1. Malliaropoulos N, Papacostas E, Kiritsi O, et al. Posterior thigh muscle injuries in elite track

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1 References: 1. Malliaropoulos N, Papacostas E, Kiritsi O, et al. Posterior thigh muscle injuries in elite track and field athletes.am J Sports Med. 2010; 38(9): Askling, CM, Tengvar, M, Saartok, T, et al. Proximal hamstring strains of stretching type in different sports: injury situations, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics, and return to sport. Am J Sports Med. 2008; 36(9): Askling, C, Saartok, T, and Thorstensson, A. Type of acute hamstring strain affects flexibility, strength, and time to return to pre-injury level. Br J Sports Med. 2006; 40(1): Garrett WE, Jr. Muscle strain injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1996: 24(6 Suppl): S Woods C, Hawkins RD, Maltby S, et al. The Football Association Medical Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football--analysis of hamstring injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2004: 38(1): Orchard J, Seward H. Epidemiology of injuries in the Australian Football League, seasons Br J Sports Med. 2002: 36(1): Meeuwisse WH, Sellmer R, Hagel BE. Rates and risks of injury during intercollegiate basketball. Am J Sports Med. 2003: 31(3): Croisier JL. Factors associated with recurrent hamstring injuries. Sports Med. 2004: 3 4(10): Brooks JH, Fuller CW, Kemp SP, et al. Epidemiology of injuries in English professional rugby union: part 1 match injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2005: 39(10): Brooks JH, Fuller CW, Kemp SP, et al. Epidemiology of injuries in English professional rugby union: part 2 training Injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2005: 39(10):

2 11. Petersen J, Holmich P. Evidence based prevention of hamstring injuries in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2005; 39(6): Malliaropoulos N, Isinkaye A, Tsitas K, et al.re-injury following acute posterior thigh muscle injuries in elite track and field athletes. Am J Sports Med Feb; 39(2): Alonso JM, Tscholl PM, Engebretsen L,et al.occurrence of injuries and illnesses during the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Championships.Br J Sports Med. 2010; 44(15): Mendiguchia J, Alentorn-Geli E, Brughelli M. Hamstring starin injury: are we heading in the right direction? Br J Sports Med.Ifix now :). 15. Thelen DG, Chumanov ES, Hoerth DM et al. Hamstring muscle kinematics during treadmill sprinting.med Sci Sports Exerc ;37(1): Heiderscheit BC, Hoerth DM, Chumanov ES.Identifying the time of occurrence of a hamstring strain injury during treadmill running: a case study.clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) ;20(10): Thelen DG, Chumanov ES, Best TM, Simulation of biceps femoris musculotendon mechanics during the swing phase of sprinting. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(11): Schache AG, Wrigley TV, Baker R, Pandy MG.Biomechanical response to hamstring muscle strain injury.gait Posture ;29(2): Jonhagen S, Ericson MO, Nemeth G, et al. Amplitude and timing of electromyographic activity during sprinting. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1996; 6(1): Yu B, Queen RM, Abbey AN, et al. Hamstring muscle kinematics and activation during overground sprinting. J Biomech. 2008; 14;41(15):

3 21. Sugiura Y, Saito T, Sakuraba K, et al. Strength deficits identified with concentric action of the hip extensors and eccentric action of the hamstrings predispose to hamstring injury in elite sprinters. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2008; 38(8): Yeung SS, Suen AM, Yeung EW. A prospective cohort study of hamstring injuries in competitive sprinters: preseason muscle imbalance as a possible risk Factor. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(8): LaStayo PC, Woolf JM, Lewek MD, et al. Eccentric muscle contractions: their contribution to injury, prevention, rehabilitation, and sport. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther ;33(10): Review. 24. Lindstedt SL, LaStayo PC, Reich TE. When active muscles lengthen: properties and consequences of eccentric contractions. News Physiol Sci. 2001;16: Bigland-Ritchie B and Woods JJ. Integrated electromyogram and oxygen uptake during positive and negative work. J Physiol (Lond).1976; 260: Horstmann, T., Mayer, F., Maschmann, J., Niess, A., Roecker, K., & Dickhuth, H. H. Metabolic reaction after concentric and eccentric endurance-exercise of the knee and ankle. Med Sci Sports Exerc (5), Miyaguchi K, Demura S. Relationship between muscle power output using the stretchshortening cycle and eccentric maximum strength. J Strength Cond Res. 2008; 22(6): Hasselman CT, Best TM, Seaber AV, et al. A threshold and continuum of injury during active stretch of rabbit skeletal muscle. Am J Sports Med. 1995; 23: Lindstedt SL, Reich TE, Keim P, LaStayo PC. Do muscles function as adaptable locomotor springs? J Exp Biol. 2002; 205:

4 30. Potier TG, Alexander CM, Seynnes OR. Effects of eccentric strength training on biceps femoris muscle architecture and knee joint range of movement.eur J Appl Physiol Apr;105(6): Proske U, Morgan DL, Brockett CL, et al. Identifying athletes at risk of hamstring strains and how to protect them. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2004; 31(8): Brockett CL, Morgan DL, and Proske U. Predicting hamstring strain injury in elite athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004; 36(3): Brooks JH, Fuller CW, Kemp SP, et al. Incidence, risk, and prevention of hamstring muscle injuries in professional rugby union. Am J Sports Med 2006; 34(8): Brughelli M and Cronin J. Altering the length-tension relationship with eccentric exercise : implications for performance and injury. Sports Medicine 2007; 37(9): Brockett C, Morgan D, and Proske U. Human hamstring muscles adapt to eccentric exercise by changing optimum length. Med Sci Sports Exerc.2001; 33(5): Clark R, Bryant A, Culgan J, et al. The effects of eccentric hamstring strength training on dynamic jumping performance and isokinetic strength parameters: a pilot study on the implications for the prevention of hamstring injuries. Phys Ther Sport. 2005:6(2): Kilgallon M, Donnelly AE, Shafat A.Progressive resistance training temporarily alters hamstring torque-angle relationship. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007;17(1): Mjølsnes R, Arnason A, Østhagen T, et al. A 10-week randomized trial comparing eccentric vs. concentric hamstring strength training in well-trained soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports ;14(5): Brughelli M, Nosaka K, Cronin J. Application of eccentric exercise on an Australian Rules football player with recurrent hamstring injuries. Phys Ther Sport. 2009; 10(2):75-80.

5 40. Arnason A, Andersen TE, Holme I, et al. Prevention of hamstring strains in elite soccer: an intervention study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2008;18(1): Askling C, Karlsson J, and Thorstensson A. Hamstring injury occurrence in elite soccer players after preseason strength training with eccentric overload. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2003; 13(4): Petersen J, Thorborg K, Nielsen MB, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Hölmich P.Preventive Effect of Eccentric Training on Acute Hamstring Injuries in Men's Soccer: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Sports Med Nov; 39(11): Brughelli M, Cronin J. Preventing Hamstring Injuries in Sport. Strength & Conditioning Journal Mason DL, Dickens V, Vail A. Rehabilitation for hamstring injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1). Review. 45. Sole G, Milosavljevic S, Nicholson H, Sullivan SJ.Altered muscle activation following hamstring injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2012; 46(2): Novacheck TF. The biomechanics of running. Gait Posture 1998; 7(1): Visser JJ, Hoogkamer JE, Bobbert MF, Huijing PA. Length and moment arm of human leg muscles as a function of knee and hip-joint angles. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1990; 61(5-6): Hawkins D, Hull ML. A method for determining lower extremity muscle-tendon lengths during flexion/extension movements. J Biomech. 1990; 23(5): Askling, CM, Tengvar, M, Saartok, T, et al. Acute first-time hamstring strains during highspeed running: a longitudinal study including clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Am J Sports Med. 2007; 35(2):

6 50. Kubota J, Ono T, Araki M, Torii S, et al. Non-uniform changes in magnetic resonance measurements of the semitendinosus muscle following intensive eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol ;101(6): Mendiguchia J, Garrues MA, Cronin JB, Contreras B, et al. Non-uniform changes in MRI measurements of the thigh muscles following two hamstring strengthening exercises. J Strength Cond Res In press. 52. Ono T, Higashihara A, Fukubayashi T.Hamstring functions during hip-extension exercise assessed with electromyography and magnetic resonance imaging. Res Sports Med. 2011;19(1): Lieber RL, Fridén J. Muscle damage is not a function of muscle force but active muscle strain. J Appl Physiol. 1993; 74(2): Schache AG, Kim HJ, Morgan DL et al. Hamstring muscle forces prior to and immediately following an acute sprinting-related muscle strain injury. Gait Posture. 2010;32(1): Barroso R, Roschel H, Ugrinowitsch C, et al. Effect of eccentric contraction velocity on muscle damage in repeated bouts of elbow flexor exercise.appl Physiol Nutr Metab ;35(4): Fleck, S.J., Kraemer, W.J. (2004). Designing resistance training programs. 3rd ed. Humankinetics, Hortobagyi, T., Barrier, J., Beard, D. et al. Greater initial adaptations to submaximal muscle lengthening than maximal shortening. J Appl Physiol.1996: 81(4), Friedmann-Bette B, Bauer T, Kinscherf R, et al. Effects of strength training with eccentric overload on muscle adaptation in male athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010; 108(4): Chen TC, Chen HL, Lin MJ, et al. Potent protective effect conferred by four bouts

7 of low-intensity eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010; 42(5): Lavender AP, Nosaka K. A light load eccentric exercise confers protection against a subsequent bout of more demanding eccentric exercise. J Sci Med Sport Jun; 11(3): Cheung K, Hume P, Maxwell L. Delayed onset muscle soreness: treatment strategies and performance factors. Sports Med. 2003; 33(2): Review. 62. Friedmann, B., Kinscherf, R., Vorwald, S. et al. Muscular adaptations to computer-guided strength training with eccentric overload. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 2004: 182, Dudley, G. A., Tesch, P. A., Miller, B. J. et al.importance of eccentric actions in performance adaptations to resistance training. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, 1991: 62, Ryschon, T. W., Fowler, M. D., Wysong, R.,et al. Efficiency of human skeletal muscle in vivo: Comparison of isometric, concentric, and eccentric muscle action. Journal of Applied Physiology,1997: 83(3), Allen DG. Eccentric muscle damage: mechanisms of early reduction of force. Acta Physiol Scand. 2001; 171(3): Review. 66. Kraemer WJ, Gardiner DF, Gordon SE Differential effects of exhaustive cycle ergometry on concentric and eccentric torque production.j Sci Med Sport. 2001;4(3): McHugh MP.Recent advances in the understanding of the repeated bout effect: the protective effect against muscle damage from a single bout of eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports ;13(2): Review. 68. Proske U, Morgan DL.Muscle damage from eccentric exercise: mechanism, mechanical signs, adaptation and clinical applications. J Physiol. 2001; 1; 537 (Pt 2):

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