EFFECTS OF ACUTE AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC EXERCISE ON HUMORAL IMMUNE FACTORS IN ELITE ATHLETES

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1 EFFECTS OF ACUTE AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC EXERCISE ON HUMORAL IMMUNE FACTORS IN ELITE ATHLETES K. Karacabey 1, İ. Peker 2, Ö. Saygın 3, F. Cıloglu 4, R. Ozmerdivenli 1, V. Bulut 5 Fırat Unıversity, The school of Physical Education and Sports, Elazig, Turkey 1 Marmara Unıversıty, Facullty of Engıneerıng Department of Chemıcal Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey 2 Muğla Unıversity, The School of Physical Education and Sports, Mugla, Turkey 3 GENLAB Medical Diagnostics and Research Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey 4 Firat University Medicine Faculty, Immunology Department, Elazig, Turkey 5 ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute aerobic and anaerobic on humoral immune system parameters (IgA, IgG, IgM, C3, C4) in elite sportsman. Forty elite volleyball players and twenty healthy age-matched sedentary subjects were enrolled in this study. Subjects in the group were randomly divided into two groups. Twenty athletes forming Group 1 (G1) performed 30-minutes of aerobic on treadmill after determination of workload using the Karvonen protocol. Twenty athletes forming Group 2 (G2) performed anaerobic for 30 seconds according to the Wingate test protocol. The sedentary subjects were enrolled as the control group. Blood samples were obtained from the control group once and five times from the groups (prior to, immediately post, 4 hours post, and two and five days after the protocol). Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin M (IgM), complement C3 and C4 levels were determined from each sample. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows; and comparisons were made using Kruskal Wallis Variance Analysis and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests. p<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Initial heart rate and blood pressure values were significantly higher in the sedentary group where as IgA and IgG levels of the athletes were higher than the sedentary subjects (p<0.05). C3 and C4 values of the athletes were found to be suppressed immediately after both of the protocols as compared to the pre- values (p<0.05). Four hours post either protocols, none of the values were significant as compared to the pre values. two and five days of aerobic the IgA, IgG and IgM levels of athletes were significantly increased as compared to pre levels (p<0.05). In G2 there were no significant changes in IgA, IgG or IgM values. In conclusion, this study suggests that regularly performed moderate affects hormone release and enhances some of the humoral immune system parameters (IgA, IgG or IgM) while maximal stressing the organism suppresses these parameters. But, there still remains a need for further studies to fully explain the mechanism responsible for the influence of on the immune system. Introduction Regular with moderate impact is known to strengthen the immune system and increase the resistance against stress (6, 13, 20, 25, 27, 34). Since many studies have shown that regular moderate positively influences cytokines, immunoglobulins, complement and lenfosite pa- 175 Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Eq. 19/2005/1

2 rameters, there have been follow-up studies that stress the importance of recommending moderate physical activity to strengthen the immune system in certain groups of people (2, 5, 6, 13, 16, 19, 25, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 43, 44). While moderate can strengthen the immune system, it is also known that maximal can suppress the immune system (3, 14, 17, 20). The influence of moderate and maximal on the immune system is also important for the trainers and coaches who work with amateur and professional athletes. The mechanisms that result in increasing immune resistance will need to be further researched by looking at the cellular factors associated with the immune system. Moderate may stimulate the immune system but hard training actually suppresses the immune system, thus increasing the risk of infection (42). The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of acute aerobic and anaerobic on IgA, IgM, IgG, C3 and C4 values of elite athletes. Materials and Methods Forty elite male athletes who have been playing volleyball three times a week for 120 minutes each for at least 5 years and 20 healthy age-matched sedentary control males were enrolled in this prospective and cross-sectional study. Exclusion criteria were history or finding of chronic cardiovascular, endocrine or immune diseases. The athletes were separated into two groups G1 and G2 using the random number tables. G1 (n=20) performed aerobic while G2 (n=20) performed anaerobic. The control group (n=20) was the sedentary group. For all the groups age, height, weight and laboratory parameters of IgA, IgG, IgM, C3 and C4 were measured with the groups having the measurements before and after the period. The aerobic group was d 30 minutes on a treadmill (Star Track Tr 900) at % of their maximum heart rate based on 70% of their indirectly calculated maxvo2 value by using the Karvonen protocol (1, 25). During the heart rate was monitored using a heart rate monitor (Polar). For the anaerobic group Wingate power test (1) was used. For all the groups blood pressure measurements were also taken.for the control group, blood was taken at 8.30 am and for the groups blood was taken prior to at 8.30 am, immediately following, four hours post and finally two and five days following. In the Immunology laboratory IgA, IgG IgM, Complement C3 and C4 were measured (Schiapperelli Biosystems, USA). For the statistical analysis SPSS for windows version 10.0-computer program was used. For intergroup analysis of continuous results, Kruskall Wallis variants analysis and for parameters with p<0.05 Mann Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction was used. For repeating measurements in the groups, Friedman variants analysis and for parameters with p< 0.05 Wilcoxon Rank test was used and values with p<0.05 was accepted as being statistically significant. Results and Discussion There are differing opinions as to the effects of on the immune system but all researchers agree that there are some changes in the immune system with (25, 26, 35). Even though many models have been suggested to explain these changes, no one model is able to explain all the changes by itself (9, 29, 35, 39). The results can be influenced by such factors as the type, duration and intensity of the as well as the characteristics of the athletes investigated, their genetic make-up and the study design (8, 26). During, some of the intervascular fluid passes to the intracellular space Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Eq. 19/2005/1 176

3 Physical properties of the groups (mean±standard deviation). TABLE 1 G1 (n=20) G2 (n=20) G3 (n=20) P value Age (year) 20.80± ± ±1.25 >0.05 Height (cm) 188± ± ±6.2 2 <0.05 Body weight(kg) 82.40± ± ± <0.05 Max VO ± ± ± <0.0.1 Years of active sports (year) 6.5±1.4 6,5± Resting Heart Rate (beat/minute) 56,3±3,2 55,5±4,7 75,4±5,7 <0.05 Systolic Blood Pressure (mmhg) 129,5±2,8 128,6±3,1 131,6±3,7 Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmhg) 72,1±1,8 73±13,1 78±2,7 G1- Aerobic grup, G2 Anaerobic grup, G3 Sedentery grup 1,2 = statistically significant difference between mean values (Mann Whitney U test). Pre- immune system parameters (mean±standard deviation) TABLE 2 G1 (n=20) G2 (n=20) G3 (n=20) p-value IgA (g/lt) 2.03± ± ± <0.05 IgG (g/lt) 16.35± ± ± <0.01 IgM (g/lt) 1.28± ± ±0.87 >0.05 C3 1.78± ± ±0.02 >0.05 C4 0.24± ± ±0.07 >0.05 G1- Aerobic grup, G2 Anaerobic grup, G3 Sedentery grup 1,2 = statistically significant difference between mean values (Mann Whitney U test). leading to increased concentration of erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and plasma proteins in the blood. This change is even more apparent after intensive. One of the reasons for this is an increase especially in the systolic blood pressure; another reason is the increased osmotic pressure due to the increase of intracellular metabolic products causing fluid to collect between the cells (15,23). In this study, the effects of acute aerobic and anaerobic on the humoral immune system parameters were studied. Upon comparison of the physical findings, the athletes were found to be taller and heavier then the sedentary group (p<0.05). Initial heart rate and blood pressure values were significantly higher in the sedentary group (Table 1). Pre- immune system parameters show that athletes have higher baseline values of IgA and IgG (Table 2). This meaningful increase in IgA and IgG values of athletes at baseline as compared to the sedentary group can be taken as the immune boosting effect of habitual moderate. This agrees with Mackinon and Smith s findings that has immune boosting short and longterm effects on the immune system (26,43). Some researchers have shown that in elite marathon runners baseline IgG, IgA, and IgM values are similar to the sedentary subjects (10, 19, 21, 29) while others show that IgG levels are higher initially during training (18, 22, 26, 31). In the aerobic group (G1) of this study, comparing the pre and immediately post values, C3 and C4 were found to be significantly lower (p<0.05), where as the changes in IgA, IgG and IgM values were 177 Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Eq. 19/2005/1

4 TABLE 3 before and immediately after aerobic for IgA (g/lt) 2.03± ±1.23 >0.05 IgG (g/lt) 16.35± ±1.87 >0.05 IgM (g/lt) 1.28± ±0.47 >0.05 C3 (g/lt) 1.78± ±0.03 <0.001 C4 (g/lt) 0.24± ±0.02 <0.001 TABLE 6 before and 5 days after aerobic for IgA (g/lt) 2.03± ±0.25 <0.001 IgG (g/lt) 16.35± ±1.37 <0.05 IgM (g/lt) 1.28± ±0.74 <0.001 C3 (g/lt) 1.78± ±0.02 >0.05 C4 (g/lt) 0.24± ±0.02 >0.05 TABLE 4 before and 4 hours after aerobic for P value IgA (g/lt) 2.03± ±0.95 >0.05 IgG (g/lt) 16.35± ±1.87 >0.05 IgM (g/lt) 1.28± ±0.10 >0.05 C3 (g/lt) 1.78± ±0.04 >0.05 C4 (g/lt) 0.24± ±0.02 >0.05 TABLE 5 before and 2 days after aerobic for P value IgA (g/lt) 2.03± ±1.74 <0.001 IgG (g/lt) 16.35± ±2.82 <0.001 IgM (g/lt) 1.28± ±1.90 <0.001 C3 (g/lt) 1.78± ±0.05 >0.05 C4 (g/lt) 0.24± ±0.02 >0.05 not significant (Table 3). Four hours post aerobic all the values returned to baseline levels (Table 4). Two days post aerobic ; IgA, IgG and IgM values were found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) than pre- values whereas C3 and C4 were not significantly different (Table 5). Five days post aerobic ; IgA, IgG and IgM values remained significantly higher (p<0.05) than pre- TABLE 7 The comparison of the immune system parameters before and immediately after anaerobic in Group 2 (mean±standart deviation) IgA (g/lt) 2.12± ±1.37 >0.05 IgG (g/lt) 15.43± ±1.60 >0.05 IgM (g/lt) 1.25± ±1.56 >0.05 C3 (g/lt) 1.73± ±0.11 <0.05 C4 (g/lt) 0.54± ±0.08 <0.001 TABLE 8 The comparison of the immune system parameters before and 4 hours after anaerobic in Group 2 (mean±standart deviation) IgA (g/lt) 2.12± ±1.17 >0.05 IgG (g/lt) 15.43± ±1.55 >0.05 IgM (g/lt) 1.25± ±0.53 >0.05 C3 (g/lt) 1.73± ±0.28 >0.05 C4 (g/lt) 0.54± ±0.09 >0.05 values whereas C3 and C4 were not significantly different (Table 6). In the anaerobic group (G2), C3 and C4 values were significantly lower immediately post anaerobic (p<0.01) whereas there were no significant changes in IgA, IgG and IgM values (Table 7). All values returned to baseline four hours post anaerobic (Table 8) and remained at baseline at 2 days and 5 days post an- Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Eq. 19/2005/1 178

5 aerobic (Tables 9 and 10 respectively). There are contradictory results on the effects of acute on the immune system in the literature. Nelhsen et. al have shown that acute up to 60 % of max V0 2 leads to a temporary increase in IgA, IgG and IgM values (33). Some studies have shown that IgG and IgM levels increase after a short but maximal (26). Similar results were seen in moderate (11, 33). But Hanson and Flaherty have found no changes in serum immunoglobulins immediately and 24 hours after a 13 km sub maximal (21) but a suppression was seen in serum, salivary and basal immunoglobulin secretions after a lengthy maximal period (37). Rowbottom et. al have shown that acute moderate of one hours duration has lead to a decrease in IgA, IgG and IgM (41). Mackinnon (26) has also shown that again moderate but of longer duration has lead to a significant decrease in plasma IgA and IgM levels whereas no change was observed in IgG levels. Bente et al have shown that in moderate of long duration has lead to a suppression of IgA, IgG and IgM synthesis in cell cultures (4). These changes in the production of immunoglobulins have been related to the stimulation of the central nervous system and the increase of cathecholamines (26). Therefore it can be inferred that the differences among subjects can be attributed to their adaptation to (25, 38). Some studies show that there are changes in the thyroid hormones and an increase in cortisol secretion that comes with (7, 37). The changes in the immune system parameters after acute may be secondary to increased cortisol, cathecholamine and neuropeptide secretion (14, 26, 30, 32, 39). In research done under laboratory conditions, IgA values were suppressed after maximal endurance (40, 19, 20, TABLE 9 The comparison of the immune system parameters before and 2 days after anaerobic in Group 2 (mean±standart deviation) IgA (g/lt) 2.12± ±1.20 >0.05 IgG (g/lt) 15.43± ±1.60 >0.05 IgM (g/lt) 1.25± ±0.53 >0.05 C3 (g/lt) 1.73± ±0.25 >0.05 C4 (g/lt) 0.54± ±0.06 >0.05 TABLE 10 The comparison of the immune system parameters before and 5 days after anaerobic in Group 2 (mean±standart deviation) IgA (g/lt) 2.12± ±1.35 >0.05 IgG (g/lt) 15.43± ±1.59 >0.05 IgM (g/lt) 1.25± ±0.53 >0.05 C3 (g/lt) 1.73± ±0.13 >0.05 C4 (g/lt) 0.54± ±0.10 > ). In bicyclists working at %70- %80 maxvo 2 for 2 hours, IgA concentration was suppressed by 60 % immediately after and remained suppressed for onehour post only to return to baseline values after 24 hours. IgM also shows a similar trend while IgG does not change (12, 19, 20). In conclusion, this study suggests that regularly performed moderate can affect hormone release and enhance some of the humoral immune system parameters while maximal stressing the organism can suppress immune system functions. REFERENCES 1. Adams G.M. (1994) Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual, Brown And Benchmark Publishers, Iowa. p , Bauer T., Weisser B. (2002) Schweiz Rundsch Med. Prax. 30, 91(5), Baum M., Liesen H. (1997) European Journal Of 179 Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Eq. 19/2005/1

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