20.00 THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS Vol. 316, No. 3 Copyright 2006 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 94003/3087406
More informationBasic Pharmacologic Mechanisms Involved in Benzodiazepine Tolerance and Withdrawal
Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2002, 8, 5-21 5 Basic Pharmacologic Mechanisms Involved in Benzodiazepine Tolerance and Withdrawal A.N. Bateson* Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience,
More informationClinical Impairment of Benzodiazepines Relation between Benzodiazepine Concentrations and Impairment in Apprehended Drivers.
Clinical Impairment of Benzodiazepines Relation between Benzodiazepine Concentrations and Impairment in Apprehended Drivers. 1 J.G. Bramness, 2 S. Skurtveit, and 1 J. Mørland 1 National Institute of Forensic
More informationSensitivity to diazepam after a single session of forced swim stress in weaning Wistar rats
Acta Pharm. 68 (2018) 381 388 https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2018-0027 Short communication Sensitivity to diazepam after a single session of forced swim stress in weaning Wistar rats BLANDINA BERNAL-MORALES
More informationFriend or Foe? Review of the Regulations & Benefits: Risk Profiles of the Benzodiazepines
Friend or Foe? Review of the Regulations & Benefits: Risk Profiles of the Benzodiazepines Program Learning Objectives At the conclusion of the activity, participants should be able to: Have a basic understanding
More informationBehavioural profile of selective ligands for mglu7 and mglu8 glutamate receptors in agonistic encounters between mice
Psicothema 2009. Vol. 21, nº 3, pp. 475-479 www.psicothema.com ISSN 0214-9915 CODEN PSOTEG Copyright 2009 Psicothema Behavioural profile of selective ligands for mglu7 and mglu8 glutamate receptors in
More informationSome studies on the influence of chlordiazepoxide on the social interaction of golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)
Br. J. Pharmac. (1973), 48, 538-545, Some studies on the influence of chlordiazepoxide on the social interaction of golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) T. B. POOLE Department of Zoology, University
More informationIdeal Sedative Agent. Benzodiazepines 11/12/2013. Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines Used for Conscious Sedation in Dentistry.
Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines Used for Conscious Sedation in Dentistry Peter Walker Ideal Sedative Agent Anxiolysis Analgesic No effect on CVS No effect on respiratory system Not metabolised Easy and
More informationC81ADD Psychology of Addiction. Alcohol. Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) School of Psychology. Tobias Bast.
C81ADD Psychology of Addiction Alcohol Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) Tobias Bast School of Psychology tobias.bast@nottingham.ac.uk 1 Outline Relevance of alcohol to individual and society: alcohol-associated
More informationAnxiolytic-like effects observed in rats exposed to the elevated zeromaze following treatment with 5-HT2/5-HT3/5-HT4 ligands
Anxiolytic-like effects observed in rats exposed to the elevated zeromaze following treatment with 5-HT2/5-HT3/5-HT4 ligands Bell, R., Duke, A. A., Gilmore, P. E., Page, D., & Bèque, L. (2014). Anxiolytic-like
More informationDifference between lorazepam and midazolam
Difference between lorazepam and midazolam The Borg System is 100 % Difference between lorazepam and midazolam Lorazepam may be used for the treatment of anxiety or as a preoperative medicine. midazolam
More informationSHORT COMMUNICATION EFFECT OF SILDENAFIL ON ANXIETY IN THE PLUS-MAZE TEST IN MICE
Copyright 2004 by Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences Polish Journal of Pharmacology Pol. J. Pharmacol., 2004, 56, 353 357 ISSN 1230-6002 SHORT COMMUNICATION EFFECT OF SILDENAFIL ON ANXIETY
More informationIdeal Sedative Agent. Pharmacokinetics. Benzodiazepines. Pharmacodynamics 11/11/2013
Ideal Sedative Agent Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines Used for Conscious Sedation in Dentistry Peter Walker Anxiolysis Analgesic No effect on CVS No effect on respiratory system Not metabolised Easy and
More informationImplementing receptor theory in PK-PD modeling
Drug in Biophase Drug Receptor Interaction Transduction EFFECT Implementing receptor theory in PK-PD modeling Meindert Danhof & Bart Ploeger PAGE, Marseille, 19 June 2008 Mechanism-based PK-PD modeling
More information11/1/2010. Psychology 472 Pharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs. Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slides
Treatment for Anxiety Disorders Benzodiazepines and Other Anxiolytics Psychology 472 Pharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slides Ethanol Barbiturates and related
More informationANTIANXIETY DRUGS: BENZODIAZEPINES
Margaret Gnegy Professor of Pharmacology pgnegy@umich.edu 1 ANTIANXIETY DRUGS: BENZODIAZEPINES Sedatives and hypnotics M. Gnegy, Ph.D. 1 2 Reading: Goodman & Gilman, 11th ed. Chapter 16, pp. 401-427. Drug
More informationNitric oxide (NO) and central dopamine (DA) D3 receptor reactivity to quinpirole in rats
Nitric oxide (NO) and central dopamine (DA) D3 receptor reactivity to quinpirole in rats Ryszard ~rusl, Ryszard szkilnik1 and Richard M. ~ostrzewa~ '~e~artment of Pharmacology, Silesian Academy of Medicine,
More informationEFFECTS OF NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR N G -NITRO-L-ARGININE METHYL ESTER ON SPATIAL AND CUED LEANING
Pergamon Neuroscience Vol. 83, No. 3, pp. 837 841, 1998 Copyright 1998 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved PII: S0306-4522(97)00457-0 0306 4522/98 $19.00+0.00
More informationAsian Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Research Journal home page:
Research Article CODEN: AJPCFF ISSN: 2321 0915 Asian Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Research Journal home page: www.ajpcrjournal.com STUDY OF ADR OF BENZODIAZEPINE S AT A PRIVATE CORPORATE HOSPITAL
More informationAdolescent Prozac Exposure Enhances Sensitivity to Cocaine in Adulthood INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION Epidemiologic reports indicate that mood disorders in children and adolescents are quite common, with up to 70% of depressed children and adolescents experiencing a recurrence within 5 years
More informationTRP modulators based on glycine and mono-, bicyclic terpenoids synthesis and pharmacological properties
TRP modulators based on glycine and mono-, bicyclic terpenoids synthesis and pharmacological properties Mariia Nesterkina*and Iryna Kravchenko I.I. Mechnikov dessa National University, 2 Dvorjanskaya st.,
More informationCannabinoids and Mental Health
Cannabinoids and Mental Health https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons Karen M. Lounsbury, PhD Professor of Pharmacology 802-656-3231, Karen.lounsbury@uvm.edu Objectives Describe the underlying
More informationNo! No! No! No! With the possible exception of humans Public Health Question Does the compound have the potential to be abused? Public Health Question Does the compound have the potential to be abused?
More informationA substance that reduces pain and may or may not have psychoactive properties.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AMPHETAMINE-TYPE STIMULANTS (ATS) A group of substances, mostly synthetic, with closely related chemical structure which have, to varying degrees, a stimulating effect on the central
More informationANTAGONISM OF APOMORPHINE-INDUCED CAGE CLIMBING BEHAVIOUR AND METHAMPHETAMINE STEREOTYPY BY FENFLURAMINE IN MICE
SHORT COMMUNICATION ANTAGONISM OF APOMORPHINE-INDUCED CAGE CLIMBING BEHAVIOUR AND METHAMPHETAMINE STEREOTYPY BY FENFLURAMINE IN MICE V. P. GADA. V. V. JOSHI. J. J. BALSARA AND A. G. CHANDORKAR Department
More informationEffects of Alprazolam and Fluoxetine on Morphine Sensitization in Mice
Physiol. Res. 51: 417-423, 2002 Effects of Alprazolam and Fluoxetine on Sensitization in Mice M. VOTAVA, M. KRŠIAK, V. MORAVEC Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University,
More informationAnabolic Androgenic Steroids and the Brain
Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Pharmacy 261 Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and the Brain Studies of Neurochemical and Behavioural Changes Using an Animal Model BY PIA
More informationAntidepressants and Sedatives. David G. Standaert, M.D., Ph.D. Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School
Antidepressants and Sedatives David G. Standaert, M.D., Ph.D. Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Depression A frequent problem, affecting up to 5% of the population Common presentations
More informationBenzodiazepines Revisited. Professor of Psychiatry Director, Treatment Resistant Depression Program New York University School of Medicine
Benzodiazepines Revisited Professor of Psychiatry Director, Treatment Resistant Depression Program New York University School of Medicine Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepine Use 5.2% of adults aged 18-80 years
More informationSedative-Hypnotics, Anxiolytic Drugs. A sedative is an agent that lowers excitement and
Sedative-Hypnotics, Anxiolytic Drugs A sedative is an agent that lowers excitement and activity. A hypnotic is an inducer of sleep. The major use of sedative-hypnotic drugs is the treatment of sleep disorders
More informationThe Marmoset Monkey as Model for Neurological Disorders
The Marmoset Monkey as Model for Neurological Disorders Jan Langermans and Ingrid Philippens From Laboratory to Clinic Disease models neuroscience: Parkinson, Sleep, Stress, Alzheimer, MS MS Models: rhmog
More informationGABA A receptors and therapeutics: beyond benzodiazepines
GABA A receptors and therapeutics: beyond benzodiazepines Lisa R. Gerak Department of Pharmacology and Behavioral Pharmacology Group University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX Clinical
More informationAnxiolytic-Like Effects of Ginsenosides on the Elevated Plus-Maze Model in Mice
September 2005 Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28(9) 1621 1625 (2005) 1621 Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Ginsenosides on the Elevated Plus-Maze Model in Mice Hwa-Young CHA, a Jeong-Hill PARK, b Jin-Tae HONG, a Hwan-Soo
More informationTRAMADOL, A CENTRALLY ACTING OPIOID : ANTICONVULSANT EFFECT AGAINST MAXIMAL ELECTROSHOCK SEIZURE IN MICE
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1998; 42 (3) : 407-411 TRAMADOL, A CENTRALLY ACTING OPIOID : ANTICONVULSANT EFFECT AGAINST MAXIMAL ELECTROSHOCK SEIZURE IN MICE ANSHU MANOCHA, KRISHNA K. SHARMA* AND PRAMOD K.
More informationNIH Public Access Author Manuscript Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 November 1.
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003 October ; 57(5): 542 544. An Open Pilot Study of Gabapentin vs. Trazodone to Treat Insomnia in Alcoholic
More informationStudying effect of xanthines, alone and after CPA and CPCA pretreatment, on locomotor activity and forced performance of rats
Studying effect of xanthines, alone and after CPA and CPCA pretreatment, on locomotor activity and forced performance of rats Romany Helmy Thabet 1, Majed Hamad R Almutairi 2, Sultan Ali S Alsaleh 2, Faisal
More informationAnxiolytic effects of Elaeocarpus sphaericus fruits on the elevated plus-maze model of anxiety in mice
International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN (USA): IJPRIF ISSN : 0974-4304 Vol.2, No.3, pp 1781-1786, July-Sept 2010 Anxiolytic effects of Elaeocarpus sphaericus fruits on the elevated plus-maze
More informationALCOHOL Other name(s): ethyl alcohol, ethanol, grain alcohol, hootch, liquor, booze, firewater, EtOH Class: alcohols are molecules with a hydroxyl
Other name(s): ethyl alcohol, ethanol, grain alcohol, hootch, liquor, booze, firewater, EtOH Class: alcohols are molecules with a hydroxyl (OH) bound to carbon atoms. In EtOH, the carbon is in an ethyl
More informationAnxiolytic-like action in mice treated with nitrous oxide and oral triazolam or diazepam
Life Sciences 76 (2005) 1667 1674 www.elsevier.com/locate/lifescie Anxiolytic-like action in mice treated with nitrous oxide and oral triazolam or diazepam Deborah A. Gries a, George A. Condouris b, *,
More informationEfficacy and the discriminative stimulus effects of negative GABA A modulators, or inverse
JPET This Fast article Forward. has not been Published copyedited and on formatted. May 16, The 26 final as version DOI:1.1124/jpet.16.13168 may differ from this version. Efficacy and the discriminative
More informationThe Importance of L-Arginine:NO:cGMP Pathway in Tolerance to Flunitrazepam in Mice
Neurotox Res (17) 31:39 316 DOI.7/s1264-16-9688-3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE The Importance of L-Arginine:NO:cGMP Pathway in Tolerance to Flunitrazepam in Mice Sylwia Talarek 1 & Joanna Listos 1 & Jolanta Orzelska-Gorka
More informationPsychotropic Drugs Critical Thinking - KEY
Open Your Class with This Tomorrow Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on s Psychotropic s Critical Thinking - KEY Background: The blood-brain barrier is a network of tightly packed
More informationCYP2D6: mirtazapine 2001/2002/2003
CYP2D6: mirtazapine 2001/2002/200 Cl or = oral clearance,=c ss = steady state concentration, EM = extensive metaboliser, IM = intermediate metaboliser, MR = metabolic ratio, NS = non-significant, PM =
More information