Arterial hypertension is a major risk factor for cerebrovascular
|
|
- Amanda Arnold
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Relationship Between Circadian Blood ressure atterns and rogression of Early Carotid Atherosclerosis A 3-Year Follow-Up Study Dirk Sander, MD; Christian Kukla, MD; Jürgen Klingelhöfer, MD; Kerstin Winbeck, MD; Bastian Conrad, MD Background Arterial hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular damage. The results of several studies suggest that target organ damage is greater in hypertensive persons with high blood pressure variability. Methods and Results During 3.3 years of follow-up, we studied the relationship between circadian blood pressure changes and the progression of early carotid atherosclerosis in 286 patients aged 55 years. Blood pressure patterns were evaluated with a long-term blood pressure monitor, and the extent of atherosclerosis was measured as the intima-media wall thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery. atients were subdivided according to blood pressure variability. The progression of IMT was significantly greater in the patients with increased systolic blood pressure variability (0.11 mm/y [95% CI 0.09 to 0.14] versus 0.05 mm/y [0.03 to 0.08]; 0.005) even after adjustment for other risk factors. Multivariate regression analysis revealed the daytime systolic blood pressure variability to be the best predictor for the progression of IMT. Raised daytime systolic blood pressure variability ( 15 mm Hg) is associated with an increased relative risk of the development of early atherosclerosis (3.9 [1.4 to 11.1]; 0.01) and of cardiovascular events (1.87 [1.08 to 3.20]; 0.01). Conclusions The daytime systolic blood pressure variability is a strong predictor of early carotid atherosclerosis progression and is useful to define the risk-benefit ratio of therapeutic approaches. (Circulation. 2000;102: ) Key Words: blood pressure intima-media thickness carotid arteries ultrasonics cardiovascular diseases Arterial hypertension is a major risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases. One causal link for this association was the development of atherosclerosis. 1 The use of B-mode ultrasound offers the opportunity to assess the intima-media wall thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) as a reliable marker for the extent of atherosclerosis. 2 revious investigations found hypertension to be either associated 1 or not associated 3 with carotid atherosclerosis. Interestingly, it has been shown that 24-hour blood pressure recordings correlate more closely with target organ damage than do casual blood pressure readings. 4 Intra-arterial beat-to-beat blood pressure monitoring has clearly shown that blood pressure is highly variable. 5 Despite the difficulties in the assessment of blood pressure variability, particularly with noninvasive techniques, 6 evidence from cross-sectional studies 7 suggests that target organ damage is greater in hypertensive persons with high blood pressure variability. In a longitudinal study, 8 blood pressure variability assessed intra-arterially before treatment predicted the severity of target organ damage after several years of follow-up. In a retrospective study, we demonstrated the major impact of circadian blood pressure patterns on the development of early carotid atherosclerosis 9,10 and found that systolic daytime blood pressure variability was most closely related to the extent of IMT. The objective of our study was to prospectively analyze the relationship between changes in circadian blood pressure patterns and the progression of early carotid atherosclerosis. Methods Subjects From a series of 424 initial evaluated inpatients 55 years old (mean age 68 years [95% CI 66 to 70 years], 200 women and 224 men) who were hospitalized to rule out a neurological disorder and were without previous cerebral infarction on brain CT/MRI or a known history of cerebrovascular disease or myocardial infarction, 286 patients were included in this follow-up study. To minimize a possible referral bias caused by the hospital-based study population, hypertensive patients for whom a secondary cause of arterial hypertension was revealed were excluded in the initial series. Follow-up was not possible in 138 patients because these patients decided not to participate further in the study (n 59) or because no further follow-up information could be obtained (n 79). We found no significant differences for age, sex, and several risk factors (pack-years of smoking, cholesterol, triglycerides, ischemic Received January 28, 2000; revision received April 17, 2000; accepted May 8, From the Department of Neurology (D.S., C.K., K.W., B.C.), Technical University of Munich, Germany; and Klinikum Chemnitz (J.K.), Chemnitz, Germany. Correspondence to Dr Dirk Sander, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Möhlstraße 28, München, Germany. Dirk.Sander@neuro.med.tu-muenchen.de 2000 American Heart Association, Inc. Circulation is available at
2 Sander et al Circadian Blood ressure atterns and Atherosclerosis 1537 TABLE 1. Essential Data for atients With Normal (<15 mm Hg) and Increased (>15 mm Hg) Systolic Daytime Blood ressure Variability Variability 15 mm Hg 15 mm Hg No. of patients Age, y 66 [63 69] 68 [64 71] NS Follow-up, y 3.3 [ ] 3.3 [ ] NS Sex, M/F 110/94 36/32 NS Smoking, n (%) Current 72 (35.3) 26 (38.2) NS Former 33 (16.1) 11 (16.1) NS Never 99 (48.5) 30 (44.1) NS Smoking, pack-years 24 [22 26] 22 [18 26] NS Diabetes mellitus, n (%) 31 (15.2) 10 (14.7) NS IHD, n (%) 21 (10.3) 16 (23.5) 0.01 History of hypertension, n (%) 70 (39.2) 30 (41) NS Blood pressure, mm Hg* Systolic 133 [ ] 136 [ ] NS Diastolic 81 [79 83] 81 [77 85] NS Arterial hypertension, n (%) 43 (21) 15 (22) NS Isolated systolic hypertension, n (%) 36 (18) 17 (25) 0.05 Cholesterol, mg/dl 244 [ ] 239 [ ] NS Triglycerides, mg/dl 163 [ ] 174 [ ] NS Blood pressure variation, n (%) 7.3 [ 8.7 to 5.8] 14.3 [ 18.6 to 10.0] 0.01 Nighttime blood pressure increase, n of patients (%) 40 (19.6) 16 (23.5) NS Daytime blood pressure variability, mm Hg Systolic 13.6 [ ] 19.8 [ ] Diastolic 11.3 [ ] 14.5 [ ] 0.05 Daytime heart rate, bpm 71 [66 76] 70 [64 76] NS Daytime heart rate variability, bpm 8.3 [ ] 8.8 [ ] NS Carotid artery stenosis, n (%) None 181 (88.7) 60 (88.2) NS Moderate 15 (7.4) 5 (7.3) NS Severe 3 (1.5) 2 (2.9) 0.05 laques: 1 29% reduction, no. of patients, (%) 111 (54.4) 44 (64.7) 0.01 IMT progression, mm/y 0.07 [ ] 0.12 [ ] Adjusted IMT progression, mm/y** 0.05 [ ] 0.11 [ ] Values in brackets indicate 95% CI. *Initial average daily blood pressure values in the first 24-hour blood pressure measurement. Diastolic daytime blood pressure 85 mm Hg. Systolic daytime average blood pressure 135 mm Hg and diastolic daytime average blood pressure 85 mm Hg. Average percent change in mean blood pressure values at night compared with the daytime values. Within-subject SD of all blood pressure readings during the daytime measurement period. Within-subject SD of all heart rate readings during the daytime measurement period. **IMT progression adjusted for the other possible risk factors (age, pack-years of smoking, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate, heart rate variability, prevalent IHD, cholesterol, triglycerides, and circadian blood pressure variation). heart disease [IHD], systolic and diastolic blood pressure values, circadian blood pressure variation, daytime systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability, heart rate, heart rate variability, IMT) between the follow-up group and the excluded 138 patients. Follow-up was possible for at least 3 years in 272 patients, whereas 14 patients died during the 3-year follow-up period. The study was approved by the local institutional review board. All patients provided informed consent before they were entered into the study. Based on the results of the initial 24-hour blood pressure measurement (average of 2 measurements with an time interval of 3.9 days [3.2 to 4.6 days]), the patients were subdivided into 2 groups (Table 1): 68 patients showed an increased systolic blood pressure variability ( 15 mm Hg), and 204 patients showed a normal systolic blood pressure variability ( 15 mm Hg). Blood ressure Measurements Long-term blood pressure measurements (ABD-Monitor 90207; Spacelabs) were made with an oscillometric device. Validation studies with this monitor demonstrated no significant differences
3 1538 Circulation September 26, 2000 compared with intra-arterial measurements. 11 The measurements were made at 15-minute intervals. The daytime values were determined between 6 AM and 10 M, and the nighttime values were determined between 10 M and 6 AM. Blood pressure measurements and duplex ultrasonography were repeated once a year during follow-up. Circadian blood pressure variation was defined as the average percentage change in mean blood pressure values at night compared with the daytime values. Heart rate variability was defined as the within-subject SD of mean heart rate during the daytime measurement period. Blood pressure variability was defined as the within-subject SD of all systolic and diastolic readings during the daytime measurement period. 4 A daytime systolic blood pressure variability of 15 mm Hg was defined as pathologically increased. This cutoff point was chosen because this value was exceeds the upper 95% CI (14.9 mm Hg) of the average daytime systolic blood pressure variability of all 286 patients. Thus, patients with a blood pressure variability below or above this value were classified as having normal or increased blood pressure variability, respectively. A comparable cutoff value was used in other studies. 4,5 During follow-up, blood pressure variability changed in 12 patients from 15 to 15 mm Hg and in 6 patients from 15 to 15 mm Hg. However, for statistical analysis, the average value of the initial measurements was used. Based on the results of the initial 24-hour blood pressure measurement, we defined arterial hypertension (diastolic average daytime blood pressure 85 mm Hg) and isolated systolic hypertension (systolic average daytime blood pressure 135 mm Hg and diastolic average daytime pressure 85 mm Hg). 12 If hypertension was diagnosed, blood pressure was optimized according to the guidelines of the International Society of Hypertension with lifestyle changes and antihypertensive drugs (ACE inhibitors, diuretics, -blockers) to attain normotensive blood pressure values. The long-term measurement of blood pressure was made on the left side in righthanded patients and vice versa after relevant differences between the sides had been ruled out through conventional checks of blood pressure. 10 During the 24-hour blood pressure measurements, no patient received additional medication that might have affected the circadian blood pressure rhythmicity. All patients maintained a number-coded diary in which activities and particular events were recorded. The analysis of this diary revealed no significant differences for several activities between both subgroups. Carotid Artery Measurements All Duplex ultrasonography investigations were performed by the same investigators with a 7.5-MHz linear-array transducer. Both internal carotid arteries were categorized as normal, plaque (1% to 29% reduction), moderate stenosis (30% to 70% reduction), or severe stenosis ( 70% reduction) according to the European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST) criteria. 13 The measurements of CCA IMT were made according to the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study protocol. 14,15 When an optimal longitudinal image was obtained, it was stored on a videotape. This procedure was repeated 3 times for each side. The longitudinal B-scan frames were digitized and analyzed with a computerized image analysis system by an investigator blinded to the blood pressure measurements. IMT measurements were performed 8 to 18 mm proximal to the tip of the flow divider. 16 In this 1-cm segment, 11 measurements of the IMT of the far wall were automatically attempted at 1-mm increments with the image analysis system, and the IMT of the segment was estimated as the mean of these 11 measurements. To enhance the reproducibility of carotid measures, standardized interrogation angles were used according to the recommendations described previously. 14,15 From the average of 3 images per artery, a mean lumen diameter and a mean IMT (1/2[left plus right]) were determined as measures of current lumen diameter and wall thickness of the CCA, respectively. In every patient, the follow-up measurements were performed at the same location as in the initial measurement. The Spearman correlation between all the IMT measurements at baseline and all the measurements performed 3 years later was 0.86 (variability 15 mm Hg) and 0.82 (variability 15 mm Hg), indicating a good reproducibility of the IMT measurements during follow-up. The intraindividual reproducibility between the 3 baseline IMT measurements was high (r 0.96). Early atherosclerosis was defined as an age-adjusted IMT of 1.5 mm. 17 The progression of early carotid atherosclerosis was defined as the difference between the last and the first IMT measurement and was normalized as the change of IMT per year. Statistical Analysis All values are given as mean and 95% CI. Independent t tests were used to test differences between the groups. Adjustment for multiple comparisons was made with the Bonferroni method. The variation in IMT between subgroups according to age, pack-years of smoking, cholesterol, triglycerides, prevalent IHD, circadian blood pressure variation, daytime systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability was tested by ANCOVA with SYSTAT (SSS Inc). The covariate adjusted mean values were computed with this software. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed with forward selection followed by backward elimination of covariates, resulting in an equation in which only covariates that significantly increase the predictability of the dependent variable are included. All covariates included in the final model were tested for interactions with each other. Because the tolerance values for each covariate were 0.5, no correction for collinearity of the data was necessary. Age, pack-years of smoking, cholesterol, triglycerides, prevalent IHD, systolic and diastolic blood pressure values, circadian blood pressure variation, heart rate, heart rate variability, and daytime systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability were selected as independent variables; IMT was the dependent variable. The IMT data were entered as continuous values in the mode. The outcome events studied were fatal plus nonfatal cardiovascular morbid events. Survival curves in patients with normal and increased blood pressure variability were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method and compared by the Mantel (log-rank) test. A calculated difference of 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results No significant differences were found between the patient groups regarding several cardiovascular risk factors (Table 1). The development of sustained hypertension was comparable between both groups. In contrast, patients with increased variability showed an increased incidence of isolated systolic hypertension and of IHD (Table 1). These patients also developed a significantly larger progression of IMT (Table 1). This association remains nearly unchanged even after adjustment for the other risk factors with ANCOVA. Accordingly, a significant and linear relationship was found between IMT progression and initial systolic blood pressure variability (r 0.52; 0.01). However, there were distinct differences in the progression of IMT depending on circadian blood pressure patterns. We observed the most increased age-adjusted IMT progression in patients with increased daytime systolic blood pressure variability ( 15%) and additional nighttime blood pressure increases (0.15 mm/y [0.068 to mm/y]). In contrast, patients with normal variability ( 15 mm Hg) and nighttime blood pressure decrease revealed the lowest IMT progression (0.06 mm/y [0.047 to mm/y]). To evaluate the influence of the different risk factors in IMT progression, a stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis was performed. The daytime systolic blood pressure variability was the best predictor of the IMT progression (Table 2). In addition, systolic blood pressure, age, and pack-years of smoking were also significantly correlated with the IMT progression (Table 2). All other tested risk factors
4 Sander et al Circadian Blood ressure atterns and Atherosclerosis 1539 TABLE 2. Determinants of CCA IMT Coefficient (95% CI) Standardized artial Regression Coefficient Systolic blood pressure variability ( ) Systolic blood pressure ( ) Age ( ) ack-years of smoking ( ) Multiple R The coefficient provides estimates for how much the dependent variable (IMT) will change if the respective variable is increased by 1 and the other variables are held constant. The standardized partial regression coefficient gives the coefficients that would be obtained if all variables were standardized. did not significantly increase the predictability of the regression. The predicted model accounted jointly for 36% of the variation in IMT progression. Early atherosclerosis (age-adjusted IMT 1.5 mm) was initially observed in 36 of the 272 patients (13.2%) with a follow-up of at least 3 years. During this period, 70 patients (29.7%) of the 236 patients with an initial IMT of 1.5 mm developed early atherosclerosis. We observed no significant relationship between baseline IMT and change in blood pressure variability during follow-up (r 0.13; NS). Univariate comparisons of the different baseline risk factors between patients with and without the development of early atherosclerosis during follow-up revealed significant differences for pack-years of smoking, systolic blood pressure, IMT progression, and daytime systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability (Table 3). The effect of antihypertensive treatment was comparable between both groups. The relative risk of the development of early atherosclerosis (age-adjusted IMT 1.5 mm) increased significantly with raised daytime systolic blood pressure variability ( 15 mm Hg; Table 4), even after adjustment for the other risk factors. During follow-up, 36 patients developed fatal (n 14) and nonfatal cardiovascular events (transient ischemic attack, myocardial infarction, stroke). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (Figure 1) revealed a significant higher rate of cardiovascular morbid events in patients with increased blood pressure variability (log-rank test). Accordingly, the relative risk of cardiovascular events was significantly increased (1.87 [1.08 to 3.20]; 0.01) in patients with raised blood pressure variability, even if all other risk factors were held constant. TABLE 3. Comparison of atients With and Without the Development of Early Carotid Atherosclerosis (IMT >1.5 mm) During Follow-Up Early Atherosclerosis No Early Atherosclerosis No. of patients Age, y 69 [64 73] 66 [64, 68] NS Sex, M/F 43/27 81/75 NS ack-years of smoking 28 [24 32] 20 [18, 22] 0.01 Diabetes mellitus, n (%) 15 (21.4) 24 (14.5) NS Blood pressure, mm Hg Systolic 140 [ ] 132 [129, 135] 0.05 Diastolic 84 [80 88] 80 [78, 82] NS Cholesterol, mg/dl 248 [ ] 225 [209, 241] NS Triglycerides, mg/dl 173 [ ] 145 [111, 179] NS Blood pressure variation, % 9.9 [ 13.7 to 6.1] 8.6 [ 10.3 to 6.9] NS Nighttime blood pressure increase, no. of patients, (%) 16 (22.8) 32 (19.2) NS Daytime blood pressure variability, mm Hg Systolic 18.1 [ ] 14.8 [ ] Diastolic 12.9 [ ] 10.7 [ ] Daytime heart rate, bpm 70 [66 74] 71 [67 75] NS Daytime heart rate variability, bpm 8.9 [ ] 8.3 [ ] NS Initial IMT, mm 1.21 [ ] 1.15 [ ] NS IMT progression, mm/y 0.14 [ ] 0.06 [ ] Adjusted IMT progression, mm/y** 0.12 [ ] 0.05 [ ] Values in brackets indicate 95% CI. See Table 1 for explanation of footnotes.
5 1540 Circulation September 26, 2000 TABLE 4. Odds Ratio and 95% CI for Likelihood of the Development of Early Carotid Atherosclerosis During Follow-Up Related to Blood ressure, Daytime Systolic Blood ressure Variability, and Blood ressure Variation, With All Other Risk Factors (Age, ack-years of Smoking, Diabetes, Heart Rate, Heart Rate Variability, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and revalent IHD) Held Constant Odds Ratio (95% CI) Variability ( 15 vs 15 mm Hg) 3.9 ( ) 0.01 Variation (nighttime blood pressure increase vs decrease) 1.27 ( ) NS Blood pressure (hypertensive vs normotensive) 1.17 ( ) NS Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular morbid events in patients with increased ( 15 mm Hg) and normal ( 15 mm Hg) blood pressure variability. Survival analysis adjusted for IHD. Discussion The results of this prospective 3-year follow-up study showed that circadian blood pressure patterns, and particularly the systolic daytime blood pressure variability, are positively associated with the progression of ultrasound measures of carotid artery wall thickness, a marker of atherosclerosis. A multivariate regression analysis revealed that this parameter is the strongest independent predictor of IMT progression. Our data suggest an additional to mm/y progression of IMT for every mm Hg increase in blood pressure variability and a significantly increased relative risk of the development of early atherosclerosis (age-adjusted IMT 1.5 mm) with raised daytime systolic blood pressure variability ( 15 mm Hg). The results cannot be explained in terms of established risk factors for cardiovascular disease, because the association remains nearly unchanged after adjustment for several other indices of disease risk. In addition to blood pressure variability, there was a significant impact of systolic blood pressure on IMT progression in the multivariate model. Our results corroborate previous findings. In some studies, hypertension was found to be associated with carotid atherosclerosis, 1,17 whereas no correlation was found in other investigations. 3 A recent investigation with casual blood pressure measurements reported both systolic hypertension and pulse pressure to be risk factors for the progression of atherosclerosis. 18 One could argue that our results may have been influenced by a selection bias concerning the patient population because blood pressure measurements were performed on an inpatient basis. However, the data for circadian blood pressure variation and blood pressure variability were in general comparable to the findings of an outpatient population. 6 One possible shortcoming of the present study is the high number of patients lost during follow-up. However, we observed no significant differences in the distribution of several risk factors between the follow-up and the nonparticipant group. It seems therefore unlikely that there is an important selection bias concerning our main results. One major determinant of blood pressure variability is the sensitivity of baroceptor function. 19,20 Vascular structural changes may reduce baroceptor sensitivity in hypertension; therefore, the question arises of whether the increased blood pressure variability is a cause or simply an index of increased IMT. However, the inverse relationship between blood pressure variability and baroceptor sensitivity 21 was independent of the reduction in baroceptor sensitivity associated with blood pressure and age. 22 We observed no significant relationship between baseline IMT and change in blood pressure variability during follow-up. In addition, we failed to find a significant difference in the extent of initial IMT in patients who developed early atherosclerosis during follow-up compared with those who did not. These observations make it unlikely that a concomitant decrease in baroceptor sensitivity due to vascular structural changes accounts for the significant increased blood pressure variability in this group. Recently, Karmack et al 23 described an elevated carotid atherosclerosis after exaggerated blood pressure responses during mental stress. They detected a positive and significant association between blood pressure reactivity and average IMT for both systolic and diastolic blood pressures. In contrast to these findings, no clear relationship were obtained between mental stress and heart rate variability changes. 24 Because the arterial wall of large vessels was more susceptible to intermittent stress than to continuous stress, 22 it is conceivable that wide oscillations in blood pressure increase the extent of oscillatory shear stress. Recent studies demonstrated that oscillatory shear stress causes a sustained activation of pro-oxidant processes with increasing NADH oxidase activity 25 and stimulation of adhesion molecule expression, 26 resulting in redox-sensitive gene expression. In contrast, laminar shear stress appears to induce compensatory antioxidant defenses. 26 Furthermore, oscillatory shear stress is associated with an increased macrophage density of atherosclerotic plaques, indicating plaque instability. 27 These results indicate that the alteration of vessel wall tension associated with the increased blood pressure variability may initiate
6 Sander et al Circadian Blood ressure atterns and Atherosclerosis 1541 early atherosclerosis formation due to unique signals generated by oscillatory shear stress. 25,26 We observed a significantly higher rate of cardiovascular morbid events in patients with increased blood pressure variability. revious studies with 24-hour blood pressure measurements have also shown that an increased daytime systolic blood pressure variability was related to target-organ damage. 4 Our present results of an exaggerated IMT progression in patients with increased blood pressure variability provide a possible explanation for these observations: Ultrasonographically determined increased IMT of the CCA has been associated with cardiovascular risk factors and was previously validated as a marker of atherosclerosis. 15,28 In a prospective study, each incremental 0.1 mm of carotid IMT was associated with an 11% increased risk for acute myocardial infarction across a 3-year follow-up period. 29 Thus, it is possible that the link between blood pressure variability and increased cardiovascular risk was the enhanced development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions in the carotid and probably coronary bed. The reactivity hypothesis that exaggerated blood pressure responses exhibit more extensive atherosclerosis implies that stressor exposure, as well as stress responsiveness, may contribute to disease risk. 30 B-mode ultrasonography provides the opportunity to relate risk factors to atherosclerosis in patients with early lesions. In addition to other well-defined risk factors, we propose to take the daytime systolic blood pressure variability into account in further trials as a strong predictor for the development and progression of early atherosclerosis measured with B-mode ultrasonography. Although it is not known so far whether antihypertensive medication could normalize an increased daytime systolic blood pressure variability, the pronounced contribution of this parameter to the development of early atherosclerosis in hypertensive patients favors early antihypertensive treatment if this constellation is found. In addition, the development of antihypertensive agents with an effect on tonic blood pressure level and blood pressure variability may increase the positive effects of treatment on cardiovascular complications. 31 References 1. Crouse JR, Goldbourt U, Evans G, et al. Risk factors and segmentspecific carotid arterial enlargement in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort. Stroke. 1996;27: ignoli, Tremoli E, oli A, et al. Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging. Circulation. 1986;74: Szirmai IG, Kamondi A, Magyar H, et al. Relation of laboratory and clinical variables to the grade of carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke. 1993;24: Verdecchia, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, et al. rognostic significance of blood pressure variability in essential hypertension. Blood ressure Monit. 1996;1: Mancia G, Ferrari A, Gregorini L, et al. Blood pressure and heart rate variabilities in normotensive and hypertensive human beings. Circ Res. 1983;53: Di Rienzo M, Grassi G, edotti A, et al. Continuous vs intermittent blood pressure measurements in estimating 24-hour average blood pressure. Hypertension. 1983;5: alatini, enzo M, Racioppa A, et al. Clinical relevance of nighttime blood pressure and of daytime blood pressure variability. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152: Frattola A, arato G, Cuspidi C, et al. rognostic value of 24-hour blood pressure variability. J Hypertens. 1993;11: Sander D, Klingelhöfer J. Diurnal systolic blood pressure variability is the strongest predictor of early carotid atherosclerosis. Neurology. 1996;47: Sander D, Klingelhöfer J. Early carotid atherosclerosis of the internal and external carotid artery related to twenty-four-hour blood pressure variability. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1997;7: White WB, Lund-Johansen, Omvik. Assessment of four ambulatory blood pressure monitors by clinicans versus intraarterial blood pressure at rest and during exercise. Am J Cardiol. 1990;65: Graettinger WF, Lipson JL, Cheung DG, et al. Validation of portable noninvasive blood pressure monitoring devices: comparisons with intraarterial and sphygmomanometer measurements. Am Heart J. 1988;116: European Carotid Surgery Trialists Collaborative group. Randomized trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet. 1998;351: Burke GL, Evans GW, Riley WA, et al. Arterial wall thickness is associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Stroke. 1995; 26: Howard G, Sharrett AR, Heiss G, et al. Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness distribution in general populations as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound. Stroke. 1993;24: Riley WA, Barnes RW, Applegate WB, et al. Reproducibility of noninvasive ultrasonic measurement of carotid atherosclerosis: the Asymptomatic Carotid Artery laque Study. Stroke. 1992;23: Whisnant J, Homer D, Ingall TJ, et al. Duration of cigarette smoking is the strongest predictor of severe extracranial artery atherosclerosis. Stroke. 1990;21: Lakka TA, Salonen R, Kaplan GA, et al. Blood pressure and the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in middle aged men. Hypertension. 1999;34: Omboni S, arati G, Di Rienzo M, et al. Blood pressure and heart rate variability in autonomic disorders: a critical review. Clin Auton Res. 1996;6: Kim SY, Euler DE. Baroreflex sensitivity assessed by complex demodulation of cardiovascular variability. Hypertension. 1997;29: Watson RDS, Stallard TJ, Flinn RM, et al. Factors determining arterial pressure and its variability in hypertensive man. Hypertension. 1980;2: O Rourke MF. Basic concepts for the understanding of large arteries in hypertension. J Cardiovasc harmacol. 1985;7: Kamarck TW, Everson SA, Kaplan GA, et al. Exaggerated blood pressure responses during mental stress are associated with enhanced carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged finish men: findings from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Study. Circulation. 1997;96: Wood RH, Wood WA, Welsch M, et al. hysical activity, mental stress, and short-term heart rate variability in patients with ischemic heart disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 1998;18: De Keulenaer GW, Chapell DC, Ishizaka N, et al. Oscillatory and steady laminar shear stress differentially affect human endothelial redox state: role of a superoxide-producing NADH oxidase. Circ Res. 1998;82: Chapell DC, Varner SE, Nerem RM, et al. Oscillatory shear stress stimulates adhesion molecule expression in cultured human endothelium. Circ Res. 1998;82: Dirksen MT, van der Wal AC, van den Berg FM, et al. Distribution of inflammatory cells in atherosclerotic plaques relates to the direction of flow. Circulation. 1998;98: O Leary DH, olack JF, Kronmal RA, et al. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. N Engl J Med. 1999;340: Salonen R, Nyyssonen K, orkkala E, et al. Kuopio Atherosclerosis revention Study (KAS): a population-based primary preventive trial of the effect of LDL lowering on atherosclerotic progression in carotid and femoral arteries. Circulation. 1995;92: Manuck SB, Kaplan JR, Adams MR, et al. Behaviorally elicited heart rate reactivity and atherosclerosis in female cynomolgus monkeys. sychosom Med. 1989;51: Meredith A, erloff D, Mancia G, et al. Blood pressure variability and its implications for antihypertensive therapy. Blood ress. 1995;4:5 11.
Progression of Early Carotid Atherosclerosis Is Only Temporarily Reduced After Antibiotic Treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae Seropositivity
Progression of Early Carotid Atherosclerosis Is Only Temporarily Reduced After Antibiotic Treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae Seropositivity Dirk Sander, MD; Kerstin Winbeck, MD; Jürgen Klingelhöfer, MD;
More informationNight time blood pressure and cardiovascular structure in a middle-aged general population in northern Italy: the Vobarno Study
(2001) 15, 879 885 2001 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9240/01 $15.00 www.nature.com/jhh ORIGINAL ARTICLE Night time blood pressure and cardiovascular structure in a middle-aged general
More informationSlide notes: References:
1 2 3 Cut-off values for the definition of hypertension are systolic blood pressure (SBP) 135 and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 85 mmhg for home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) and daytime ambulatory
More informationAutonomic nervous system, inflammation and preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in depressed subjects with coronary risk factors
Autonomic nervous system, inflammation and preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in depressed subjects with coronary risk factors Carmine Pizzi 1 ; Lamberto Manzoli 2, Stefano Mancini 3 ; Gigliola Bedetti
More informationEpidemiological studies demonstrated an association between
Reduced Progression of Early Carotid Atherosclerosis After Antibiotic Treatment and Chlamydia pneumoniae Seropositivity Dirk Sander, MD; Kerstin Winbeck, MD; Jürgen Klingelhöfer, MD; Thorleif Etgen, MD;
More informationIntima-Media Thickness
European Society of Cardiology Stockholm, 30th August 2010 Intima-Media Thickness Integration of arterial assessment into clinical practice Prof Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss, MD Institute of Exercise and Health
More informationAsian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 27, No. 1, 2013; 67-72
Carotid Intima-media Thickness as a Surrogate Marker of Atherosclerosis and its Correlation with Coronary Risk Factors and Angiographic Severity of Coronary Artery Disease. 1 2 Rajeev Gupta and Rajendra
More informationCoronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors
Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors CAD Risk factors Hypertension Insulin resistance /diabetes Dyslipidemia Smoking /Obesity Male gender/ Old age Atherosclerosis Arterial stiffness precedes
More informationCorporate Medical Policy
Corporate Medical Policy File Name: Origination: Last CAP Review: Next CAP Review: Last Review: carotid_intimal_medial_thickness 12/2006 10/2016 10/2018 10/2017 Description of Procedure or Service Ultrasonographic
More informationJMSCR Vol 04 Issue 10 Page October 2016
www.jmscr.igmpublication.org Impact Factor 5.244 Index Copernicus Value: 83.27 ISSN (e)-2347-176x ISSN (p) 2455-0450 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v4i10.82 Carotid Intima Media Thickness and Can
More informationAssociation of Isolated Systolic, Isolated Diastolic, and Systolic-Diastolic Masked Hypertension With Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness
ORIGINAL PAPER Association of Isolated Systolic, Isolated Diastolic, and Systolic-Diastolic Masked Hypertension With Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness Efstathios Manios, MD; 1 Fotios Michas, MD; 1
More informationRates and Determinants of Site-Specific Progression of Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness. The Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study
Rates and Determinants of Site-Specific Progression of Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness The Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study Andrew D. Mackinnon, MRCP; Paula Jerrard-Dunne, MRCPI; Matthias
More informationIntima Media Thickness Variability (IMTV) and its association with cerebrovascular events: a novel marker of carotid therosclerosis?
Original Article Intima Media Thickness Variability (IMTV) and its association with cerebrovascular events: a novel marker of carotid therosclerosis? Luca Saba 1, Giorgio Mallarini 1, Roberto Sanfilippo
More informationMORTALITY AND MORBIDITY RISK FROM CAROTID ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS. 73 year old NS right-handed male applicant for $1 Million life insurance
MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY RISK FROM CAROTID ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS October 17, 2012 AAIM Triennial Conference, San Diego Robert Lund, MD What Is The Risk? 73 year old NS right-handed male applicant for $1
More informationANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUG THERAPY IN CONSIDERATION OF CIRCADIAN BLOOD PRESSURE VARIATION*
Progress in Clinical Medicine 1 ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUG THERAPY IN CONSIDERATION OF CIRCADIAN BLOOD PRESSURE VARIATION* Keishi ABE** Asian Med. J. 44(2): 83 90, 2001 Abstract: J-MUBA was a large-scale clinical
More informationSociety for Behavioral Medicine 33 rd Annual Meeting New Orleans, LA
Society for Behavioral Medicine 33 rd Annual Meeting New Orleans, LA John M. Violanti, PhD* a ; LuendaE. Charles, PhD, MPH b ; JaK. Gu, MSPH b ; Cecil M. Burchfiel, PhD, MPH b ; Michael E. Andrew, PhD
More informationMORTALITY AND MORBIDITY RISK FROM CAROTID ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS. 73 year old NS right-handed male applicant for $1 Million Life Insurance
MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY RISK FROM CAROTID ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS October 17, 2012 AAIM Triennial Conference, San Diego Robert Lund, MD What Is The Risk? 73 year old NS right-handed male applicant for $1
More informationARIC Manuscript Proposal #1233. PC Reviewed: 4_/_10/07 Status: _A Priority: 2_ SC Reviewed: Status: Priority:
ARIC Manuscript Proposal #1233 PC Reviewed: 4_/_10/07 Status: _A Priority: 2_ SC Reviewed: Status: Priority: 1.a. Full Title: Subclinical atherosclerosis precedes type 2 diabetes in the ARIC study cohort
More informationCorrelation of Common Carotid Artery Intima Media Thickness, Intracranial Arterial Stenosis and Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment
207 Correlation of Common Carotid Artery Intima Media Thickness, Intracranial Arterial Stenosis and Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment Yong-Hui Lee and Shoou-Jeng Yeh Abstract- Background and Purpose: Atherosclerosis
More informationIntermediate Methods in Epidemiology Exercise No. 4 - Passive smoking and atherosclerosis
Intermediate Methods in Epidemiology 2008 Exercise No. 4 - Passive smoking and atherosclerosis The purpose of this exercise is to allow students to recapitulate issues discussed throughout the course which
More informationCentral pressures and prediction of cardiovascular events in erectile dysfunction patients
Central pressures and prediction of cardiovascular events in erectile dysfunction patients N. Ioakeimidis, K. Rokkas, A. Angelis, Z. Kratiras, M. Abdelrasoul, C. Georgakopoulos, D. Terentes-Printzios,
More informationRisk Factors of Carotid Stenosis in First-Ever Ischemic Stroke in Taiwan: A Hospital-based Study
237 Risk Factors of Carotid Stenosis in First-Ever Ischemic Stroke in Taiwan: A Hospital-based Study Chien-Hung Chang, Yeu-Jhy Chang, Tsong-Hai Lee, Kai-Cheng Hsu, and Shan-Jin Ryu Abstract- Objective:
More informationRole of imaging in risk assessment models: the example of CIMT
Role of imaging in risk assessment models: the example of CIMT Diederick E. Grobbee, MD, PhD, FESC Professor of Clinical Epidemiology Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical
More informationThe Impact of Smoking on Acute Ischemic Stroke
Smoking The Impact of Smoking on Acute Ischemic Stroke Wei-Chieh Weng, M.D. Department of Neurology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Kee-Lung, Taiwan Smoking related mortality Atherosclerotic vascular disease
More informationOriginal Contributions. Prospective Comparison of a Cohort With Asymptomatic Carotid Bruit and a Population-Based Cohort Without Carotid Bruit
98 Original Contributions Prospective Comparison of a Cohort With Carotid Bruit and a Population-Based Cohort Without Carotid Bruit David O. Wiebers, MD, Jack P. Whisnant, MD, Burton A. Sandok, MD, and
More informationAbstract nr AHA, Chicago November European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging, in press. Nr Peter Blomstrand
Left Ventricular Diastolic Function Assessed by Echocardiography and Tissue Doppler Imaging is a strong Predictor of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Peter Blomstrand, Martin
More informationObjective Calcium score carotid IMT hs-crp
P3952 Role of coronary calcium score, carotid intima-media thickness and C-reactive protein in predicting extent of coronary artery disease in young patients. Bedside Poster P3952 Role of coronary calcium
More informationCategorical Course: Update of Doppler US 8 : 00 8 : 20
159 Categorical Course: Update of Doppler US 8 : 00 8 : 20 160 161 Table 1.Comparison of Recommended Values from Data in the Published Literature* S t u d y Lesion PSV E D V VICA/VCCA S e v e r i t y (
More informationCarotid intima media thickness as an usefull tool in predicting cerebrovaskular events
Carotid intima media thickness as an usefull tool in predicting cerebrovaskular events Poster No.: C-0005 Congress: ECR 2015 Type: Authors: Keywords: DOI: Scientific Exhibit A. Rahimic - Catic; Sarajevo/BA
More informationEarly Detection of Damaged Organ
Early Detection of Damaged Organ Regional Cardiovascular Center, Chungbuk National University Kyung-Kuk Hwang Contents NICE guideline 2011 - Confirm the diagnosis of HT ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
More informationClinical Investigation and Reports. Predictive Value of Noninvasive Measures of Atherosclerosis for Incident Myocardial Infarction
Clinical Investigation and Reports Predictive Value of Noninvasive Measures of Atherosclerosis for Incident Myocardial Infarction The Rotterdam Study Irene M. van der Meer, MD, PhD; Michiel L. Bots, MD,
More informationHow to detect early atherosclerosis ; focusing on techniques
How to detect early atherosclerosis ; focusing on techniques Jang-Ho Bae, MD., PhD. Heart Center Konyang University Hospital Daejeon city, S. Korea Surrogates for Atherosclerosis Measures of endothelial
More informationatherosclerosis; carotid arteries; cohort studies; risk factors MATERIALS AND METHODS Cohort examination
American Journal of Epidemiology Copyright 2002 by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health All rights reserved Vol. 155, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. Risk Factors for Progression of Atherosclerosis
More informationIndividuals of African and African Caribbean descent living
ORIGINAL RESEARCH A.D. Mackinnon P. Jerrard-Dunne L. Porteous H.S. Markus Carotid Intima-Media Thickness is Greater but Carotid Plaque Prevalence is Lower in Black Compared with White Subjects BACKGROUND
More informationReceived: March 2008; in final form May 2008.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BRACHIAL ARTERY FLOW- MEDIATED DILATION AND CAROTID ARTERY INTIMA MEDIA THICKNESS IN THE MIDDLE-AGED SUBJECTS WITH LOW CARDIOVASCULAR RISK GERMAINE SĂVOIU*, LAVINIA NOVEANU**, O. FIRA-MLADINESCU*,
More informationVascular disease. Structural evaluation of vascular disease. Goo-Yeong Cho, MD, PhD Seoul National University Bundang Hospital
Vascular disease. Structural evaluation of vascular disease Goo-Yeong Cho, MD, PhD Seoul National University Bundang Hospital resistance vessels : arteries
More informationAntihypertensive Trial Design ALLHAT
1 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Major Outcomes in High Risk Hypertensive Patients Randomized to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Calcium Channel Blocker vs Diuretic National Institutes
More informationPrognostic significance of blood pressure measured in the office, at home and during ambulatory monitoring in older patients in general practice
(2005) 19, 801 807 & 2005 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9240/05 $30.00 www.nature.com/jhh ORIGINAL ARTICLE Prognostic significance of blood pressure measured in the office, at home and
More informationAssociations between cardiovascular risk factors and
Predictors of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Progression in Young Adults The Bogalusa Heart Study Heather M. Johnson, MD; Pamela S. Douglas, MD; Sathanur R. Srinivasan, PhD; M. Gene Bond, PhD; Rong Tang,
More informationDIFFERENTE RELAZIONE TRA VALORI PRESSORI E MASSA VENTRICOLARE SX NEI DUE SESSI IN PAZIENTI IPERTESI.
DIFFERENTE RELAZIONE TRA VALORI PRESSORI E MASSA VENTRICOLARE SX NEI DUE SESSI IN PAZIENTI IPERTESI. Franco Cipollini, Carlo Porta, Enrica Arcangeli, Carla Breschi, & Giuseppe Seghieri Azienda USL 3, Ambulatorio
More informationLow fractional diastolic pressure in the ascending aorta increased the risk of coronary heart disease
(2002) 16, 837 841 & 2002 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9240/02 $25.00 www.nature.com/jhh ORIGINAL ARTICLE Low fractional diastolic pressure in the ascending aorta increased the risk
More informationEffects of Statins on Endothelial Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Effects of Statins on Endothelial Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Iana I. Simova, MD; Stefan V. Denchev, PhD; Simeon I. Dimitrov, PhD Clinic of Cardiology, University Hospital Alexandrovska,
More informationPrevalence and Significance of Carotid Plaques in Patients With Coronary Atherosclerosis
ORIGINAL ARTICLE DOI 10.4070 / kcj.2009.39.8.317 Print ISSN 1738-5520 / On-line ISSN 1738-5555 Copyright c 2009 The Korean Society of Cardiology Prevalence and Significance of Carotid Plaques in Patients
More informationOriginal Research Article
A STUDY TO ESTIMATE SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY MEASURING THE CAROTID INTIMAL MEDIAL THICKNESS Natarajan Kandasamy 1, Rajan Ganesan 2, Thilakavathi Rajendiran
More informationReport For Center Created Gender D.O.B Page 1 Sean Breen HeartSmart IMT plus 3/29/2012 Male 11/26/1973 B C D E
Report For Center Created Gender D.O.B Page 1 Carotid Assessment A B C D E Good Satisfactory Concern Serious Highest Risk Intima-Media Thickness Additional Findings Plaque Character Percent Stenosis Comments:
More informationC oronary artery disease (CAD) remains the main cause
1286 CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE Association of increased carotid intima-media thickness with the extent of coronary artery disease A Kablak-Ziembicka, W Tracz, T Przewlocki, P Pieniazek, A Sokolowski, M Konieczynska...
More informationORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION. Long-term Risk of Stroke and Other Vascular Events in Patients With Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Long-term Risk of Stroke and Other Vascular Events in Patients With Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis Zurab G. Nadareishvili, MD, PhD; Peter M. Rothwell, MD, PhD; Vadim Beletsky,
More informationThe presenter does not have any potential conflicts of interest to disclose
Carotid intima-media thickness as a predictor of multi territory atherosclerotic occlusive disease in patients with symptomatic subclavian artery obstruction Leszek Wrotniak 1, Anna Kabłak Ziembicka 1,
More informationHDL and Arterial Wall
JIFA January 31th 2014 HDL and Arterial Wall P-J TOUBOUL INSERM698 Bichat University Conflict of Interest M Ath intellectual property owner Involvement in R & D for atherosclerosis software developments
More informationORIGINAL INVESTIGATION. C-Reactive Protein Concentration and Incident Hypertension in Young Adults
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION C-Reactive Protein Concentration and Incident Hypertension in Young Adults The CARDIA Study Susan G. Lakoski, MD, MS; David M. Herrington, MD, MHS; David M. Siscovick, MD, MPH; Stephen
More informationHow would you manage Ms. Gold
How would you manage Ms. Gold 32 yo Asian woman with dyslipidemia Current medications: Simvastatin 20mg QD Most recent lipid profile: TC = 246, TG = 100, LDL = 176, HDL = 50 What about Mr. Williams? 56
More informationAssociations of blood pressure with carotid intima-media thickness in elderly Finns with diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance
(2003) 17, 705 711 & 2003 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9240/03 $25.00 www.nature.com/jhh ORIGINAL ARTICLE Associations of blood pressure with carotid intima-media thickness in elderly
More informationCarotid Atherosclerosis in Ischemic Cerebrovascular Patients
Original Article Carotid Atherosclerosis in Ischemic Cerebrovascular Patients Ai Juan Zhang a, c, Ai Yuan Zhang b, Chi Zhong a Abstract Background: Cerebral emboli resulting from atherosclerosis at the
More informationRehabilitation and Research Training Center on Secondary Conditions in Individuals with SCI. James S. Krause, PhD
Disclosure The contents of this presentation were developed with support from educational grants from the Department of Education, NIDRR grant numbers H133B090005, H133B970011 and H133G010160. However,
More informationImpact of coronary atherosclerotic burden on clinical presentation and prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease
Impact of coronary atherosclerotic burden on clinical presentation and prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease Gjin Ndrepepa, Tomohisa Tada, Massimiliano Fusaro, Lamin King, Martin Hadamitzky,
More informationThe association of the total cardiovascular risk and non-invasive markers of atherosclerosis with the extent of coronary artery disease
The association of the total cardiovascular risk and non-invasive markers of atherosclerosis with the extent of coronary artery disease S. Kostic 1, D. Mijalkovic 1, D. Djordjevic 2, T. Savic 2, D. Lovic
More information03/30/2016 DISCLOSURES TO OPERATE OR NOT THAT IS THE QUESTION CAROTID INTERVENTION IS INDICATED FOR ASYMPTOMATIC CAROTID OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
CAROTID INTERVENTION IS INDICATED FOR ASYMPTOMATIC CAROTID OCCLUSIVE DISEASE Elizabeth L. Detschelt, M.D. Allegheny Health Network Vascular and Endovascular Symposium April 2, 2016 DISCLOSURES I have no
More informationData Alert. Vascular Biology Working Group. Blunting the atherosclerotic process in patients with coronary artery disease.
1994--4 Vascular Biology Working Group www.vbwg.org c/o Medical Education Consultants, LLC 25 Sylvan Road South, Westport, CT 688 Chairman: Carl J. Pepine, MD Eminent Scholar American Heart Association
More informationAntiplatelet Therapy in Primary CVD Prevention and Stable Coronary Artery Disease. Καρακώστας Γεώργιος Διευθυντής Καρδιολογικής Κλινικής, Γ.Ν.
Antiplatelet Therapy in Primary CVD Prevention and Stable Coronary Artery Disease Καρακώστας Γεώργιος Διευθυντής Καρδιολογικής Κλινικής, Γ.Ν.Κιλκίς Primary CVD Prevention A co-ordinated set of actions,
More informationEzetimibe and SimvastatiN in Hypercholesterolemia EnhANces AtherosClerosis REgression (ENHANCE)
Ezetimibe and SimvastatiN in Hypercholesterolemia EnhANces AtherosClerosis REgression (ENHANCE) Thomas Dayspring, MD, FACP Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine University of Medicine and Dentistry
More informationTHE incidence of stroke after noncardiac surgery
Lack of Association between Carotid Artery Stenosis and Stroke or Myocardial Injury after Noncardiac Surgery in High-risk Patients ABSTRACT Background: Whether carotid artery stenosis predicts stroke after
More informationRelations of Intimal-Medial Thickness Among Sites Within the Carotid Artery as Evaluated by B-Mode Ultrasound
1581 Relations of Intimal-Medial Thickness Among Sites Within the Carotid Artery as Evaluated by B-Mode Ultrasound George Howard, DrPH; Gregory L. Burke, MD; Gregory W. Evans, MS; John R. Crouse III, MD;
More informationA: Epidemiology update. Evidence that LDL-C and CRP identify different high-risk groups
A: Epidemiology update Evidence that LDL-C and CRP identify different high-risk groups Women (n = 27,939; mean age 54.7 years) who were free of symptomatic cardiovascular (CV) disease at baseline were
More informationIntroduction. Risk factors of PVD 5/8/2017
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE Dr. Muhamad Zabidi Ahmad Radiologist and Section Chief, Radiology, Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Section, Advanced Medical and Dental
More informationWhich CVS risk reduction strategy fits better to carotid US findings?
Which CVS risk reduction strategy fits better to carotid US findings? Dougalis A, Soulaidopoulos S, Cholongitas E, Chalevas P, Vettas Ch, Doumtsis P, Vaitsi K, Diavasti M, Mandala E, Garyfallos A 4th Department
More informationWe have previously quantified associations of traditional
Associations of Risk Factors With Segment-Specific Intimal-Medial Thickness of the Extracranial Carotid Artery Mark A. Espeland, PhD; Rong Tang, MD; James G. Terry, MS; Donna H. Davis, BS; Michele Mercuri,
More informationEVALUATION OF CAROTID ARTERY STENOSIS IN STROKE/TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACK Nambakam Tanuja Subramanyam 1, Naveen Kumar P 2, Girish P.
EVALUATION OF CAROTID ARTERY STENOSIS IN STROKE/TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACK Nambakam Tanuja Subramanyam 1, Naveen Kumar P 2, Girish P. Vakrani 3 HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Nambakam Tanuja Subramanyam, Naveen
More informationCardioHealth Station. powered by. Healthcare CardioHealth
CardioHealth Station FDA cleared, in-office ultrasound imaging that helps you directly identify atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) allowing you to make a more informed decision about your patients
More informationGuidelines on cardiovascular risk assessment and management
European Heart Journal Supplements (2005) 7 (Supplement L), L5 L10 doi:10.1093/eurheartj/sui079 Guidelines on cardiovascular risk assessment and management David A. Wood 1,2 * 1 Cardiovascular Medicine
More informationCitation for published version (APA): Terpstra, W. F. (2003). Beyond blood pressure monitoring Groningen: s.n.
University of Groningen Beyond blood pressure monitoring Terpstra, Willem Fopke IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please
More informationRisk Factors for Ischemic Stroke: Electrocardiographic Findings
Original Articles 232 Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke: Electrocardiographic Findings Elley H.H. Chiu 1,2, Teng-Yeow Tan 1,3, Ku-Chou Chang 1,3, and Chia-Wei Liou 1,3 Abstract- Background: Standard 12-lead
More informationSlide 1. Slide 2 Conflict of Interest Disclosure. Slide 3 Stroke Facts. The Treatment of Intracranial Stenosis. Disclosure
Slide 1 The Treatment of Intracranial Stenosis Helmi Lutsep, MD Vice Chair and Dixon Term Professor, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University Chief of Neurology, VA Portland Health Care
More informationJournal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 42, No. 6, by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN /03/$30.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 42, No. 6, 2003 2003 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/03/$30.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00922-7
More informationAssociation between arterial stiffness and cardiovascular risk factors in a pediatric population
+ Association between arterial stiffness and cardiovascular risk factors in a pediatric population Maria Perticone Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro
More informationCarotid artery intima-media thickness is a marker for coronary artery disease
Scientific Journal of Medical Science (2013) 2(8) 145-150 ISSN 2322-5025 doi: 10.14196/sjms.v2.i8.894 Contents lists available at Sjournals Journal homepage: www.sjournals.com Original article Carotid
More informationBRIEF COMMUNICATIONS. KEY WORDS: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, placebo effect, antihypertensive drug trials.
AJH 1995; 8:311-315 BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS Lack of Placebo Effect on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Giuseppe Mancia, Stefano Omboni, Gianfranco Parati, Antonella Ravogli, Alessandra Villani, and Alberto Zanchetti
More informationExperimental and epidemiological data suggest that activation
Clinical Investigation and Reports Effects of Ramipril and Vitamin E on Atherosclerosis The Study to Evaluate Carotid Ultrasound Changes in Patients Treated With Ramipril and Vitamin E (SECURE) Eva M.
More informationCAROTID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS. Dimitrios N. Nikas, MD, PhD, FESC Interventional Cardiologist Ioannina University Hospital
CAROTID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS Dimitrios N. Nikas, MD, PhD, FESC Interventional Cardiologist Ioannina University Hospital I, DIMITRIOS N. NIKAS, MD, PHD, FESC, HAVE NO CONFLICT OF INTEREST TO DECLARE RELATED
More informationIs Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Useful in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment? The Rotterdam Study
Is Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Useful in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment? The Rotterdam Study Antonio Iglesias del Sol, MD; Karel G.M. Moons, MD, PhD; Monika Hollander, MD; Albert Hofman, MD,
More informationASSOCIATION BETWEEN COMMON CAROTID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS (CAROTID IMT) AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Srinivasa Rao Malladi 1
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN COMMON CAROTID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS (CAROTID IMT) AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Srinivasa Rao Malladi 1 HOWTOCITETHISARTICLE: Srinivasa Rao Malladi. Association between Common Carotid
More informationHypertension is a major risk factor for morbidity
O r i g i n a l P a p e r Long-Term Effects of a Losartan- Compared With an Atenolol-Based Treatment Regimen on Carotid Artery Plaque Development in Hypertensive Patients With Left Ventricular Hypertrophy:
More informationIschemic Heart and Cerebrovascular Disease. Harold E. Lebovitz, MD, FACE Kathmandu November 2010
Ischemic Heart and Cerebrovascular Disease Harold E. Lebovitz, MD, FACE Kathmandu November 2010 Relationships Between Diabetes and Ischemic Heart Disease Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Different Categories
More informationHow well do office and exercise blood pressures predict sustained hypertension? A Dundee Step Test Study
(2000) 14, 429 433 2000 Macmillan Publishers Ltd All rights reserved 0950-9240/00 $15.00 www.nature.com/jhh ORIGINAL ARTICLE How well do office and exercise blood pressures predict sustained hypertension?
More informationDIURNAL VARIATIONS IN BLOOD PRESSURE AND THEIR RELATION WITH CAROTID ARTERY INTIMA-MEDIA THICKENING
DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN BLOOD PRESSURE AND THEIR RELATION WITH CAROTID ARTERY INTIMA-MEDIA THICKENING Sh Narooei (1), B Soroor (2), F Zaker (3) Abstract INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is a very common cardiovascular
More informationAnnals of RSCB Vol. XIV, Issue 1
THE ROLE OF URIC ACID AS A RISK FACTOR FOR ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION Corina Şerban 1, Germaine Săvoiu 2, Lelia Şuşan 3, Alina Păcurari 3, A. Caraba 3, Anca Tudor 4, Daniela Ionescu 5, I. Romosan 3, A. Cristescu
More informationEpidemiologic and clinical comparison of renal artery stenosis in black patients and white patients
ORIGINAL ARTICLES Epidemiologic and clinical comparison of renal artery stenosis in black patients and white patients Andrew C. Novick, MD, Safwat Zald, MD, David Goldfarb, MD, and Ernest E. Hodge, MD,
More informationABSTRACT ORIGINAL ARTICLE INTRODUCTION. e-issn: p-issn: doi: /apjhs G. Vikas Naik 1 *, K. P.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE e-issn: 2349-0659 p-issn: 2350-0964 doi: 10.21276/apjhs.2018.5.1.21 Carotid intima-media thickness as a predictor of atherosclerosis in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects - A study from
More informationCVD risk assessment using risk scores in primary and secondary prevention
CVD risk assessment using risk scores in primary and secondary prevention Raul D. Santos MD, PhD Heart Institute-InCor University of Sao Paulo Brazil Disclosure Honoraria for consulting and speaker activities
More informationCLINICAL STUDY. Yasser Khalil, MD; Bertrand Mukete, MD; Michael J. Durkin, MD; June Coccia, MS, RVT; Martin E. Matsumura, MD
117 CLINICAL STUDY A Comparison of Assessment of Coronary Calcium vs Carotid Intima Media Thickness for Determination of Vascular Age and Adjustment of the Framingham Risk Score Yasser Khalil, MD; Bertrand
More informationImaging Biomarkers: utilisation for the purposes of registration. EMEA-EFPIA Workshop on Biomarkers 15 December 2006
Imaging Biomarkers: utilisation for the purposes of registration EMEA-EFPIA Workshop on Biomarkers 15 December 2006 Vascular Imaging Technologies Carotid Ultrasound-IMT IVUS-PAV QCA-% stenosis 2 ICH E
More informationData Alert #2... Bi o l o g y Work i n g Gro u p. Subject: HOPE: New validation for the importance of tissue ACE inhibition
Vascular Bi o l o g y Work i n g Gro u p c/o Medical Education Consultants, In c. 25 Sy l van Road South, We s t p o rt, CT 06880 Chairman: Carl J. Pepine, MD Professor and Chief Division of Cardiovascular
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content Kavousi M, Leening MJG, Nanchen D, et al. Comparison of application of the ACC/AHA guidelines, Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, and European Society of Cardiology guidelines
More informationSimvastatin With or Without Ezetimibe in Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Simvastatin With or Without Ezetimibe in Familial Hypercholesterolemia The trial ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT00552097 John J.P. Kastelein, MD, PhD* Department of Vascular Medicine Academic Medical Center
More informationPeripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease- The Challenge in patients with diabetes
Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease- The Challenge in patients with diabetes Ashok Handa Reader in Surgery and Consultant Surgeon Nuffield Department of Surgery University of Oxford Introduction Vascular
More informationSubclinical atherosclerosis in CVD: Risk stratification & management Raul Santos, MD
Subclinical atherosclerosis in CVD: Risk stratification & management Raul Santos, MD Sao Paulo Medical School Sao Paolo, Brazil Subclinical atherosclerosis in CVD risk: Stratification & management Prof.
More informationAssociation between Plasma Homocysteine Concentrations and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Association between Plasma Homocysteine Concentrations and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease ROXANA BUZAŞ, CORINA ŞERBAN, IOANA SUCEAVA, DANIEL LIGHEZAN University
More informationNomogram of the Relation of Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity with Blood Pressure
801 Original Article Nomogram of the Relation of Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity with Blood Pressure Akira YAMASHINA, Hirofumi TOMIYAMA, Tomio ARAI, Yutaka KOJI, Minoru YAMBE, Hiroaki MOTOBE, Zydem
More informationGlycemic and blood pressure control in older patients with hypertension and diabetes: association with carotid atherosclerosis
Journal of Geriatric Cardiology (2011) 8: 24 30 2011 IGC All rights reserved; www.jgc301.com Research Articles Open Access Glycemic and blood pressure control in older patients with hypertension and diabetes:
More informationThe problem of uncontrolled hypertension
(2002) 16, S3 S8 2002 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9240/02 $25.00 www.nature.com/jhh The problem of uncontrolled hypertension Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Norrlands
More informationMarc Frerix 1*, Johannes Stegbauer 2, Alexander Kreuter 3 and Stefan Markus Weiner 4
Frerix et al. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2014, 16:R54 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Atherosclerotic plaques occur in absence of intima-media thickening in both systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus:
More information