procedures in chronic respiratory disease and for mitral regurgitation are put forth in table 1. The use of this diagnostic protocol should aid in
|
|
- Randolf Owen
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Clarke E. Atkins, DVM Diplomate, ACVIM (Medicine/Cardiology) Professor, Emeritus, College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC The coughing dog commonly presents both a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma to the practicing veterinarian, the former often begetting the latter. This is particularly true in middle-aged to aged, small breed dogs which are often afflicted with chronic respiratory disease and mitral insufficiency, each of which may result in coughing. The problem then becomes one of distinguishing the degree to which respiratory and/or cardiovascular disease are contributing to the cough. This is important because the therapies are quite different and, in some instances, appropriate therapy for one worsens the other. The cough reflex, usually initiated by irritation of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and larger bronchi, produces forceful expiration against a closed glottis, followed by sudden release and forced expulsion. This protective mechanism is useful in expelling foreign material, exudate, and organisms from the respiratory tract. It is also fatiguing and irritating to the patient and owner alike. Suppression of coughing is not, however, indicated in all instances. It is better to alleviate the underlying cause, using cough suppressants only in a limited number of instances. For this reason, as well as to allow specific treatment and to more accurately prognosticate, a definitive diagnosis is mandatory. Causes of coughing are many, but in the population of dogs under discussion, cough most commonly results from upper airway disease, tracheobronchial collapse, chronic bronchitis of varying etiologies, pulmonary fibrosis, bronchiectasis, pulmonary neoplasia, pneumonia, and mitral regurgitation (the latter, usually but not always with heart failure). In mitral regurgitation, the cause of cough is not entirely clear, but left atrial impingement on the left main bronchus and/or recurrent laryngeal nerve, edema of the respiratory mucosa, interstitial fluid pressure on airways, and excessive bronchial mucous production have all been suggested as being contributory. The diagnosis of chronic, unresponsive cough is challenging, particularly when concurrent cardiac disease is identified. Often, referral of such cases is warranted, providing such diagnostic opportunities as fluoroscopy, electrocardiography, echocardiography, oximetry, bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, culture and sensitivity, cytological evaluation, lung biopsy or fine needle aspiration, serology (e.g. fungal, toxoplasma, heartworm, etc.), specialized fecal examinations (sedimentation and Baermann examination for respiratory parasites), and arterial and venous blood gas analysis. In many instances however, referral centers are inconvenient, owners decline referral, or referral is unnecessary. Virtually all small animal practices can, through careful historical, physical, and special procedural examination, provide an excellent diagnostic workup for dogs with cough and mitral regurgitation. Special procedures typically available to private practitioners include inspiratory and expiratory thoracic and cervical radiographs to evaluate for airway collapse or infiltrate, cardiac size, evidence of heart failure, and the pulmonary parenchyma; electrocardiography to determine heart rate and the presence of left and/or right atrial and/or ventricular enlargement; transtracheal wash as a substitute for bronchoscopy, with culture and cytological evaluation; and trial diuresis. The expected results of such 1
2 procedures in chronic respiratory disease and for mitral regurgitation are put forth in table 1. The use of this diagnostic protocol should aid in the diagnosis of the cause of cough in patients with heart murmurs, hence improving therapeutic intervention and patient response. Historical and physical findings (Table 1) which may indicate a respiratory cause for chronic cough include obesity, harsh cough, mucopurulent nasal discharge, harsh, "honking" and/or productive cough, and respiratory wheezes. Contrarily, loss of condition, soft, non-productive cough, often worse at night, accompanying dyspnea (may occur with severe respiratory disease as well), and tachycardia with weak pulses are more indicative of a cardiac cause for the cough. The minimum data base for the workup of cough is depicted in table 2, with additional tests, which may be useful in some, but not necessary in all, cases. The complete blood count may be useful in indicating eosinophilia and possibly basophilia which are most compatible with allergic or parasitic disorders, such as parasitic or eosinophilic pneumonias or heartworm disease. With bacterial pneumonia there may be indicators of sepsis, such as neutrophilia, toxic changes in neutrophils, and monocytosis. It is emphasized that hematological changes are inconsistent, at best. In heartworm-endemic areas, appropriate testing (antigen ELISA for dogs on monthly preventative; antigen ELISA and/or Knott s test if on no or daily preventative). For dogs with good preventative histories, heartworm testing may be postponed until after thoracic radiography. Overall, the most useful tool is the thoracic radiograph. It is beyond the scope of this manuscript to review thoracic radiography. Specific changes useful in the differentiation of cardiac from respiratory causes of cough would include left vs. right heart enlargement, indicative respectively of cardiac and respiratory causes. The status of the lung, airways, and pulmonary vasculature is, likewise, often elucidating. Bronchial thickening, pulmonary infiltrate (other than pulmonary edema), pulmonary arterial enlargement (apical pulmonary artery larger than accompanying vein or proximal one-third of the fourth rib where they intersect) suggest respiratory disease with the latter finding most consistent with pulmonary hypertension (typically heartworm disease). Contrarily, enlargement of the pulmonary vein (apical pulmonary vein greater than accompanying artery or greater than the proximal one-third of the fourth rib where they intersect) suggests pulmonary venous congestion (left heart failure). Evaluation of the airways for dynamic function is best performed with fluoroscopy but can be approximated by maximizing the information gleaned from conventional radiography. This can be accomplished by supplementing routine full inspiratory lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs with a lateral exposure at full expiration, and ideally, a full inspiratory exposure focused over the cervical trachea. The former will demonstrate intrathoracic and the latter, extrathoracic airway collapse. It should be emphasized that a negative dynamic study, such as this, does not definitively rule out airway collapse. Electrocardiographic findings compatible with respiratory disease (and heartworm disease which in reality is respiratory - or pulmonary arterial - disease) include slow rate, sinus arrhythmia, P- pulmonale (P waves >0.4mv, indicating right atrial enlargement), and occasionally a right ventricular enlargement pattern (S waves in leads 1, 2 and 3, right axis deviation, and deep S waves in V 3). Alternatively, dogs with mitral valvular insufficiency typically have normal mean electrical axis, tachycardia if in heart failure, P mitrale (widened and sometimes notched P waves), and possibly, left ventricular enlargement pattern (tall R waves and/or prolonged QRS complexes). Specific information about the nature of respiratory disease can be obtained routinely with transtracheal aspiration (wash). This is accomplished under mild sedation (or none in debilitated animals) so that the cough reflex is not blunted. Standard surgical preparation is performed over the 2
3 larynx. The cricothyroid ligament is palpated by feeling the indentation; this is accentuated by flexing and extending the neck. Lidocaine is infiltrated subcutaneously over this site. The dog is positioned in sternal recumbency or in a sitting position. It is important to keep the dog symmetrically positioned to allow accurate assessment of anatomic landmarks. The neck is extended and a small stab incision made over the cricothyroid membrane. A 12 to 18 inch 14 to 16 guage intravenous catheter is used to puncture the membrane, with the trachea digitally stabilized. The catheter is directed down into the airway and the catheter advanced. Coughing indicates successful entry into the airway. Once the catheter has been fully advanced, the needle is backed from the trachea and the needle guard applied. The metal stylet is removed and nonbacterostatic saline (approximately.4 ml/kg) is rapidly infused and reaspirated. Only a small fraction of the infusate is retrieved. This washing procedure may be repeated once or twice. The evidence of mucous or pus in the retrieved material suggests a successful wash. The material is placed in appropriate transport media and submitted for bacterial (and possibly fungal) culture and for cytological evaluation. Pressure should be applied to the entry site for a full 5 minutes after the catheter is remove. I prefer not to perform this procedure on dogs less than approximately kg; in smaller dogs, the procedure is performed through a sterile endotracheal tube, using a red rubber feeding tube and brief general anesthesia. Complications to this procedure are uncommon but hospitalization or close observation at home are advised. Sedation for the first 12 hours is useful in excitable dogs or those with intractible, violent coughing. Bronchoscopy provides the advantage of allowing direct visualization of the airways and selective sampling of specific sites. Disadvantages include cost, the need for special expertise and equipment, and the necessity of anesthesia. Superior cytological samples can be obtained using bronchoalveolar lavage, a technique which also requires general anesthesia and is best performed using bronchoscopy. This technique, which may compromise animals with severe respiratory disease, samples specific lung lobes by filling the alveoli in the region with sterile saline and aspirating the contents. Large numbers of cells are recovered and, because samples are diluted, clumping of cells with mucous is minimized. Bronchoalveolar lavage is generally reserved for cases in which less invasive methods are unsuccessful. Like the techniques mentioned above, bronchoalveolar lavage is most advantageously employed in cases with other than pure interstitial disease, as the samples represent primarily the airways and alveoli. The use of biomarkers in the differentiation of cardiac and respiratory disease has become a reality. NT-proBNP appears to be the most promising is currently under heavy scrutiny for its ability to differentiate not only cardiac vs respiratory cause of cough/dyspnea, but failing from non-failing hearts for differentiating diseased from non-diseased hearts, and for determining prognosis and treatment success in CHF, as well. Lastly, a therapeutic trial of an off-loading drug, such as furosemide, can be useful in ruling in or out cardiac disease as the cause for coughing. Such therapy will clear edema and shrink the left atrium, relieving the cause of cardiac cough. If the cough is purely respiratory in origin, this maneuver is unlikely to be of benefit. Several concepts are important if this approach is used. First, the dosage of furosemide must be adequate and the duration of therapy long enough (.5-1 mg/kg tid for 2-4 days) to allow firm conclusion as to its efficacy in controlling the cough. Second, this approach should not involve any other drugs, so that the exact cause of a favorable response is evident. Lastly, the owner needs to be educated to the fact that this is a diagnostic test, that his or her evaluation of the response is important, and that if successful, the dosage will be lowered and other drugs, such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, will be added to the regimen. 3
4 Using this approach, the cause of cough can often be determined. It should be emphasized that, in some cases, respiratory and cardiac diseases may coexist and work in concert to produce the cough. In addition, neither respiratory or chronic mitral valvular diseases are static, so conclusions drawn regarding the cause of a cough correctly drawn today may no longer be valid over time. References 1. Atkins, CE: Atrioventricular valvular insufficiency in Allan, DG (ed): Small Animal Medicine, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott, 1991, pp Suter, PF: Thoracic Radiography, Zurich, Peter F. Suter, 1984, pp Thrall, DE, Losonski, J: A method for evaluating canine circulatory dynamics from survey radiographs, J Amer Anim Hosp Assoc 12: , Allen, DG: Special techniques in Allan, DG (ed): Small Animal Medicine, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott, 1991, pp McKiernan, BC: Bronchoscopy in the small animal patient in Kirk RW (ed) Current Veterinary Therapy X, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1989, pp Hawkins, EC: Tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage in the management of respiratory disease in Kirk RW and Bonagura JD (eds) Current Veterinary Therapy XI, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1992, pp
5 Differentiating Cough Due to Cardiac and Respiratory Disease Respiratory Disease Cardiac Disease Body Weight Normal or obese Thin or weight loss Cough Often with exercise, Worse at night, +/- mucopurulent sputum, +/- pink sputum (rare), harsh, debilitating soft cough Dyspnea +/- dyspnea +/- dyspnea/orthopnea Murmur With or without Always murmur with MR Lung sounds None, wheezes, crackles; None, crackles, wheezes; wheezes most common crackles most common Heart rate/rhythm Usually normal to slow, Usually rapid, sinus sinus arrhythmia rhythm/tachycardia ECG NSR or NSA +/- p-pulmonale, NSR or sinus tachycardia, right ventricular enlargement p-mitrale, left ventricular enlargement Radiographs No pulmonary edema +/- Pulmonary edema, left heart right heart enlargement (RA, RV), enlargement (LA, LV), no +/- airway collapse and parenchymal airway collapse or airway and/or bronchial infiltrate infiltrate Echocardiogram Variable right heart enlargement, Left heart enlargement, MR, variable high velocity TR or PI (PHT) enlarged pulmonary veins Airway cytology Inflammatory or neoplastic Normal Hemogram Variable inflammation, Normal or stress leukogram +/- polycythemia Diuretic Unresponsive Responsive Note that findings vary and not all abnormalities are seen in a given case and that overlap of diseases and signs may occur. NSR = normal sinus rhythm, NSA = normal sinus arrhythmia, MR = mitral regurgitation, RA = right atrium, RV = right ventricle, LA = left atrium, LV = left ventricle, TR = tricuspid 5
6 regurgitation, PI = pulmonary insufficiency, PHT = pulmonary hypertension.
7 Table 2. Minimum data base and additional tests for dogs with chronic cough and heart murmur. Minimum Data Base Complete blood count Heartworm test Thoracic radiographs Electrocardiogram Additional Tests Arterial blood gases (to evaluate oxygenation and ventilation) Venous blood gases (to evaluate ventilation and tissue perfusion) Tracheal wash * Bronchoscopy * Bronchoalveolar lavage * Lung biopsy Serology Special Fecal Examinations Echocardiography Response to off-loading therapy * Assumes culture and cytological evaluation of specimens obtained.
About the Cardiac Education Group (CEG) The CEG Mission. The CEG promotes and facilitates:
About the Cardiac Education Group (CEG) The Cardiac Education Group is a group of board certified veterinary cardiologists from both academia and private practice that offers independent recommendations
More informationArkansas VMA Winter 2015
Chronic Coughing Dogs Simple Tests & Favorite Drugs G. P. Oswald DVM, Dip ACVIM, Tampa Bay Veterinary Specialists, Largo, FL Paroxysmal non-productive coughing is a common and frustrating complaint in
More informationDiscussing feline tracheal disease
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Discussing feline tracheal disease Author : ANDREW SPARKES Categories : Vets Date : March 24, 2008 ANDREW SPARKES aims to
More informationDiagnosis of heart failure in dogs with mitral valve disease
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Diagnosis of heart failure in dogs with mitral valve disease Author : PHILLIP SPEER Categories : Vets Date : March 31, 2014
More informationProceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Sydney, Australia 2007
Proceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Sydney, Australia 2007 Hosted by: Australian Small Animal Veterinary Association (ASAVA) Australian Small Animal Veterinary Association (ASAVA)
More informationCE Southwest October 14-15, 2017 Doubletree by Hilton, Durango, CO
CE Southwest October 14-15, 2017 Doubletree by Hilton, Durango, CO From the Outside, In: Updates in Dermatology and Cardiology AGENDA Saturday, October 14 Dermatology with Dr. Candace Sousa 9:00 10:00
More informationAcute Respiratory Distress: The Blue Patient
E m e rg e n c y M e d i c i n e R E S P I R A T O R Y Peer Reviewed Stacey Leach, DVM, & Deborah Fine, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVIM University of Missouri Acute Respiratory Distress: The Blue Patient PROFILE
More informationVentricular Tachycardia Basics
Ventricular Tachycardia Basics OVERVIEW Ventricular refers to the ventricles of the heart; tachycardia is the medical term for rapid heart rate The heart of the dog or cat is composed of four chambers;
More informationFUNDAMENTAL ISSUES. Clinical Approach to Respiratory Disease in the Dog and the Cat
Clinical Approach to Respiratory Disease in the Dog and the Cat Philip Padrid DVM Medical Director VCA Vet Care Specialty Referral Center Regional Medical Director VCA SW Region Associate Professor of
More informationCOUGH Dr. A m A it i e t sh A g A garwa w l Le L ctu t rer Departm t ent t o f f M e M dic i in i e
COUGH Dr. Amitesh Aggarwal Lecturer Department of Medicine Cough is an explosive expiration that provides a normal protective mechanism for clearing the tracheobronchial tree of secretions and foreign
More informationDon t Panic! Dr. Karau s Guide to Respiratory Emergencies November 4, 2018
Don t Panic! Dr. Karau s Guide to Respiratory Emergencies November 4, 2018 Objectives Oxygen delivery methods Emergent diagnostic tests Differentiating between upper and lower respiratory disease Respiratory
More informationan inflammation of the bronchial tubes
BRONCHITIS DEFINITION Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes (or bronchi), which are the air passages that extend from the trachea into the small airways and alveoli. Triggers may be infectious
More informationProceedings of the 36th World Small Animal Veterinary Congress WSAVA
www.ivis.org Proceedings of the 36th World Small Animal Veterinary Congress WSAVA Oct. 14-17, 2011 Jeju, Korea Next Congress: Reprinted in IVIS with the permission of WSAVA http://www.ivis.org 14(Fri)
More information1/13/2014. Proper Radiographs. Proper Radiographs. A Review of Pulmonary Patterns
Live Webinar A Review of Pulmonary Patterns Sofija R. Liles, DVM, DACVR Proper Radiographs Which views? One lateral plus ventrodorsal (at least) Left lateral is best for thorax Three views for full metastatic
More informationFOREIGN BODY ASPIRATION in children. Dr. Xayyavong Bouathongthip, M.D Emergency department, children s hospital
FOREIGN BODY ASPIRATION in children Dr. Xayyavong Bouathongthip, M.D Emergency department, children s hospital How common is choking? About 3,000 people die/year from choking Figure remained unchanged
More information1 Michele Borgarelli
# Michele Borgarelli 1 1 DVM, PhD, DipECVIM-CA (Cardiology) Associate Professor Virginia- Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA MAKING TOMORROW HAPPEN TODAY
More informationHISTORY. Question: How do you interpret the patient s history? CHIEF COMPLAINT: Dyspnea of two days duration. PRESENT ILLNESS: 45-year-old man.
HISTORY 45-year-old man. CHIEF COMPLAINT: Dyspnea of two days duration. PRESENT ILLNESS: His dyspnea began suddenly and has been associated with orthopnea, but no chest pain. For two months he has felt
More informationAtrioventricular Valve Dysplasia
Atrioventricular Valve Dysplasia How does the heart work? The heart is the organ responsible for pumping blood to and from all tissues of the body. The heart is divided into right and left sides. The job
More informationBronchoscopy: approaches to evaluation and sampling
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Bronchoscopy: approaches to evaluation and sampling Author : Simon Tappin Categories : Companion animal, Vets Date : December
More informationProceedings of the 34th World Small Animal Veterinary Congress WSAVA 2009
www.ivis.org Proceedings of the 34th World Small Animal Veterinary Congress WSAVA 2009 São Paulo, Brazil - 2009 Next WSAVA Congress : Reprinted in IVIS with the permission of the Congress Organizers MANAGEMENT
More informationIncidentally-detected heart murmurs in dogs and cats: executive summary 2015
Incidentally-detected heart murmurs in dogs and cats: executive summary 2015 E Côté, NJ Edwards, SJ Ettinger, VL Fuentes, KA MacDonald, BA Scansen, DD Sisson, JA Abbott.* An incidentally-detected heart
More informationCor pulmonale. Dr hamid reza javadi
1 Cor pulmonale Dr hamid reza javadi 2 Definition Cor pulmonale ;pulmonary heart disease; is defined as dilation and hypertrophy of the right ventricle (RV) in response to diseases of the pulmonary vasculature
More informationPulmonic Stenosis. How does the heart work?
Pulmonic Stenosis How does the heart work? The heart is the organ responsible for pumping blood to and from all tissues of the body. The heart is divided into right and left sides. The job of the right
More informationLecture Notes. Chapter 4: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Lecture Notes Chapter 4: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Objectives Define COPD Estimate incidence of COPD in the US Define factors associated with onset of COPD Describe the clinical features
More informationRestrictive Cardiomyopathy in Cats (a Type of Heart-Muscle Disease) Basics
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy in Cats (a Type of Heart-Muscle Disease) Basics OVERVIEW The heart of the cat is composed of four chambers; the top two chambers are the left and right atria and the bottom two
More informationThe Respiratory System
The Respiratory System Respiratory Anatomy Upper respiratory tract Nose Nasal passages Pharynx Larynx Respiratory Anatomy Functions of the upper respiratory tract: Provide entry for inhaled air Respiratory
More informationDIAGNOSING HEART FAILURE IN DOGS
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk DIAGNOSING HEART FAILURE IN DOGS Author : Mike Martin Categories : Vets Date : November 7, 2011 Mike Martin offers advice
More informationRespiratory system. Applied Anatomy &Physiology
Respiratory system Applied Anatomy &Physiology Anatomy The respiratory system consists of 1)The Upper airway : Nose, mouth and larynx 2)The Lower airways Trachea and the two lungs. Within the lungs,
More informationProceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Sydney, Australia 2007
Proceedings of the World Small Animal Sydney, Australia 2007 Hosted by: Next WSAVA Congress THE LAST GASP II: LUNGS AND THORAX David Holt, BVSc, Diplomate ACVS University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary
More informationDifficulty Breathing and Respiratory Distress Basics
Difficulty Breathing and Respiratory Distress Basics OVERVIEW Difficulty breathing (known as dyspnea ) a subjective term that in human medicine means an uncomfortable sensation in breathing or a sensation
More informationLung Cancer - Suspected
Lung Cancer - Suspected Shared Decision Making Lung Cancer: http://www.enhertsccg.nhs.uk/ Patient presents with abnormal CXR Lung cancer - clinical presentation History and Examination Incidental finding
More informationCHF and Pulmonary Edema. Rod Hetherington
CHF and Pulmonary Edema Rod Hetherington Objectives Given a lecture and group discussion, the paramedic will be able to: Identify and name the key anatomical structures of the heart and vessels Describe
More informationSarah J. Miller, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Cardiology) Degenerative Valvular Disease What s New?
Sarah J. Miller, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Cardiology) Degenerative Valvular Disease What s New? Chronic degenerative valvular disease is the most common cardiovascular disease in small animals, and is also
More information8/14/2017. Objective: correlate radiographic findings of common lung diseases to actual lung pathologic features
What is that lung disease? Pulmonary Patterns & Correlated Pathology Dr. Russell Tucker, DACVR Objective: correlate radiographic findings of common lung diseases to actual lung pathologic features Improved
More informationPresents: With: CANINE AND FELINE CARDIOLOGY CLARKE E. ATKINS DVM, DACVIM
Presents: CANINE AND FELINE CARDIOLOGY With: CLARKE E. ATKINS DVM, DACVIM December 14, 2011 AN APPROACH TO ASYMPTOMATIC ACQUIRED HEART DISEASE IN DOGS AND CATS Clarke E. Atkins, DVM, Diplomate, ACVIM (Internal
More informationAnatomy. The respiratory system starts from the nose, mouth, larynx, trachea, and the two lungs.
Respiratory System Anatomy The respiratory system starts from the nose, mouth, larynx, trachea, and the two lungs. Within the lungs, the bronchi transport air with oxygen to the alveoli on inspiration
More informationPulmonary Pathophysiology
Pulmonary Pathophysiology 1 Reduction of Pulmonary Function 1. Inadequate blood flow to the lungs hypoperfusion 2. Inadequate air flow to the alveoli - hypoventilation 2 Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary
More informationDiagnosis is complicated
Peer reviewed Cardiac Blood Tests in Cats Another Tool for Detection of Heart Disease Mark A. Oyama, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Cardiology) Detection of asymptomatic (occult) heart disease in cats is challenging.
More informationPulmonary Patterns & Correlated Pathology
Pulmonary Patterns & Correlated Pathology Russell Tucker, DVM, DACVR Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine Objective: correlate radiographic findings of common lung diseases to actual
More informationUnconscious exchange of air between lungs and the external environment Breathing
Respiration Unconscious exchange of air between lungs and the external environment Breathing Two types External Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the environment and the organism Internal Exchange
More informationBrachycephalics: It is More Than Just a Short Nose
OCTOBER 2018 Brachycephalics: It is More Than Just a Short Nose ELIZABETH ROZANSKI, DVM, DACVIM (SA-IM), DACVECC TUFTS UNIVERSITY, NORTH GRAFTON, MA Respiratory diseases as well as respiratory distress
More informationDilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs
Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs (a Type of Heart-Muscle Disease) Basics OVERVIEW The heart of the dog is composed of four chambers; the top two chambers are the left and right atria and the bottom two chambers
More informationLaryngeal Diseases. (Diseases of the Voice Box or Larynx) Basics
Laryngeal Diseases (Diseases of the Voice Box or Larynx) Basics OVERVIEW The respiratory tract consists of the upper respiratory tract (the nose, nasal passages, throat, and windpipe [trachea]) and the
More informationCARDIOVASCULAR PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Clarke Atkins, DVM, Diplomate, ACVIM (Internal Medicine and Cardiology) Jane Lewis Seaks Distinguished Professor Emeritus North Carolina State University, College of
More informationChapter 11 The Respiratory System
Biology 12 Name: Respiratory System Per: Date: Chapter 11 The Respiratory System Complete using BC Biology 12, page 342-371 11.1 The Respiratory System pages 346-350 1. Distinguish between A. ventilation:
More information5/5/2013. The Respiratory System. Chapter 16 Notes. The Respiratory System. Nasal Cavity. Sinuses
The Respiratory System Chapter 16 Notes The Respiratory System Objectives List the general functions of the respiratory system. Identify the organs of the respiratory system. Describe the functions of
More informationRespiratory Diseases and Disorders
Chapter 9 Respiratory Diseases and Disorders Anatomy and Physiology Chest, lungs, and conducting airways Two parts: Upper respiratory system consists of nose, mouth, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx Lower
More informationTracheal Collapse: Medical Management Versus Implantable Stents
What is Tracheal Collapse? The trachea (windpipe) is a large tube that is reinforced by cartilage rings. The trachea runs alongside of the esophagus (food pipe) and delivers air to the lungs. Tracheal
More informationAtrioventricular Valve Endocardiosis Basics
Atrioventricular Valve Endocardiosis Basics OVERVIEW Atrioventricular valve refers to the heart valves between the top chamber (known as the atrium ) and the bottom chamber (known as the ventricle ) of
More informationCardiology made easy. Dr. Markus Killich DipACVIM (Cardiology) DipECVIM-CA (Cardiology)
Cardiology made easy Dr. Markus Killich DipACVIM (Cardiology) DipECVIM-CA (Cardiology) www.kardiokonsult.de questions Does a patient have heart disease? What kind of heart disease does it have? What is
More informationAuscultation of the lung
Auscultation of the lung Auscultation of the lung by the stethoscope. *Compositions of the stethoscope: 1-chest piece 2-Ear piece 3-Rubber tubs *Auscultation area of the lung(triangle of auscultation).
More informationNOW RACE Certified Earn CE Credits for Lunch and Learns
In this Issue COVER Recommendations on the Management of Incidentally Detected Heart Murmurs Page 2 Page 5 New Cardiologist 4 Days a Week For Veterinarian Section New Handouts For Tech Section Locations
More informationProceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Sydney, Australia 2007
Proceedings of the World Small Animal Sydney, Australia 2007 Hosted by: Next WSAVA Congress ECG INTERPRETATION Adrian Boswood MA VetMB DVC DECVIM-CA(Cardiology) MRCVS The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead
More informationHISTORY. Question: What category of heart disease is suggested by this history? CHIEF COMPLAINT: Heart murmur present since early infancy.
HISTORY 18-year-old man. CHIEF COMPLAINT: Heart murmur present since early infancy. PRESENT ILLNESS: Although normal at birth, a heart murmur was heard at the six week check-up and has persisted since
More informationCHAPTER 7.1 STRUCTURES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 7.1 STRUCTURES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Pages 244-247 DO NOW What structures, do you think, are active participating in the breathing process? 2 WHAT ARE WE DOING IN TODAY S CLASS Finishing Digestion
More informationThe Respiratory System
130 20 The Respiratory System 1. Define important words in this chapter 2. Explain the structure and function of the respiratory system 3. Discuss changes in the respiratory system due to aging 4. Discuss
More informationThe Cardiac Cycle Clive M. Baumgarten, Ph.D.
The Cardiac Cycle Clive M. Baumgarten, Ph.D. OBJECTIVES: 1. Describe periods comprising cardiac cycle and events within each period 2. Describe the temporal relationships between pressure, blood flow,
More informationHemodynamic Monitoring
Perform Procedure And Interpret Results Hemodynamic Monitoring Tracheal Tube Cuff Pressure Dean R. Hess PhD RRT FAARC Hemodynamic Monitoring Cardiac Rate and Rhythm Arterial Blood Pressure Central Venous
More informationCopyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Normal Cardiac Anatomy
Mosby,, an affiliate of Elsevier Normal Cardiac Anatomy Impaired cardiac pumping Results in vasoconstriction & fluid retention Characterized by ventricular dysfunction, reduced exercise tolerance, diminished
More informationPet owners are often very anxious about veterinary procedures that involve anesthesia. This handout attempts to alleviate some of these concerns.
Printable Version Anesthesia for Cats Pet owners are often very anxious about veterinary procedures that involve anesthesia. This handout attempts to alleviate some of these concerns. The word anesthesia
More informationHeart Disease in Dogs: An Overview
Heart Disease in Dogs: An Overview Heart disease in dogs is a commonly diagnosed condition. A dog s heart, lungs, and blood vessels combine to form his circulatory system. The heart is the central player
More informationPathogenesis of pulmonary symptoms Dr. Rehab F. Gwada
Pathogenesis of pulmonary symptoms Dr. Rehab F. Gwada Objectives of the lectures Identify main symptoms of pulmonary diseases & their pathogeneses Outline the graded of dyspnea Differentiate between bronchial
More informationFinding a Consensus on. Cardiology) Canine CVHD ACVIM & ECVIM
H o w I Tre a t Peer Reviewed C A R D I O L O G Y Clarke Atkins, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Internal Medicine & Cardiology), North Carolina State University Finding a Consensus on Canine CVHD Canine chronic
More informationBOXER CARDIOMYOPATHY
BOXER CARDIOMYOPATHY by: Wendy Wallner, DVM What is Boxer cardiomyopathy? Boxer cardiomyopathy as we know it consists primarily of an electrical conduction disorder which causes the heart to beat erratically
More informationWhat s Your Diagnosis? Signalment: Species: Ferret, Mustela putorius furo Sex: Female Spayed Date of Birth: 03/01/02 History of Adrenal Disease
What s Your Diagnosis? Signalment: Species: Ferret, Mustela putorius furo Sex: Female Spayed Date of Birth: 03/01/02 History of Adrenal Disease Presenting Complaint: Diarrhea; Acute Dyspnea. For a couple
More informationValvular Heart Disease Mitral Stenosis
Valvular Heart Disease Mitral Stenosis A 75 year old woman with loud first heart sound and mid-diastolic murmur Chronic dyspnea Class 2/4 Fatigue Recent orthopnea/pnd Nocturnal palpitation Pedal edema
More informationPatent Ductus Arteriosus
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (Type of Heart Birth Defect) Basics OVERVIEW Patent refers to open ; ductus arteriosus is a blood vessel between the aorta (main artery of the body) and the pulmonary artery (main
More informationLecture 2: Clinical anatomy of thoracic cage and cavity II
Lecture 2: Clinical anatomy of thoracic cage and cavity II Dr. Rehan Asad At the end of this session, the student should be able to: Identify and discuss clinical anatomy of mediastinum such as its deflection,
More informationRight-Sided Congestive Heart Failure Basics
Right-Sided Congestive Heart Failure Basics OVERVIEW Failure of the right side of the heart to pump blood at a sufficient rate to meet the needs of the body or to prevent blood from pooling within the
More informationTests Your Pulmonologist Might Order. Center For Cardiac Fitness Pulmonary Rehab Program The Miriam Hospital
Tests Your Pulmonologist Might Order Center For Cardiac Fitness Pulmonary Rehab Program The Miriam Hospital BASIC ANATOMY OF THE LUNGS Lobes of Lung 3 lobes on the Right lung 2 lobes on the Left Blood
More informationPERICARDIAL DIAESE. Kaijun Cui Associated professor Sichuan University
PERICARDIAL DIAESE Kaijun Cui Associated professor Sichuan University CLASSIFICATION acute pericarditis pericardial effusion cardiac tamponade constrictive pericarditis congenitally absent pericardium
More informationCARDIAC PROBLEMS IN PREGNANCY
CARDIAC PROBLEMS IN PREGNANCY LAS VEGAS, NEVADA, USA 27 February 1 March 2016 SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT WITH RECOMBINANT TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR OF MASSIVE PULMONARY EMBOLISM IN THE 16 TH WEEK OF PREGNANCY
More informationEndoscopy. Pulmonary Endoscopy
Pulmonary 1 Direct visualization of TB tree Developed in 1890 s to remove foreign bodies - rigid metal tube Advances added light system, Sx Flexible fiberoptic scopes introduced in early 1960 s 2 Used
More informationCardiology Diagnostics Radiographs, Echo, and Biomarkers Introduction Thoracic Radiographs Cardiac Sze Cardiac Shape
Cardiology Diagnostics Radiographs, Echo, and Biomarkers John E Rush, DVM, DACVECC, DACVIM (Cardiology) Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA Introduction Respiratory
More informationCanine and Feline Dirofilariasis: Life Cycle, Pathophysiology, and Diagnosis *
CE Article #1 Canine and Feline Dirofilariasis: Life Cycle, Pathophysiology, and Diagnosis * Heather Hoch, DVM SouthPaws Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Center Fairfax, Virginia Keith Strickland,
More informationPulmonary hypertension
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2012 Pulmonary hypertension Glaus, T M Posted at the Zurich Open Repository
More informationPatent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) How does the heart work? The heart is the organ responsible for pumping blood to and from all tissues of the body. The heart is divided into right and left sides. The job
More informationCardiovascular Nursing Practice: A Comprehensive Resource Manual and Study Guide for Clinical Nurses 2 nd Edition
Cardiovascular Nursing Practice: A Comprehensive Resource Manual and Study Guide for Clinical Nurses 2 nd Edition Table of Contents Volume 1 Chapter 1: Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology Basic Cardiac
More informationCardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders Blood Pressure Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mmhg (millimeters of mercury) Hypertension is when the resting blood pressure is too high Systolic BP is 140 mmhg
More informationTracheal normal sound heard over trachea loud tubular quality high-pitched expiration equal to or slightly longer than inspiration
= listening for sounds produced in the body over chest to ID normal & abnormal lung sounds all BS made by turbulent flow in the airways useful in making initial D & evaluating effects of R 4 characteristics
More informationDescribe regional differences in pulmonary blood flow in an upright person. Describe the major functions of the bronchial circulation
OBJECTIVES Describe regional differences in pulmonary blood flow in an upright person Define zones I, II, and III in the lung, with respect to pulmonary vascular pressure and alveolar pressure Describe
More informationPatient Management Code Blue in the CT Suite
Patient Management Code Blue in the CT Suite David Stultz, MD November 28, 2001 Case Presentation A 53-year-old woman experienced acute respiratory distress during an IV contrast enhanced CT scan of the
More informationChapter 10 Lecture Outline
Chapter 10 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction
More informationAtrial Fibrillaton. Key: RA: right atrium RV: right ventricle PA: pulmonic artery LA: left atrium LV: left ventricle AO: aorta
Atrial Fibrillaton How does the heart work? The heart is the organ responsible for pumping blood to and from all tissues of the body. The heart is divided into right and left sides. The job of the right
More informationAnatomy & Physiology 2 Canale. Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases
Anatomy & Physiology 2 Canale Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases Why is it so hard to hold your breath for Discuss! : ) a long time? Every year carbon monoxide poisoning kills 500 people and sends another
More informationParamedic Rounds. Pre-Hospital Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
Paramedic Rounds Pre-Hospital Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Morgan Hillier MD Class of 2011 Dr. Mike Peddle Assistant Medical Director SWORBHP Objectives Outline evidence for pre-hospital
More informationThe Respiratory System. Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi
The Respiratory System Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Functions of The Respiratory System To allow gases from the environment to enter the bronchial tree through inspiration by expanding the thoracic volume. To allow
More informationFunction of the Respiratory System. Exchange CO2 (on expiration) for O2 (on inspiration)
Function of the Respiratory System Exchange CO2 (on expiration) for O2 (on inspiration) Upper Respiratory Tract Includes: Nose Mouth Pharynx Larynx Function: Warms and humidifies the inspired air Filters
More informationSubject Index. Bacterial infection, see Suppurative lung disease, Tuberculosis
Subject Index Abscess, virtual 107 Adenoidal hypertrophy, features 123 Airway bleeding, technique 49, 50 Airway stenosis, see Stenosis, airway Anaesthesia biopsy 47 complications 27, 28 flexible 23 26
More informationPEDIATRIC SVT MANAGEMENT
PEDIATRIC SVT MANAGEMENT 1 INTRODUCTION Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) can be defined as an abnormally rapid heart rhythm originating above the ventricles, often (but not always) with a narrow QRS
More informationRespiratory Medicine
Respiratory Medicine This document is based on the handout from the Medicine for Finals course. The notes provided here summarise key aspects, focusing on areas that are popular in clinical examinations.
More informationSCLERODERMA LUNG DISEASE: WHAT THE PATIENT SHOULD KNOW
SCLERODERMA LUNG DISEASE: WHAT THE PATIENT SHOULD KNOW Lung disease can be a serious complication of scleroderma. The two most common types of lung disease in patients with scleroderma are interstitial
More informationChapter 10. The Respiratory System Exchange of Gases. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 10 The Respiratory System Exchange of Gases http://www.encognitive.com/images/respiratory-system.jpg Human Respiratory System UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT Nose Passageway for
More informationBacterial Pneumonia Basics
Bacterial Pneumonia Basics OVERVIEW Inflammation in the lung as a response to disease-causing bacteria, characterized by accumulation of inflammatory cells and fluid in the lung, conducting airways (bronchi
More informationThe Thorax The Ever Challenging Pulmonary Patterns
The Thorax The Ever Challenging Pulmonary Patterns Lisa G. Britt, DVM, MS, Diplomate American College of Veterinary Radiology, Clinical Assistant Professor @ University of Missouri s College of Veterinary
More informationSESSION IV: MECHANISMS OF HUMAN DISEASE: LABORATORY SESSIONS PULMONARY PATHOLOGY I. December 5, 2012
SESSION IV: MECHANISMS OF HUMAN DISEASE: LABORATORY SESSIONS PULMONARY PATHOLOGY I December 5, 2012 FACULTY COPY GOAL: Describe the basic morphologic and pathophysiologic changes in various conditions
More informationProceedings of the 36th World Small Animal Veterinary Congress WSAVA
www.ivis.org Proceedings of the 36th World Small Animal Veterinary Congress WSAVA Oct. 14-17, 2011 Jeju, Korea Next Congress: Reprinted in IVIS with the permission of WSAVA http://www.ivis.org 14(Fri)
More informationSeptal Defects. How does the heart work?
Septal Defects How does the heart work? The heart is the organ responsible for pumping blood to and from all tissues of the body. The heart is divided into right and left sides. The job of the right side
More informationElectrocardiography Abnormalities (Arrhythmias) 7. Faisal I. Mohammed, MD, PhD
Electrocardiography Abnormalities (Arrhythmias) 7 Faisal I. Mohammed, MD, PhD 1 Causes of Cardiac Arrythmias Abnormal rhythmicity of the pacemaker Shift of pacemaker from sinus node Blocks at different
More information