Heart Transplantation
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- Beverly Liliana Phelps
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1 Heart Transplantation Age and Outcome Mayo Clinic Richard Daly, MD Professor of Surgery Surgical Director Heart & Lung Transplantation 2014 MFMER
2 Rochester, Minnesota 2014 MFMER
3 The frontier practice of William Worrall Mayo and his two sons, William J. and Charles H. Mayo 2014 MFMER
4 The frontier practice of William Worrall Mayo and his two sons, William J. and Charles H. Mayo 2014 MFMER
5 History of Mayo Clinic William J. Mayo Charles H. Mayo 2014 MFMER
6 The Mayo s Clinics Dr. Charlie Mayo conducts a training clinic 2014 MFMER
7 History of Mayo Clinic 1889 St. Marys opens (27 beds, 1 OR) Medical staff: WW, WJ and CH Mayo 2014 MFMER
8 Saint Marys Hospital Beds 1157 ORs MFMER
9 Mayo Clinic 2014 MFMER
10 2014 MFMER
11 Frank Mann 2014 MFMER
12 2014 MFMER
13 General Behavior of the Transplanted Heart After from one to eight days, irregularities became apparent (and) determination of the pulse rate impossible. The surface of the heart was covered with mottled areas of ecchymosis. Histologically the heart was completely infiltrated with lymphocytes, large mononuclears and polymorphonuclears. Mann et al, MFMER
14 2014 MFMER
15 Mayo ClinicCenter for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration Heart Transplantation 573 Transplants (06/01/88-12/31/14) Indications 071/018/ MFMER
16 2014 MFMER
17 Mayo Clinic Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration Pediatric Heart Transplantation 55 Patients (07/10/91 12/31/14) Indications 01/09/ MFMER
18 Mayo Clinic Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration Pediatric CardiacTransplant 55 Patients Transplanted 07/10/91-12/26/ Survival (%) yr survival = 90.1 ± 4.2 (n=40) 5-yr survival = 81.8 ± 6.0 (n=24) Years after transplant 12/31/2014 CP MFMER
19 Mayo Clinic Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration Cardiac Transplantation - Kaplan-Meier Survival 479 Patients Transplanted 06/01/88-12/26/ Survival (%) yr survival = 93.0 ± 1.2 (n=420) 5-yr survival = 83.1 ± 1.8 (n=280) 10-yr survival = 67.9 ± 2.6 (n=162) Years after transplant 12/31/2014 CP MFMER
20 Survival (%) Mayo Clinic Transplant Center Cardiac Transplantation Mayo vs. ISHLT Database ISHLT Database (n=18,236) (n=34,422) /2008 (n=18,661) Mayo 1-yr survival = 92.6±1.3 (n=345) 5-yr survival = 81.2±2.1 (n=230) 10-yr survival = 64.8±3.0 (n=119) P< Years after transplant J Heart Lung Transplant 29 (10):1083, MFMER
21 CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION U.S. Transplants per Year Patients Year UNOS Data, MFMER
22 If outcome after heart transplant is reduced with increased age, is it acceptable to use donor hearts in older patients? 2014 MFMER
23 What do we know about age of the recipient and outcome after heart transplant? 2014 MFMER
24 Adult Heart Transplants Diagnosis by Age Group (Transplants: January 2006 June 2013) years 10% 5% 7% 1% 2% Myopathy Congenital Retx CAD Other Valvular years 2% 2% 37% 1% 3% 74% years 53% 0% 3% 70+ years 58% 1% 2% 56% 2% 1% 41% 3% 0% 37% 2014 For some retransplants diagnosis other than retransplant is reported, so the total percentage of retransplants may JHLT Oct; 33(10): be greater MFMER
25 Survival (%) Adult Heart Transplants Kaplan-Meier Survival by Age Group (Transplants: January 1982 June 2012) Median survival (years): 18-39=12.6; 40-59=10.7; 60-69=9.1; 70+= All pair-wise comparisons were significant at p < 0.05 except vs (N=16,581) (N=58,156) (N=21,679) 70+ (N=733) Years 2014 JHLT Oct; 33(10): MFMER
26 Age is a risk factor for reduced Survival after heart transplantation MFMER
27 ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS (2003-6/2008) Risk Factors For 5 Year Mortality Continuous Factors (see figures) Recipient age Recipient height Recipient BMI Ischemia time Recipient pre-transplant bilirubin Recipient pre-transplant creatinine Donor age Recipient most recent Class I PRA (%) Donor BMI Recipient transpulmonary gradient Transplant center volume 2014 JHLT Oct; 33(10): MFMER
28 ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS (1998-6/2003) Risk Factors For 10 Year Mortality Continuous Factors (see figures) Recipient age Recipient weight Donor age Donor weight Ischemia time Recipient pre-transplant bilirubin Recipient pre-transplant creatinine Transplant center volume 2014 JHLT Oct; 33(10): MFMER
29 ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS (1993-6/1998) Risk Factors For 15 Year Mortality Continuous Factors (see figures) Recipient age Difference in recipient and donor age Recipient BMI Ischemia time Recipient pre-transplant creatinine Transplant center volume 2014 JHLT Oct; 33(10): MFMER
30 Hazard Ratio of 5 Year Mortality ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS (2003-6/2008) Risk Factors For 5 Year Mortality with 95% Confidence Limits Recipient Age p < Recipient Age (years) 2014 JHLT Oct; 33(10): (N = 10,306) 2014 MFMER
31 Hazard Ratio of 10 Year Mortality ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS (1998-6/2003) Risk Factors For 10 Year Mortality with 95% Confidence Limits Recipient Age p < Recipient Age (years) 2014 JHLT Oct; 33(10): (N = 11,641) 2014 MFMER
32 Hazard Ratio of 15 Year Mortality ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS (1993-6/1998) Risk Factors For 15 Year Mortality with 95% Confidence Limits Recipient Age 2.0 p < Recipient Age (years) 2014 JHLT Oct; 33(10): (N = 11,423) 2014 MFMER
33 Hazard Ratio of 20 Year Mortality ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS (1988-6/1993) Risk Factors For 20 Year Mortality with 95% Confidence Limits Recipient Age 2.0 p < Recipient Age (years) 2014 JHLT Oct; 33(10): (N = 19,208) 2014 MFMER
34 Incidence of Cause-Specific Deaths Adult Heart Transplants Cumulative Incidence of Leading Causes of Death (Transplants: January 1994 June 2012) 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% CAV Malignancy (non-lymph/ptld) Graft Failure Renal Failure Acute Rejection Infection (non-cmv) Multiple Organ Failure 0% Years 2014 JHLT Oct; 33(10): MFMER
35 Incidence of Cause-Specific Deaths Adult Heart Transplants Cumulative Incidence of Leading Causes of Death (Transplants: January 1994 June 2012) 16% 14% 12% 10% CAV Malignancy (non-lymph/ptld) Graft Failure Renal Failure Acute Rejection Infection (non-cmv) Multiple Organ Failure Graft Failure 8% 6% Malignanc 4% CAV 2% 0% Years 2014 JHLT Oct; 33(10): MFMER
36 ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS (2000-6/2005) Risk Factors for Developing Non-Skin Malignancy within 8 Years Limited to Recipients without Malignancy Pre-Transplant Conditional on Survival to Transplant Discharge Recipient age Continuous Factors (see figures) Donor weight Ischemia time Transplant center volume Donor height Donor/recipient height ratio 2014 JHLT Oct; 33(10): MFMER
37 Hazard Ratio of Non-Skin Malignancy within 8 Years ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS (2000-6/2005) Risk Factors for Developing Non-Skin Malignancy within 8 Years Limited to Recipients without Malignancy Pre-Transplant Conditional on Survival to Transplant Discharge Recipient Age p < Recipient Age (years) 2014 JHLT Oct; 33(10): (N = 6,214) 2014 MFMER
38 Age is a risk factor for reduced Survival after heart transplantation MFMER
39 Survival % Mayo Clinic Transplant Center Cardiac Transplantation Survival by Age Group Age > 55 Age > 60 Age > 65 Age > 70 Overall Survival Years 2014 MFMER
40 Survival (%) Adult Heart Transplants Kaplan-Meier Survival by Age Group (Transplants: January 1982 June 2012) Median survival (years): 18-39=12.6; 40-59=10.7; 60-69=9.1; 70+= All pair-wise comparisons were significant at p < 0.05 except vs (N=16,581) (N=58,156) (N=21,679) 70+ (N=733) Years 2014 JHLT Oct; 33(10): MFMER
41 Heart Transplantation Recipient Selection Contra-indications Age Nutritional status Infection Malignancy Pulmonary hypertension Renal failure Liver failure Psycho-social issues 2014 MFMER
42 Heart Transplantation Recipient Selection for Older Patients Frailty Weight loss Grip strength Gait speed Low physical activity Fatigue / exhaustion Fried, et al. Gerontal A Sci Med Sci 2010 Rockwood, et al. CMAJ 2005 JAMA Surg 149 (11): MFMER
43 Heart Transplantation Recipient Selection for Older Patients Frail or Heart Failure? Weight loss Grip strength Gait speed Low physical activity Fatigue / exhaustion Sarcopenia / Cachexia Fried, et al. Gerontal A Sci Med Sci 2010 Rockwood, et al. CMAJ 2005 JAMA Surg 149 (11): MFMER
44 Heart Transplantation Recipient Selection for Older Patients Frail Reversible? Weight loss Grip strength Gait speed 6 min. walk Low physical activity Fatigue / exhaustion Sarcopenia / Cachexia Fried, et al. Gerontal A Sci Med Sci 2010 Rockwood, et al. CMAJ 2005 JAMA Surg 149 (11): MFMER
45 Heart Transplantation Recipient Selection Contra-indications Age Nutritional status Infection Malignancy Pulmonary hypertension Renal failure Liver failure Psycho-social issues 2014 MFMER
46 Multi-Organ Transplantation 2014 MFMER
47 Mayo Clinic Transplant Center Heart and Multi-Organ Transplantation 550 Transplants (06/01/88 12/01/14) Transplants (no.) heart-liver heart kidney heart-liver heart-liver Multi Organ Heart alone heart-liver-kidney / 2 heart-kidney heart-liver / 1 heart-kidney heart-kidney / 1 retx heart-liver / 1 heart-kidney heart-kidney / 1 heart-liver-kidney / 1 heart-liver heart-kidney / 1 heart-liver heart-kidney / 2 heart-liver heart-kidney / 1 heart-liver-kidney / 1 peds retx heart-liver / 1 heart-kidney heart-liver / 2 heart-kidney heart-liver / 2 heart-kidney / 1 heart-liver-kidney heart-liver / 3 heart-kidney / 1 peds retx heart-liver / 6 heart-kidney heart-liver / 5 heart-kidney Combined heart-liver n = 35 12/01/ MFMER
48 Multi-Organ Transplantation: Mayo Clinic 72 pts 50% heart-liver > 55 years 50% heart-kidney > 55 years 25% > heart-liver > 60 years 25% > heart-kidney > 60 years 2014 MFMER
49 Combined Heart Liver Transplant Is it an ethically acceptable use of 2 organs?? 2014 MFMER
50 Heart-Liver Transplantation vs Heart Transplant Alone 35 Patients Transplanted 07/07/ /07/ Survival (%) Heart-Liver Transplantation 1-yr survival = 92.7 ± 4.9 (n = 21) 3-yr survival = 86.8 ± 7.1 (n = 15) 5-yr survival = 82.5 ± 8.2 (n = 11) Years after transplant 01/01/ MFMER
51 Heart-Liver Transplantation vs Heart Transplant Alone 31 Patients Transplanted 07/07/ /07/ Survival (%) Heart-Liver Transplantation 1-yr survival = 92.7 ± 4.9 (n = 21) 3-yr survival = 86.8 ± 7.1 (n = 15) 5-yr survival = 82.5 ± 8.2 (n = 11) Heart Transplantation 1-yr survival = 93.2 ± 1.2 (n = 375) 3-yr survival = 87.4 ± 1.7 (n = 309) 5-yr survival = 82.2 ± 2.0 (n = 250) Years after transplant 01/01/ MFMER
52 Heart-Liver Transplantation vs Heart Transplant Alone 31 Patients Transplanted 07/07/ /07/ Survival (%) Heart-Liver Transplantation 1-yr survival = 92.7 ± 4.9 (n = 21) 3-yr survival = 86.8 ± 7.1 (n = 15) 5-yr survival = 82.5 ± 8.2 (n = 11) Heart Transplantation 1-yr survival = 93.2 ± 1.2 (n = 375) 3-yr survival = 87.4 ± 1.7 (n = 309) 5-yr survival = 82.2 ± 2.0 (n = 250) Liver Transplantation 1-yr survival = 94 ± yr survival = 83 ± yr survival = 70 ± Years after transplant 01/01/ MFMER
53 Combined Heart Liver Transplant Is it an ethically acceptable use of 2 organs?? Yes! 2014 MFMER
54 Freedom from Cardiac Allograft Rejections CHLTx vs. HTx Rejection % % 42% P = % IHTx CHLTx Years post Tx 2014 MFMER
55 Combined Heart-Liver Transplant Surgical Strategy Liver Transplant before Heart Transplant Will the liver absorb the Antibodies specific to that donor? 2014 MFMER
56 pre-tx 5/7 post-pp 5/7 post-liver 5/7 8-May 9-May 10-May Donor specific Ab s A34 B45 DR11 DR15 Daly, et al. Transplantation MFMER
57 CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION U.S. Transplants per Year Patients Year UNOS Data, MFMER
58 Continuous Flow LVAD HeartMate II HeartWare HeartMate III 2014 MFMER
59 VAD Implants (DT/BTT) 2014 MFMER
60 How does LVAD as DT compare to heart transplant in patients > 65 years? 2014 MFMER
61 Ann Thorac Surg 2015;99: by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2014 MFMER
62 Comparison of Outcomes After Heart Replacement Therapy in Patients Over 65 Years Old Survival HTx BTT DT Fig 1 Kaplan-Meier analysis of 2-year survival stratified by treatment group. Robert A. Sorabella, Halit Yerebakan, Ryan Walters, Koji Takeda, Paolo Colombo, Melana Yuzefpolskaya, Ulrich... The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Volume 99, Issue 2, 2015, MFMER
63 Continuous Flow LVAD s GI Bleed and Pump thrombosis 2014 MFMER
64 Non-Pulsatile LVAD GI Bleed: Mayo Experience Crow, et al. JTCVS 137:208-15, MFMER
65 Von Willebrand Factor Catabolism by ADAMTS-13 Shear ADAMTS-13 Cleavage Globular vwf Multimer Fragments 2014 MFMER
66 Continuous Flow LVAD s GI Bleed and Pump thrombosis 2014 MFMER
67 2014 MFMER
68 December 1, MFMER
69 Increase in HM-II Pump Thrombosis? Starling, et al, NEJM MFMER
70 Pump Thrombosis Intravascular Hemolysis 145 patients with Heartmate-II 14 with hemolysis and suspected pump thrombosis Fine, et al Mayo data in press MFMER
71 LVAD Observations Outcome has improved Survival still not = HTx DT is option for non-candidates for HTx BTD is useful in some situations 2014 MFMER
72 What is the Future? W.W. Mayo 2014 MFMER
73 2014 MFMER
74 Xenotransplantation Preformed Ab -Gal 1,3 galactose 2014 MFMER
75 Xenotransplantation Mayo Components Cloning Site Breeding Site Molecular Biology Site Preclinical Research Site Barrier GMP Site 2014 MFMER
76 2014 MFMER
77 Conclusions Age is a recognized risk factor for reduced survival after HTx HTx can be performed in select patients > 60 years with acceptable outcomes Multi-organ transplantation can have acceptable outcome for select patients > 60 years LVAD as DT is an alternative for non-htx candidates LVAD is BTD in some patients 2014 MFMER
78 2014 MFMER
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