JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: , Volume 2, Issue 8, September 2014

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1 YOGA! THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT ON CLIMACTERIC WOMEN DR.P.VANITHAMANI* *Asst. Professor (SS), Dept. of Physical Education, Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India INTRODUCTION An Indian woman s life is a veritable tight-rope walk, her status in society, the problems she has to face due to social and economic s, the burdens nature has imposed on her- all these result in stress and tell upon her health. (Iyengar 1983). At around 45 to 55 years, women experience disturbance in the menstrual cycle. Menstruation either stops suddenly or becomes irregular, or the quantity lessens. All these are natural signs that the reproductory functions are coming to an end. Just as at the beginning of menstruation physical, physiological, psychological and biochemical disturbances occur, women again have to face the disturbances at the stage of menopause. As the ovaries stop functioning, the other glands, namely, the thyroids and the adrenals, become hyperactive and there is an imbalance of hormones. As a result, a woman suffers from hot flushes, high blood, heaviness in the breasts, headaches, insomnia, obesity, etc. Due to the changes in the physiological and metabolic processes and in psychological and emotional states, women have to learn to face the new problems by improving their physical and mental stability. Physiological variables The effect of training when we equipped with physiological variables is that it causes our body to not understand what the problems are within our body so therefore our body make tell that not tired or exhausted or in pain when really in serious pain. Here the investigator is eager to know about the effect of the following variables by giving yogic exercises and autogenic training on selected physiological variables such as pulse rate, resting pulse rate, systolic blood, Diastolic blood, vital capacity. Review of related studies Cade et.al.(2010) conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled study to evaluate whether a yoga lifestyle intervention improves cardio vascular diseases risk factors, virological or immunological status, or quality of life (QOL) in HIV-infected adults relative to standard of care treatment in a matched control group. Sixty HIV-infected adults with mild-moderate cardio vascular diseases (CVD) risk were assigned to 20 weeks of supervised yoga practice or standard of care treatment. Resting systolic and diastolic blood s 231

2 improved more in the yoga group than in the standard of care group. However, there was no greater reduction in body weight, fat mass or proatherogenic lipids, or improvements in glucose tolerance or overall quality of life after yoga. Kiecolt-Glaser et.al.(2010) compared inflammatory and endocrine responses of novice and expert yoga practitioners before, during, and after a restorative hatha yoga session, as well as in two control conditions. Stressors before each of the three conditions provided data on the extent to which yoga speeded an individual's physiological recovery. A total of 50 healthy women (mean age, years; range, years), 25 novices and 25 experts, were exposed to each of the conditions (yoga, movement control, and passive-video control) during three separate visits. The yoga session boosted participants' positive affect compared with the control conditions, the ability to minimize inflammatory responses to stressful encounters influences the burden that stressors place on an individual. Lee et.al.(2009) examined the effectiveness of yoga as a treatment option for menopausal symptoms. Two randomized clinical trials compared the effects of yoga with those of walking or physical exercise. The meta-analysis of these data failed to show specific effects of yoga on menopausal complaints including psychological, somatic, and vasomotor symptoms. Two randomized clinical trials found no effects of yoga on total menopausal symptoms compared with wait-list control or no treatment. They reported favorable effects of yoga on menopausal symptoms. Satyapriya et.al.(2009) studied the effect of integrated yoga practice and guided yogic relaxation on both perceived stress and measured autonomic response in healthy pregnant women. The 122 healthy women recruited between the 18th and 20th week of pregnancy at prenatal clinics in Bangalore, India, were randomized to practicing yoga and deep relaxation or standard prenatal exercises 1-hour daily. Perceived stress decreased by 31.57% in the yoga group and increased by 6.60% in the control group (P=0.001). During a guided relaxation period in the yoga group, compared with values obtained before a practice session, the highfrequency band of the heart rate variability spectrum (parasympathetic) increased by 64% in the 20th week and by 150% in the 36th week, and both the low-frequency band (sympathetic), and the low-frequency to high-frequency ratio were concomitantly reduced (P<0.001 between the 2 groups). Moreover, the low-frequency band remained decreased after deep relaxation in the 36th week in the yoga group. Yoga reduces perceived stress and improves adaptive autonomic response to stress in healthy pregnant women. 232

3 Phoosuwan et.al.(2009) investigated the effects of the weight bearing yoga training on both bone resorption marker and the quality of life of the postmenopausal women. The baseline demographic data, the bone resorption marker (beta-crosslaps), the bone formation marker (P1NP) and quality of Life (SF-36) data were collected. The experimental group attended the 12-week weight-bearing yoga training 3 days a week, 50 minutes a day while the control group lived their normal lives. After 12 weeks the weigh-bearing yoga training had a positive effect on bone by slowing down bone resorption which was a very essential indicator for human health because it reduced the osteoporosis risks in the postmenopausal women. Additionally, yoga training promoted better quality of life. Means and Methods Sixty climacteric women of teaching faculty from various colleges in Coimbatore District, Tamilnadu, India were selected randomly and served as the subjects for the purpose of this study. The selected subjects were in the age group of 45 to 55 years. Experimental Design This study was formulated using random group design consisting of specific yogic exercises and combination of specific yogic exercises with autogenic training groups. The subjects (N=60) were divided at random, into three equal groups of twenty climacteric women in each. The groups were assigned the names as follows: 1. Experimental group I- Specific yogic exercise group. 2. Experimental group II Combination of specific Yogic exercise with autogenic training group. 3. Control group. All the groups were subjected to pre-test prior to the experimental treatment. The experimental groups participated in their respective duration of twelve weeks, six days in a week throughout the study. The various tests administered were: prior to training (pre-test), mid period of training sixth week (second-test) and twelfth week (post-test) of the training schedule. Selection of the Variables By going through the literature and after consulting with the experts in yoga and autogenic training, the investigator has chosen the variables which are specifically related to 233

4 climacteric women. The selected physiological variables are pulse rate, vital capacity, systolic blood, diastolic blood and percent body fat. Because at the climacteric stage they are much affected by these variables due the changes occurred in the body. Reliability of Test The reliability of data was ensured by establishing the tester reliability, subject reliability and instrument reliability. Collection of Data The data were collected from (N=60) climacteric women twenty in each group as specific yogic exercise group, combination of specific yogic exercise group and control group. Prior to training, after six weeks, after twelve weeks the data of physiological variables such as pulse rate, vital capacity, systolic blood, diastolic blood and percent body fat were collected through digital blood and pulse rate monitor, peak flow meter and skin fold caliper. Statistical Technique The following statistical techniques were used for the analysis of data in this study. The purpose of the study was to determine whether the selected yogic exercises and combination of selected yogic exercises with autogenic training will improve the selected physiological, variables of the climacteric women before and after the training programme of twelve weeks. In order to find out whether the obtained differences between the means of the selected variables in the pre test and post test are statistically significant, repeated measures of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were applied. When the F- ratio was found to be significant, Newman Keul s test was applied to test which of the possible comparisons among the means were significant.analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) was applied to determine the significance of mean difference between the three groups namely When F ratio was found to be significant, the Scheffe s Post Hoc test was applied to test the significance of pairs of the adjusted final group means. 234

5 Analysis and Interpretation The statistical analysis of data collected pertaining to experimental study on the effect of specific yogic exercises and combination of specific yogic, exercises with autogenic training on selected physiological variables of the climacteric women is presented in this chapter. The data were processed by using the repeated measures of analysis of variance to find out the significance of changes across the treatment periods and analysis of co variance was used to find out the comparative effects of specific yogic exercise group and the combination of specific yogic exercise with autogenic training group on the selected variables used in this study. The results of the same are tabulated and presented in this chapter. The obtained results are tested at 0.05 level of significance, since it is considered adequate for the purpose of the study. Descriptive analysis is also used to describe the trends of variables between specific yogic exercise group, combination of specific yogic exercise with autogenic training group and control group presented in this chapter under the respective heads. Descriptive Analysis Using descriptive analysis the status of the criterion variables such as pulse rate, vital capacity, systolic blood, diastolic blood, percent body fat (physiological variables) of specific yogic exercise group, combination of specific yogic exercise with autogenic training group and control group were assessed before and after the treatment. Further final means of the groups were adjusted by taking in to consideration the initial means of the groups. The results of the means before (pre) and after(post) the treatment along with the adjusted post test means are presented below Descriptive Analysis of Pre test means of The Specific yogic Exercises Group and Combination of Specific Yogic Exercise with Autogenic Training Group and Control Group on Variables Analysis of Variance on Pre Test Variables Sources of variation Sum of squares Degree of freedom Mean squares F value Systolic blood Between sets With in sets Between sets With in sets Between sets With in sets Between sets With in sets

6 Diastolic blood Between sets With in sets Descriptive analysis of pre test means of the specific yogic exercises group and combination of specific yogic exercise with autogenic training group and control group on variables Analysis of Variance on Post Test Variables Systolic blood Diastolic blood Sources of variation Sum of squares Degree of freedom Mean squares Between sets With in sets Between sets With in sets Between sets With in sets Between sets With in sets Between sets With in sets F - value 3.55* 7.32* * 1.97 Analysis of co-variance for The means difference among the specific yogic exercises group and combination of specific yogic exercise with autogenic training group and control group in selected variables Variables Sources of Sum of Degree of Mean F - variation squares freedom squares value Between sets With in sets * Between sets With in sets * Between sets With in sets Systolic blood Between sets * Diastolic blood With in sets Between sets With in sets * Adjusted post test means on the selected variables of control, specific yogic exercises and combination of specific yogic exercise with autogenic training groups. VARIABLES Adjusted Post Test Means CONTROL *SYEG *SYEATG (beats/min) (liters) Systolic Blood (mm./hg) Diastolic Blood (mm./hg)

7 Repeated Measures of Analysis of Variance of Specific Yogic Exercises Group in Selected Variables Systolic Blood Diastolic Blood Source Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value Between Tests * Error Between Tests * Error Between Tests * Error Between Tests * Error Between Tests Error * Newman-keuls test on difference between treatment means of selected variables of specific yogic exercise group VARIABLES Systolic Blood Diastolic Blood Means of Test Post Mid Pre r RCV Mean Post 2.65* 3.85* Mid Mean Post * Mid 0.18* Mean Post * Mid Mean Post * Mid 7.9* Mean Post * Mid 2.75*

8 Repeated Measures of Analysis of Variance of Combination of Specific Yogic Exercises with Autogenic Training Group in Selected Variables Variables Source Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value Sig. Between Tests * Error Between Tests * Error Between Tests Ns Error Systolic Blood Between Tests * Error Diastolic Blood Between Tests * Error Newman-keuls test on difference between treatment means of selected variables on combination of specific yogic exercise with autogenic training group Means of Test VARIABLES Post Mid Pre r RCV Mean Post 2.65* 3.2* Mid Mean Post * Mid 0.307* Mean Systolic Blood Post 9.4* 17.3* Mid 7.9* Diastolic Blood Mean Post * Mid Repeated Measures of Analysis of Variance of Control Group In Selected Variables VARIABLES Source Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value Sig. Between Tests Ns Error Between Tests Ns Error Between Tests Ns Error Diastolic Blood Between Tests Ns Error Systolic Blood Between Tests Ns Error

9 Means of criterion variables of experimental and control group VARIABLES GROUPS MEANS OF TEST Pre test Mid test Post test CONTROL SYEG CSYEATG CONTROL SYEG CSYEATG CONTROL SYEG CSYEATG Systolic blood CONTROL SYEG CSYEATG Diastolic blood CONTROL SYEG CSYEATG Findings The findings of the study are given below: The specific yogic exercises group shows significant (P<0.05) improvement in the selected physiological variables such as vital capacity, percent body fat, systolic blood, diastolic blood at the end of twelve weeks of training. The combination of specific yogic exercise with autogenic training group shows significant (P<0.05) improvement in the selected physiological variables such pulse rate, vital capacity, systolic blood, diastolic blood, at the end of twelve weeks of training. The combination of specific yogic exercises with autogenic training group shows significant improvement than the specific yogic exercises group and control group after the twelve weeks of training. ANCOVA revealed that there was a significant difference between the adjusted post test means with specific yogic exercises group, combination of specific yogic exercises with autogenic training group and control group in selected physiological variables such as pulse rate, vital capacity, systolic blood, diastolic blood, at the end of twelve weeks of training.the combination of specific yogic exercises with autogenic training group made significant (P<0.05) gain over specific yogic exercises group in selected physiological variables such as pulse rate, vital capacity, systolic blood, diastolic blood at the end of twelve weeks of training. 239

10 The combination of specific yogic exercises with autogenic training group made significant (P<0.05) gain over the control group in selected physiological variables such as vital capacity, systolic blood, diastolic blood, at the end of twelve weeks of training. The specific yogic exercises group made significant (P<0.05) gain over the control group in selected physiological variables such as vital capacity, systolic blood, diastolic blood, at the end of twelve weeks of training of climacteric women. Conclusions From the analysis of data, the following conclusions were drawn. 1. Specific yogic exercises group and combination of specific yogic exercises with autogenic training group have achieved significant improvement on selected variables. 2. Significant differences were found among the Specific yogic exercises group and combination of specific yogic exercises with autogenic training groups towards improving the selected criterion variables such as vital capacity, systolic blood, diastolic blood, 3. It is concluded that combination of specific yogic exercises with autogenic training group found to better than the Specific yogic exercises group in selected physiological variable such as pulse rate, vital capacity, systolic blood, diastolic blood These conclusions suggest that the combination of specific yogic exercises with autogenic training group improves the health of the climacteric women by regularizing the pulse rate, vital capacity, blood, and get relief from the climacteric symptoms to lead a healthy and happy life. References 1. Dr.Nagarathna.R, Dr.Nagendra H.R (2003) Yoga (Breathing practices, Asanas, Pranayama, Mudras, Bandhas and Kriyas, Meditation). Published by Swami Vivekananda Yoga prakashana, Karnataka, India. 2. Geetha s.iyengar (1983) Yoga a gem for women, Allied publishers private limited, Gandhinagar, Bangaluru. 3. Kumar Kaul H (1986) Yoga for health, New light publishers, New Delhi. 4. Mangal S.K (1985) Health and Physical Education, Prakash brothers, Ludhiana, 5. Maria Blanco (2009) The copyright of the article Menopause and the Female Climacteric Period in Natural Medicine. 6. Schindler Adolf E (2006) Medical magazines, Gynecological Endocrinology, Encyclopedia.com 7. Serendip (2007) Regulation of Human Heart Rate. Wikipedia encyclopedia. 8. Sharma,V.D (2006) Introduction to physical and health education Avichal publishing company, New Delhi. 240