Evaluation of muscle activity on different surfaces

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1 International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 214 Available online at ISSN X / Vol, 8 (6): Science Explorer Publications Evaluation of muscle activity on different surfaces Pedram Pourmahmoudian 1, Hooman Minoonejad 2, Ali Ashraf Jamshidi 3, Esmaeil Mozafaripour 4 1. MSc student of, Department of Sport Medicine and Hygiene, Faculty of Physical education and Sport 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Health & Sport Medicine Faculty of Physical education & Sport 3. Assistant Professor Department of Physical therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation University of Iran, Tehran, Iran 4. MSc student of, Department of Sport Medicine and Hygiene, Faculty of Physical education and Sport Corresponding Author ppourmahmoudian@ut.ac.ir ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to investigate Electromyographic activation of Biceps femoris, Rectus Femoris and Gluteus Medius muscles during Tuck jump exercise on ground, tatami and wrestling s in men athletes' to identify the changes is made in muscle activity when doing exercise on different surfaces. In this research 19 athletes (Height: 1/74±6 cm, 65/1±4/4 kg weight and 23±1/6 years) participated voluntarily and statistical variance analysis method of repeated measures was used to investigate the muscle activity in three phase of jumping feed forward, landing feed forward and landing feedback. The order of doing movement on surfaces was randomly. The results showed there weren't significant differences (p.5) in these muscles activity rates in all three phase and just the activation of Gluteus Medius muscle in landing feedback was more. Single leg hop exercise in sagittal plane showed the most activity on biceps femoris and single leg hop in frontal plane showed the most activity on Gluteus medius. The muscles activation rates in this kinds of surfaces is similar and using different surfaces in sport activity for decreasing or increasing muscle activity is useless. Key word: Unstable surface, Gluteus Medius, Electromyographic activity, Biceps Femoris, Tuck Jump INTRODUCTION In many sports there are different surfaces such as sand, grass and s that people do their sport activities on them. One of the most important aspects in manufacture and use of this type of sport surfaces is improving athletic performance(baroud, Nigg, & Stefanyshyn, 1999; Stefanyshyn & Nigg, 23). It has been suggested previously that the main features of exercise surface for improving athletic performance is Storage, re-use of energy and reducing the incidence of sports injuries, that means if part of an athlete's energy that is need for walking and jumping, we be able to provide with the surface (such as trampoline), athlete can do movements more effective(baroud et al., 1999; Stefanyshyn & Nigg, 23), and these surfaces with appropriate structure will prevent from the occurrence of sport injuries, also be able to use these surfaces in the programs of injury prevention and rehabilitation(clark & Burden, 25; Kidgell, Horvath, Jackson, & Seymour, 27). This various benefits that can be obtained from different surfaces increased use and study of them (Saeterbakken & Fimland, 213; Stefanyshyn & Nigg, 23). Anderson et al (25) announced Increased activity in soleus and body surface muscles in squat with a resistance equal to 6% of body weight on an unstable surface (balance disc) compared to stable surfaces(anderson & Behm, 25), that Wahl et al (28) have observed increased activity in the soleus and external oblique muscles In the isometric squat with 6 flexion of the knee on Swiss Ball and Balance board Compared to Dyna disc and ground, they also stated that the activity of rectus femoris, Biceps femoris and electro Spain were similar at different levels(wahl & Behm, 28), but Saeterbakken et al (213) which examined the force output and EMG activity of the trunk and lower limb muscles of men in the isometric squat on various surfaces, Declared the force output values decreased with increasing surface smoothness and EMG values of all muscles on all surfaces were similar except for Rectus femoris that this Muscle on the ground showed more activity(saeterbakken & Fimland, 213). McBride et al (21) also expressed reduced lower limb muscle activity on unstable surfaces compared with stable surfaces(mcbride, Larkin, Dayne, Haines, & Kirby,

2 21). in study of dynamic movements, Prieske et al (213) investigated the performance and activities of trunk and hip muscles during Drop jumps & landing on stable and unstable surfaces and declared when jumping on unstable surface, jump height decrease, ground reaction force increase and the amount of muscle activity will decrease while there was no change in trunk muscle activity(prieske et al., 213). Previous studies show that about Muscle activity in soft and unstable surfaces there are various contradictions(mcbride, Cormie, & Deane, 26; McBride et al., 21; Prieske et al., 213; Saeterbakken & Fimland, 213; Wahl & Behm, 28), and Much of this researches have been studied the motions which are static or closed chain(anderson & Behm, 25; Saeterbakken & Fimland, 213), Also some athletes to prevent over use injury tend to use surfaces that will reduce muscle activity, while there are conflicting data in this field(mcbride et al., 26; Prieske et al., 213; Saeterbakken & Fimland, 213) and most of surfaces previously have been studied are rarely used in Sport fields(saeterbakken & Fimland, 213). So the aim of this study is to evaluate EMG activity of the biceps femoris, rectus femoris and gluteus medius muscles during tuck jump exercise on ground, tatami and wrestling s in men athletes'. METHODOLOGY This study was based on a single group and the methodology which has been used is applied and comparative descriptive. In this research 19 collegiate athletes participated without lower limbs injury background in the last six months and the knee injury during the whole sport age, and they had three sessions of exercise in week and in each session they had at least half an hour of exercise. Their average height was 1/74±6 centimeter, and the average weight was 65/1±4/4 kilogram, and the average age was 23±1/6. They were participated in the research voluntarily. To investigate the electrical activity of the muscles a surface Electromyography device used, named model ME6 produced by Mega Company in Finland. In this study disposable surface electrodes made of Ag/AgcCl F-RG1 in rectangular form has been used; which they are made by Skintact in Australia. The preparation process of the skin for attaching electrodes includes shaving hair and cleaning the area with alcohol in order to make the surface ready for attaching electrodes and reducing the resistance of skin. To locate the position of electrodes, touching of skeleton and isometric contraction has been used. Diameter of the electrodes is one centimeter and the space between the electrodes is two centimeters. Electrodes were examined in the direction of the muscle fibers. The location of Gluteus medius muscle s electrodes is, in the middle of the space between the great trochanter and protruded face of Iliac crest, five centimeters posterior to the anterior superior iliac spines and three to four centimeter lower of iliac crest, the location of Rectus Femoris electrode was in the middle of anterior superior iliac spine and above of patella and the electrode in direction of biceps femoris is in 5 percent point space between ischial tuberosity to fibula s head on the abdominal(hermens, Freriks, Disselhorst-Klug, & Rau, 2). All the electromyography data collected from the people s premier foot (the foot which is used for kicking the ball) and with sampling frequency of 1. After providing a complete description of exercise (table 1) each person was asked to do the exercise and the practice runs 5 times. Then the athlete subjects did each set of exercise three times and the average electromyography activities were considered in three replicates were considered for the calculations. The order of doing these exercises for each participant was random (so exhaustion would not have a persistent effect on a movement). After doing each sample movement they rested for one minute. Exercise description Table 1. How to do Tuck Jump Tuck jump (Hewett, Stroupe, Nance, & Noyes, 1996) While the feet distance is in straight line with shoulder the athlete begins the movement. The athlete pulls his arms towards his back; the upper body is bent slightly downward and forward. Then athlete swings forward his hands, and simultaneously jumps towards the top and brings the knees up as high as possible. At highest point of the jump, the athlete will be placed in a position where the thighs are parallel with the ground. Electromyography activity of each muscle is calculated in three phases of jumping feed forward, landing feed forward and landing feedback in exercise. landing Feed forward phase in a time span of 2 milli seconds( from 16 milli seconds before the foot touching the ground to 4 milli seconds after ground touch) (Lephart et al., 25), feed forward phase in a time span of 2 milli seconds( from 2 milli seconds before Detachment from the land) and feedback phase in a time span of 1 milli seconds (from 4 milli seconds after touching ground to 14 milli seconds after touching ground) (Lephart et al., 25) is considered. Electromyography data regularized by the square root of mean square (RMS) and in 15 milli seconds windows. Maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) of muscle were during knee flexion and hip adduction (for biceps femoris and gluteus medius respectively) (Hislop & Montgomery, 22). To allow comparison between 693

3 subjects EMG values obtained by calculating the root mean square, the values obtained were divided by the maximum voluntary contraction of each muscle; and muscle activity rate is considered as a percentage of maximum voluntary contraction. Each state of maximum voluntary contraction repeats twice and each time for three seconds and then the average of data is used. To analyze the collected data SPSS software version 18 is used. And also for investigation of normal distribution of variables K-S ( Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test) is used, and for comparison of muscle activity during exercises Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance is used. P-Value of the study is considered p.5. RESULTS The amounts of muscle activity relative to maximal voluntary isometric contractions are in Figures 1 to 3. Results of repeated measures ANOVA revealed that in biceps femoris muscle activity in all three phases (jumping feed forward, landing feed forward and landing feedback) there is no significant differences on Ground, Tatami and wrestling s (p.5) (figure 1). Biceps femoris.2 Feedback. Landing landing Figure1. Results show there isn't any significant differences (p.5) in the Gluteus Medius muscle activity in all three phases (jumping feed forward, landing feed forward and landing feedback) on Ground, Tatami and wrestling s, although the amount of feedback activation on the ground is more than the other surfaces (figure 2). Feed back. Landing Feed forwad. Landing Feed forwad. Gluteus medius Figure2. In investigating rectus femoris muscle activity, like the previous muscles there is no significant differences (p.5) in all three phases on the three surfaces (figure 3). 694

4 Feedback. Landing Landing Rectus femoris Figure3. DISCUSSION Preliminary findings of this study shows there isn't any significant differences (p.5) in the Gluteus Medius, Biceps Femoris and Rectus Femoris muscles activity in all three phases (jumping feed forward, landing feed forward and landing feedback) of movement on Ground, Tatami and wrestling s. Anderson et al (25) announced in squat with a resistance equal to 6% of body weight on an unstable surface (disc balance) compared to stable surfaces the biceps femoris activation was similar(anderson & Behm, 25). Wahl et al (28) stated similar activation of Biceps femoris in the isometric squat with 6 flexion of the knee on Swiss Ball, Balance board, Dyna disc and ground (Wahl & Behm, 28). Saeterbakken et al (213) expressed the EMG activity of this muscle in the isometric squat on different surfaces was similar (Saeterbakken & Fimland, 213). Also Prieske et al (213) declared the Biceps femoris activity during Drop jumps & landing on stable and unstable surfaces is similar (Prieske et al., 213), that the results of our study are consistent with them. In our study, similar values were obtained for rectus femoris but Michael et al (28) and McBride et al (21) that conducted a dynamic form of squat, reported reduced activity of this muscle on unstable surface (McBride et al., 21; Wahl & Behm, 28) and On the other hand Saeterbakken et al (213) reported Rectus femoris EMG values showed higher values on the ground that the squat they did was isometric and this can be the reason of difference(saeterbakken & Fimland, 213). Prieske et al (213) expressed Similar activity of Gluteus medius during Drop jumps & landing On stable and unstable surfaces(prieske et al., 213) that we also in this research find similar activity values for Gluteus Medius and only the values of landing feedback phase on ground was more than the two surfaces, but McBride et al (21) reported reduced muscle activity in squat that this difference could be due to the static phase of their movement(mcbride et al., 21). In some sports such as alpine skiing athletes do resistance training (static and dynamic) on soft and unstable surfaces to exert more force(prieske et al., 213) that the results of our research indicates that the lower limb muscles activity is almost the same and do not apply more force and also in the closed-chain movements there is conflicting data(mcbride et al., 26; McBride et al., 21; Prieske et al., 213; Saeterbakken & Fimland, 213; Stefanyshyn & Nigg, 23; Wahl & Behm, 28). However most previous studies have stated the amounts of muscle activity are almost the same or have reduced (Prieske et al., 213; Saeterbakken & Fimland, 213; Wahl & Behm, 28). CONCLUSION Overall, our results indicates that the amounts of muscle activity in three phase of jumping feed forward, landing feed forward and landing feedback are the same and use of another kinds surfaces in sport for reducing or increasing muscle activity is useless. REFERENCES Anderson K, Behm DG.25. Trunk muscle activity increases with unstable squat movements. Can J Appl Physiol, 3(1), Baroud G, Nigg BM, Stefanyshyn D Energy storage and return in sport surfaces. Sports Engineering, 2, Clark Victoria M, Burden Adrian M. 25. A 4-week wobble board exercise programme improved muscle onset latency and perceived stability in individuals with a functionally unstable ankle. Physical therapy in sport, 6(4), Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Disselhorst-Klug C, Rau G.2. Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 1(5),

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