Izkušnje s trajnimi dializnimi katetri v Splošni bolnišnici Trbovlje. Boštjan Leskovar Boštjan Kersnič

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1 Izkušnje s trajnimi dializnimi katetri v Splošni bolnišnici Trbovlje Boštjan Leskovar Boštjan Kersnič

2 Prednosti tuneliziranih dializnih katetrov Univerzalno dostopni (praktično 100%). Možnost različnih punkcijskih mest. Ni potrebno zorenje pristopa. Ni potrebno zbadanje med HD proceduro. Brez hemodinamskih posledic v interdializnem času. Možen pristop za dalj časa časovno omejeno z eventuelnimi zapleti. Relativno nizka cena za postavitev in zamenjavo. Lahkotnost korekcije trombotičnih komplikacij. Mnogo lažja osebna nega bolnika v primerjavi z začasnimi CVK.

3 Slabosti tuneliziranih dializnih katetrov Visoka smrtnost ob eventuelni okužbi. Možnost centralne venske stenoze ali okluzije, sicer primerljiva z začasnimi v trajni uporabi glede na naše izkušnje, študij pa ni. Neugodje oziroma kozmetični učinek na zunanjost. Manjši pretoki, daljši dializni časi. Bolj zapletena vstavitev ali menjava v primerjavi z začasnimi.

4 Okužbe primerjava med akutnimi in trajnimi katetri

5 Priporočila na UpToDate Duration of use: The use-life of non-tunneled catheters varies with insertion site. Mechanical malfunction and infectious complications are the principle reasons for removing a non-tunneled dialysis catheter. In general, internal jugular and subclavian vein catheters are suitable for two to three weeks of use although longer periods have been reported

6 Priporočila UpToDate Duration of use: Femoral catheters are generally limited to a single dialysis session in ambulatory patients, and three to seven days in bedbound patients [5-8]. Femoral catheters in ambulatory patients are removed after each dialysis session because of the issues of safety and difficulty maintaining the catheters which are prone to malposition and kinking.

7 Oliver MJ, Callery SM, Thorpe KE, et al. Risk of bacteremia from temporary hemodialysis catheters by site of insertion and duration of use: a prospective study. Kidney Int 2000; 58:2543. After two weeks, the rate of infection rises in both the femoral and internal jugular positions. In a study of 318 new hemodialysis catheter insertions, the risk of bacteremia with internal jugular vein and femoral vein hemodialysis catheters was examined during the first four weekly intervals after placement [9] the incidences of bacteremia for a femoral vein catheter were 3, 11, 18 and 29 percent, respectively, and for the internal jugular site were 2, 5, 5, and 10 percent.

8 III. NKF-K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Vascular Access: update Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 37:S137. Guideline 5 1 also recommends that cuffed rather than temporary uncuffed hemodialysis catheters be inserted if the duration of catheter use is expected to exceed three weeks. Linking this with Guideline 9 1 (which recommends a delay for fistula maturation of at least 4 weeks) consequently leads to the majority of patients who present within a week of starting hemodialysis receiving a tunneled rather than temporary catheter. Preliminary data, from an ongoing DOPPS survey of those surgeons who perform the majority of the vascular access surgery in DOPPS facilities, have shown wide differences between countries in the preferred strategy for access placement in patients requiring hemodialysis within 1 week. In the United States and Canada, the majority of surgeons would use a cuffed catheter; however, in Italy, Germany, and Spain, the majority would use a temporary catheter (unpublished

9 EBPG - Vascular access society Guideline Non-tunnelled catheters should only be used in emergency situations and should be exchanged as soon as possible for tunnelled catheters (Evidence level III).

10 Naše indikacije za uporabo permanentnih katetrov Pričakovana življenjska doba bolnika je krajša od 1 leta Zelo huda demenca ali huda ireverzibilna prizadetost več organskih sistemov Hudo sistolno ali diastolno srčno popuščanje kardiorenalni sindrom Nezmožnost konstrukcije AVF z racionalno velikim kirurškim posegom Želja bolnika

11 Naši razlogi za vstavitve permanentnih CVK za trajno katetrsko dializo Enotnost evropskih in ameriških smernic Pogoste pridružene valvularne motnje na srcu Pogosta prisotnost umetnih srčnih zaklopk Pogosta prisotnost srčnih spodbujevalnikov Boljša kvaliteta življenja teh bolnikov zaradi lažje osebne higiene

12 Zgodovina vstavljanja tuneliziranih katetrov v Splošni bolnišnici Trbovlje Prvi tuneliziran CVK v SBT je bil vstavljen septembra leta Od takrat dalje je bilo vstavljenih 20 anterogradnih katetrov znamke Bard Leta 2010 smo zaradi tehničnih težav prešli na vstavitve retrogradnih CVK znamke Arrow, ki so se izkazali kot tehnično odlični. Dosedanje število teh katetrov je bilo 36.

13 Tunelizirani katetri podatki I Od septembra 2008 do danes smo vstavili 69 tuneliziranih katetrov. Povprečna starost ob vstavitvi je bila 71 let. Vsi katetri so bili vstavljeni v jugularno veno, od tega na desno stran v 84,4%. Imeli smo 28,1% moških bolnikov.

14 Tunelizirani katetri podatki II 32.8 % bolnikov je imelo indikacijo za vstavitev kardiorenalni sindrom, ostali so imeli kronično ledvično bolezen. Povprečni čas delovanja katetra je 280 dni (izključili smo 5 bolnikov). V tem trenutku je v delovanju 16 katetrov.

15 Tipi tuneliziranih dializnih katetrov glede na način vstavitev Anterogradni Retrogradni

16 Zapleti - zgodnji Enaki z začasnimi katetri Poškodbe struktur na vratu in v prsnem košu zaradi zbadanja (lokalni hematomi, pneumotoraks, hematotoraks, tamponada srca, krvavitev v mediastinum, ruptura vene cave ) Motnje ritma Embolije (zračna) Za permanentne katetre specifični Povezani predvsem s konstrukcijo tunela (poškodbe podkožja na prsnem košu, lokalni podkožni hematomi) Povezani z vraščanjem cuffa in z vplivom katetra v tunelu na podkožje in kožo

17 Zapleti - pozni Tromboze VC superior Stenoze zgornjih centralnih ven Motnje ritma Kronična pljučna embolija (tromb in zrak) Tromboze CVK Tamponada srca Endokarditis Vnetje tunela CVK Mehanske okvare CVK

18 Dosedanji zapleti v SBT Hematom podkožja po vstavitvi CVK Predrtje kože s strani CVK z uspešno kirurško popravo v 3 primerih bolnikov Okužba tunela s cuffom 1x po pokrivanju s prosojno folijo Pri 2 bolnikih nevraščanje cuffa, ki je zahtevalo krg poseg v predelu tunela Ob uporabi Bardovih CVK pogoste (skoraj 100%) mehanske okvare zunanjega dela CVK

19 Sveže vstavljen CVK pred predvideno odstranitvijo šivov

20 Stanje po menjavi CVK zaradi mehanske okvare predhodnjega CVK

21 Običajna preveza CVK ob priključitvi bolnika

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