Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline

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1 133 Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline February 2018 Volume 21 Number 1 Editor-in-Chief Official Research Journal Tommy of Boone, the American PhD, MB Review Society Board of Exercise Todd Physiologists Astorino, PhD Julien Baker, PhD Steve ISSN Brock, PhD Lance Dalleck, PhD Eric Goulet, PhD Robert Gotshall, PhD Alexander Hutchison, Ph M. Knight-Maloney, PhD Len Kravitz, PhD James Laskin, PhD Yit Aun Lim, PhD Lonnie Lowery, PhD Derek Marks, PhD Cristine Mermier, PhD Robert Robergs, PhD Chantal Vella, PhD Dale Wagner, PhD Frank Wyatt, PhD Ben Zhou, PhD Official Research Journaothe American Society oexercise Physiologists ISSN JEPonline Assessment of Cardiorespiratory Capacity of Muay Thai Athletes Using Two Different Ergometers Wilson Luis Borges Junior 1,3, Valter Mariano dos Santos Junior 1,2,3, Eliéser Ozório De Souza 1, Rafaela De Lima Lisboa 1, Diego Adorna Marine 3, Marco Antônio de Lima 3, Rodrigo Ferro Magosso 3, Carla Nascimento dos Santos Rodrigues 3, Vanessa de Oliveira Furino 3, Fernando Fabrizzi 3, Cassio Mascarenhas Robert Pires 3, Marieli Ramos Stocco 4, Júlio César Takehara 3,5, Ana Cláudia Garcia de Oliveira Duarte 3 1 Núcleo de Vivências Corporais / Faculdade de Educação Física / Fundação Educacional de Votuporanga, SP, Brasil, 2 Faculdade de Medicina / Fundação Educacional de Votuporanga, SP, Brasil, 3 Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo Aplicados ao Exercício / Departamento de Educação Física / Programa Interinstitucional de Pós- Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas / Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Paulo, Brasil, 4 Faculdade de Fisioterapia / Universidade Estadual de Norte do Paraná/Jacarezinho, PR, Brasil, 5 Faculdade de Educação Física/Universidade Estadual de Roraima/Boa Vista, RR, Brasil ABSTRACT Borges Junior WL, Santos Junior VM, Souza EO, Lisboa RL, Marine DA, Lima MA, Magosso R, Rodrigues CNS, Furino VO, Fabrizzi F, Pires CMR, Stocco MR, Takehara, JC, Duarte ACGO. Assessment of Cardiorespiratory Capacity of Muay Thai Athletes Using Two Different Ergometers. JEPonline 2018;21(1): This study compared the cardiorespiratory capacity of six Muay Thai athletes using a rowing ergometer and a treadmill ergometer. The subjects were submitted to a progressive effort test during which a metabolic gas analyzer was used to determine cardiorespiratory capacity. During the progressive rowing and treadmill tests, the subjects presented statistically significant differences in VO 2 max of 48.9 ± 11.6, VCO ± 12.9, V E 93.1 ± 58.7, and R 1.1 ± 0.1, and VO 2 max 42.4 ± 11.0, VCO ± 19.0, V E 96.6 ± 36.3, and R 1.4 ± 0.3, respectively. The findings indicate that the progressing rowing test resulted in a greater amount of overall physiological work and, thus should be taken into consideration when determining the training effects of the Muay Thai athletes. Key Words: Ergometric Rowing, Muay Thai, Treadmill, VO 2 max

2 134 INTRODUCTION Muay Thai is regarded as a martial art that requires its practitioners to execute complex skills and tactical excellence for success. It has Thai origin that is characterized as a percussion fight, by its rules of action. In this fight are used upper members like punches and elbows and also inferior like kicks and knees. (3) In Brazil, Muay Thai is a sport that has recently gained prominence. But, a pre-defined training parameter has not yet been established for the sport, thus requiring the adjustment of the athlete's preparation to obtain a high performance. Having evaluation parameters is essential for any sport, because through these can develop specific training for improvement in performance. It can be said that all sports have a predefined parameter for them to prepare the correct training, to evaluate if the athlete is progressing or is dropping his level of performance (4,5,7). This happens because, over time, the old masters on many occasions had difficulty in providing and improving specific methodologies that compete with physical conditioning, staying only in the technical improvement of the modality. In addition to not having many records documented and when they do exist, they are in the hands of few people that may have influenced the evolution of sports training in Muay Thai. Thus, the traditions were passed only orally, from master to disciple or from father to son. In ancient history, many individuals manifested their traditions in dances, fights, ceremonies, hunting, in the defense of territory, and even in festivities (6). The evaluation of the athletes functional capacity is important to better understand the athletes training. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) is typically the measure of aerobic performance under medium and high intensity conditions. In particular, it can be used to better understand the training program as well the means to generating an exercise prescription to meet a specific exercise intensity agenda. It is also used to assess the longitudinal follow-up of athletes. The literature reinforces the relevance of this evaluation in epidemiological studies with trained individuals (3,5,7). Thus, it is important that the method by which the athlete is tested is understood and used appropriately during follow-up exams. METHODS Subjects Six male individuals, aged 25 to 35 yrs, living in the city of Votuporanga-SP, Brazil were enrolled in this study. A pre-and post-test electrocardiogram (ECG), stature, body mass, and blood pressure at rest and after exercise, and 24 hrs after the treadmill test were performed on a retractable treadmill using a mask for collecting metabolic responses. All athletes were submitted to the same test using ergometric rowing (Concept II - VT, USA). A Bionet digital electrocardiograph, Cardiotouch 3000 model, was used for the study to record and analyze the subjects ECG before and after exertion. An Inbramed treadmill (model Mileniun) and a VO2000 MedGraphics gas analyzer with the software Micromed ErgoPC Elite 3.2 (Brasilia, Brazil); Welmy brand scale, model RIW 2000 were used to assess the subjects respiratory gases.

3 135 Procedures The subjects were informed about the progressive effort tests they would be submitted to, after written consent was given with the test. In compliance with the requirements of resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council on research involving human beings, athletes agreed to voluntarily participate in the research, signing a Free and Informed Consent Term (TCLE). The research project and the consent term were previously approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the University Center of Votuporanga under No. 2,363,202, CAAE: Statistical Analyses The data were submitted to analysis of the statistical distribution by the Kolmogorov- Smirnov test, since all values presented normality. Numerical variables (age, height, weight, V E, VO 2 max, VCO 2 and R) were compared within the group using the dependent t-test. Statistical significance was set at an alpha level of P<0.05. All analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel software, SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), version 22.0 and Stata Corporation. A sample size calculation was performed that indicated a minimal number of 6 subjects. The confidence interval adopted was 90%. Values were expressed as mean and standard deviation. RESULTS In relation to the variables evaluated in this study, Table 1 presents the variables related to age, height, and body weight of the 6 Muay Thai athletes. Table 1. The Profile of the Athletes Participating in the Study. Variables Mean ± SD Age (yrs) Stature (cm) Weight (kg) N 6 Regarding the variables evaluated in this study, Table 2 presents the athletes respiratory measures during the two different methods (i.e., rowing and treadmill) of testing the athletes.

4 136 Table 2. Results of the Dependent Variables of the 6 Muay Thai Athletes. Variables Progressive Rowing Treadmill P VO 2 (ml kg -1 min -1 ) VCO 2 (ml kg -1 min -1 ) V E (L min -1 ) R N 6 6 DISCUSSION The evaluated group presented values of VO 2 within the expected range for this age group. The data can be explained since the progressive loss of muscular mass characteristic of the advancing age has direct interference in the consumption of oxygen as seen in other studies (2). In all variables, statistical significance was found, which can be understood due to the specificities found in each one of the ergometers. However, Muay Thai stands out as being a fight that requires a lot metabolic responses on behalf of the individual. Thus, the athletes preparation should encompass both aerobic and anaerobic training methods. Another very important point about Muay Thai and the findings in the present study is that there is a great shortage of studies involving VO 2 and CO 2 production in practitioners of this modality (1). One of the hypotheses that can be presented to affirm the difference in VO 2 between the two ergometers is that the specificity of the movements performed in the ergometers is linked to the individual's movement economy. When performing a movement several times, both in training and in competition, there are predictable adaptations that take place in the athletes physiological and biomechanical responses. These adaptations have an influence on their VO 2 during the same activity. The techniques used by the Muay Thai athletes require constant recruitment of the upper and lower limbs. In the long term, this training contributes directly to the metabolic adaptations specific to consuming oxygen for muscle contraction in the activities that present themselves as similar pattern of movements. Thus, the physiologic behavior of VO 2 tends to be repeated. The reduction of VO 2 in the treadmill exercise by these athletes seems to be the result of the metabolic adaptation that allow for the muscle to perform more efficiently in the use of oxygen during the activity (8,9).

5 137 CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that the progressing rowing test resulted in greater physiological work (except for expired ventilation) and, therefore, should be taken into consideration when determining the training effects of the Muay Thai athletes. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Fundação Educacional de Votuporanga together with the Medicine and Physical Education courses for enabling the means and structure necessary for the development of study. We also thank Universidade Federal de São Carlos for its invaluable support and support. Address for correspondence: Valter Mariano dos Santos Junior, Center for Body Experience, Centro Universitário de Votuporanga, Votuporanga, São Paulo, Brazil, REFERENCES 1. Crisafulli A, Vitelli S, Cappai I, Milia R, Tocco F, Melis F, et al. Physiological responses and energy cost during a simulation of a Muay Thai boxing match. Appl Physiol Nutri Metabol. 2009;34(2): Curtis E, Litwic A, Cooper C, Dennison E. Determinants of muscle and bone aging. J Cell Physiol. 2015;230(11): Gartalad S, Malik M, Lovell M. Injury and injury rates in Muay Thai kick boxing. Brit J Sports Med. 2001; Herdy AH, Uhlendorf D. Valores de Referência para o Teste Cardiopulmonar para Homens e Mulheres Sedentários e Ativos. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. 2011; Malta RB. Avaliação de diferentes programas de treinamento aeróbio sobre a aptidão aeróbia Julho. 6. Rapokiewicz JAdS, Nunes JP, Mayhew JL, Ribeiro AS, Nabuco HCG, Fávero MT, et al. Effects of Muay Thai training frequency on body composition and physical fitness in healthy untrained women. J Sports Med Phys Fit. 2017;12(5). 7. Silva BDd, Angelo CdS, Medeiros AFRd, Sczepanski F, Brunnquell CR. Comparative analysis of prediction equations for estimating maximum oxygen consumption and applicability of equations from the shuttle walk test incremental in young women. Revista Brasileira do Movimento. 2017;Jan: Tartaruga MP. Relationship between running economy and biomechanical variables in distance runners. (Online).

6 Vaseenon T, Intharasompan P, Wattanarojanapom T, et al. Foot and ankle problems in Muay Thai kickboxers. J Med Assoc Thai. 2015;95(1): Disclaimer The opinions expressed in JEPonline are those of the authors and are not attributable to JEPonline, the editorial staff or the ASEP organization.