Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Left Heart Disease
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1 ACC Middle East Conference 2018 Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Left Heart Disease Ammar Chaudhary, MBChB, FRCPC Advanced Heart Failure & Transplantation King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center - Jeddah Le Meridian Jeddah October 25-27, 2018
2 Outline Definition & Classification Pathobiology Diagnosis Management
3 Definition & Classification Group I PH Group II PH Group III PH Group IV PH Group V PH
4 Definition & Classification Group I PH Group II PH: Left heart disease Group III PH Group IV PH Group V PH
5 Definition & Classification Group I PH: PAH - idiopathic, genetic, drugs, CTD, HIV Group II PH: Left heart disease Group III PH: lung disease and hypoxia (COPD, ILD, OSA) Group IV PH: CTEPH Group V PH: hematologic (SCA), sarcoidosis, metabolic
6 Definition & Classification Group II PH: Left heart disease Heart failure with reduced EF (HFrEF) Heart failure with preserved EF (HFpEF) Valvular heart disease Congenital heart disease
7 Epidemiology Guha A, et al. Progress in Cardiovascular Disease 59 (2016) 3-10
8 Epidemiology Prevalence of PH in HFrEF RHC: 62% - 77% (~70%) Echo: 29% - 35% (~30%) Guha A, et al. Progress in Cardiovascular Disease 59 (2016) 3-10
9 Epidemiology Prevalence of PH in HFpEF RHC: 47% - 62% (~50%) Echo: 51% - 83% (~50%) Guha A, et al. Progress in Cardiovascular Disease 59 (2016) 3-10
10 Definition & Classification Normal mean PAP 14 ± 3 mm Hg* *Kovacs J, et al. Eur Respir J. 2009;34:
11 Definition & Classification Normal mean PAP 14 ± 3 mm Hg* Pulmonary hypertension: mean PAP 25 mmhg (Rest Sup RHC) *Kovacs J, et al. Eur Respir J. 2009;34:
12 Definition & Classification Normal mean PAP 14 ± 3 mm Hg* Pulmonary hypertension: mean PAP 25 mmhg (Rest Sup RHC) PH & PAWP 15 mmhg PAH Normal PAWP 8 ± 3 mm Hg* *Kovacs J, et al. Eur Respir J. 2009;34:
13 Definition & Classification Normal mean PAP 14 ± 3 mm Hg* Pulmonary hypertension: mean PAP 25 mmhg (Rest Sup RHC) PH & PAWP 15 mmhg PAH PH & PAWP > 15 mmhg Group II PH Normal PAWP 8 ± 3 mm Hg* *Kovacs J, et al. Eur Respir J. 2009;34:
14 Gauzzi M, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:
15 Increased lung capillary pressure Pathobiology
16 Pathobiology Increased lung capillary pressure Alveolar edema
17 Pathobiology Increased lung capillary pressure Alveolar edema Impaired Na + K + ATPase Metalloproteinase activation Reduced membrane tensile strength
18 Pathobiology Increased lung capillary pressure Alveolar edema Impaired Na + K + ATPase Metalloproteinase activation Reduced membrane tensile strength Capillary Stress Failue
19 Pathobiology Increased lung capillary pressure Chronic LAP elevation Alveolar edema Injury-inflammation Impaired Na + K + ATPase Metalloproteinase activation Reduced membrane tensile strength Capillary Stress Failue
20 Pathobiology Increased lung capillary pressure Chronic LAP elevation Alveolar edema Injury-inflammation Impaired Na + K + ATPase Metalloproteinase activation Reduced membrane tensile strength Reduced NO, prostacyclin PGI2 Excess endothelin-1, angiotensin II, TGF, caveolin proteins Capillary Stress Failue Pulmonary vascular remodelling
21 Capillary Stress Failure Gauzzi M, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:
22 Pulmonary Vascular Remodelling Gauzzi M, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:
23 Pulmonary Vascular Remodelling Low-impedence, high capacitance high-impedence, low capacitance Gauzzi M, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:
24 Classification Passive PH mpap 25 mmhg, PAWP > 15 mmhg TPG (mpap - PAWP) 12 mmhg PVR (TPG / CO) < 3.0 W.U.
25 Classification Passive PH mpap 25 mmhg, PAWP > 15 mmhg TPG (mpap - PAWP) 12 mmhg PVR (TPG / CO) < 3.0 W.U. Reactive, Out-of-proportion PH mpap 25 mmhg, PAWP > 12 mmhg TPG > 12 mmhg PVR > 3.0 W.U.
26 Diastolic Pressure Gradient Gerges C, et al. CHEST 2013; 143(3):
27 Diastolic Pressure Gradient Vachiery J, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:D100 8
28 Diastolic Pressure Gradient Vachiery J, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:D100 8)
29 mpap > 25 mmhg, PAWP > 15 mmhg TPG < 12 mmhg, DPG 3 mmhg Gerges C, et al. CHEST 2013; 143(3):
30 mpap > 25 mmhg, PAWP > 15 mmhg TPG < 12 mmhg, DPG 3 mmhg mpap > 25 mmhg, PAWP > 15 mmhg TPG > 12 mmhg, DPG 5 mmhg Gerges C, et al. CHEST 2013; 143(3):
31 mpap > 25 mmhg, PAWP > 15 mmhg TPG < 12 mmhg, DPG 3 mmhg mpap > 25 mmhg, PAWP > 15 mmhg TPG > 12 mmhg, DPG 5 mmhg mpap > 25 mmhg, PAWP > 15 mmhg TPG > 12 mmhg, DPG 13 mmhg Gerges C, et al. CHEST 2013; 143(3):
32 mpap > 25 mmhg, PAWP > 15 mmhg TPG < 12 mmhg, DPG 3 mmhg mpap > 25 mmhg, PAWP > 15 mmhg TPG > 12 mmhg, DPG 5 mmhg mpap > 25 mmhg, PAWP > 15 mmhg TPG > 12 mmhg, DPG 13 mmhg mpap > 25 mmhg, PAWP < 15 mmhg TPG > 12 mmhg, DPG > 7 mmhg Gerges C, et al. CHEST 2013; 143(3):
33 TPG < 12 mm Hg DPG < 7 mmhg TPG >12 mm Hg DPG > 7 mmhg Gerges C, et al. CHEST 2013; 143(3):
34 Classification Passive PH mpap 25 mmhg, PAWP > 15 mmhg TPG (mpap - PAWP) 12 mmhg PVR (TPG / CO) < 3.0 W.U. and/or DPG < 7 mmhg Reactive, Out-of-proportion PH mpap 25 mmhg, PAWP > 12 mmhg TPG > 12 mmhg PVR > 3.0 W.U. and/or DPG 7 mmhg
35 Classification Passive PH Ipc-PH mpap 25 mmhg, PAWP > 15 mmhg TPG (mpap - PAWP) 12 mmhg PVR (TPG / CO) < 3.0 W.U. and/or DPG < 7 mmhg Reactive, Out-of-proportion PH Cpc-PH mpap 25 mmhg, PAWP > 12 mmhg TPG > 12 mmhg PVR > 3.0 W.U. and/or DPG 7 mmhg
36 Epidemiology Ipc-PH vs. Cpc-PH in HFrEF RHC: 84% vs 16% Median survival: 110 mo vs. 72 mo Guha A, et al. Progress in Cardiovascular Disease 59 (2016) 3-10
37 Epidemiology IpcPH vs. CpcPH in HFpEF RHC: 77% vs. 23% Median survival: 102 mo. vs. 54 mo Guha A, et al. Progress in Cardiovascular Disease 59 (2016) 3-10
38 The RV in PH Afterload sensitivity of the right ventricle
39 The RV in PH RV-PA un-coupling Failure of RV contractility (intrinsic function) to counteract increase in PA pressure (afterload) RV-LV Septal Interaction Diastolic interaction - ventricular competition for filling in a non-distensible pericardium Systolic interaction % of RV SP is due to LV contraction, 4-10% of LVSP due to RV
40 The RV in PH RVH, RV enlargement, and RV Failure: Subendocardial ischemia and increased wall stress
41 The RV in PH RVH, RV enlargement, and RV Failure: Subendocardial ischemia and increased wall stress LV underfilling
42 The RV in PH RVH, RV enlargement, and RV Failure: Subendocardial ischemia and increased wall stress LV underfilling Functional TR
43 The RV in PH RVH, RV enlargement, and RV Failure: Subendocardial ischemia and increased wall stress LV underfilling Functional TR Thoracic duct compression
44 The RV in PH RVH, RV enlargement, and RV Failure: Subendocardial ischemia and increased wall stress LV underfilling Functional TR Thoracic duct compression Renal congestion
45 The RV in PH RVH, RV enlargement, and RV Failure: Subendocardial ischemia and increased wall stress LV underfilling Functional TR Thoracic duct compression Renal congestion Bowel edema
46 The RV in PH RVH, RV enlargement, and RV Failure: Subendocardial ischemia and increased wall stress LV underfilling Functional TR Thoracic duct compression Renal congestion Bowel edema Ascites
47 The RV in PH RVH, RV enlargement, and RV Failure: Subendocardial ischemia and increased wall stress LV underfilling Functional TR Thoracic duct compression Renal congestion Bowel edema Ascites Microbial translocation
48 Impact of RV Failure on Prognosis Ghio S, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:183 8
49 PAH Cpc-PH Ipc-PH TAPSE < 17 FAC < 35% S < 9.5
50 Diagnosis Doppler-echo: The non-invasive RHC PASP = (4V 2 peak jet velocity of TR) + RA pressure PADP (4v 2 of end diastolic PR velocity) + RA pressure Mean PAP = PADP + 1/3 pulse pressure Mean PAP = (4V 2 early PR jet velocity) + RA pressure Mean PAP = TVI of TR jet + RA pressure Mean PAP = 0.61xPASP + 2 mmhg Mean PAP = 79 (0.45 x AT) PCWP = 1.24 * (E/e') + 1.9
51 Therapeutic Strategies Lower LA pressure Ensure sufficient diuretic dosing to achieve decongestion Fluid and salt restriction Aerobic exercise training Treat co-morbidities
52 Nitric Oxide and cgmp Modulation Study N Intervention LVEF Crtieria End-points Results Guazzi M, et al (1) 44 Sildenafil 50 mg tid > 50% HFpEF HTN PASP>40 (55) Hemodyna mic 6, 12 mos RA, mpap PCWP TAPSE RELAX Trial 2013 (2) 215 Sildenafil 20 mg tid > 50% NYHA II-IV NT-ProBNP > 400 or diastolic stress test Peak VO2 24 wks No difference in VO2 Hypotension, RF NEAT-HF 2015 (3) 110 Isosorbide monotitrate upto 120 mg > 50% HF hosp < 1yr PCWP > 20 >25 with exercise Daily activity Reduction in hrs (0.3) / day INDIE-HFpEF Borlaug B, et al (4) 105 Inhaled sodium nitrite > 50% NYHA II-IV, HF hosp PCWP > 15 at rest > 25 with exercise Peak VO2 No difference in VO2 (1) Guazzi M, et al. Circulation. 2011;124: (2) Redfield M, et al. JAMA. 2013;309(12): (3) Redfield M, et al. N Engl J Med 2015;373: (4) Borlaug, et al. Presented at ACC 2018
53 Nitric Oxide and cgmp Modulation Study N Intervention LVEF Crtieria End-points Results Guazzi M, et al (1) RELAX Trial 2013 (2) Sildenafil 50 mg tid Sildenafil 20 mg tid > 50% } > 50% HFpEF HTN PASP>40 (55) PDE5 Inhibitor NYHA II-IV NT-ProBNP > 400 or diastolic stress test Hemodyna mic 6, 12 mos Peak VO2 24 wks RA, mpap PCWP TAPSE No difference in VO2 Hypotension, RF NEAT-HF 2015 (3) 110 Isosorbide monotitrate upto 120 mg } > 50% HF hosp < 1yr Organic nitrate PCWP > 20 >25 with exercise Daily activity Reduction in hrs (0.3) / day INDIE-HFpEF Borlaug B, et al (4) 105 Inhaled sodium nitrite } > 50% NYHA II-IV, HF hosp Inorganic nitrite PCWP > 15 at rest > 25 with exercise Peak VO2 No difference in VO2 (1) Guazzi M, et al. Circulation. 2011;124: (2) Redfield M, et al. JAMA. 2013;309(12): (3) Redfield M, et al. N Engl J Med 2015;373: (4) Borlaug, et al. Presented at ACC 2018
54 Nitric Oxide and cgmp Modulation Study N Intervention LVEF Crtieria End-points Results Guazzi M, et al (1) 44 Sildenafil 50 mg tid > 50% HFpEF HTN PASP>40 (55) Hemodyna mic 6, 12 mos RA, mpap PCWP TAPSE RELAX Trial 2013 (2) 215 Sildenafil 20 mg tid > 50% NYHA II-IV NT-ProBNP > 400 or diastolic stress test Peak VO2 24 wks No difference in VO2 Hypotension, RF NEAT-HF 2015 (3) 110 Isosorbide monotitrate upto 120 mg > 50% HF hosp < 1yr PCWP > 20 >25 with exercise Daily activity Reduction in hrs (0.3) / day INDIE-HFpEF Borlaug B, et al (4) 105 Inhaled sodium nitrite > 50% NYHA II-IV, HF hosp PCWP > 15 at rest > 25 with exercise Peak VO2 No difference in VO2 (1) Guazzi M, et al. Circulation. 2011;124: (2) Redfield M, et al. JAMA. 2013;309(12): (3) Redfield M, et al. N Engl J Med 2015;373: (4) Borlaug, et al. Presented at ACC 2018
55 Nitric Oxide and cgmp Modulation Study N Intervention LVEF Crtieria End-points Results Guazzi M, et al (1) 44 Sildenafil 50 mg tid > 50% HFpEF HTN PASP>40 (55) Hemodyna mic 6, 12 mos RA, mpap PCWP TAPSE RELAX Trial 2013 (2) 215 Sildenafil 20 mg tid > 50% NYHA II-IV NT-ProBNP > 400 or diastolic stress test Peak VO2 24 wks No difference in VO2 Hypotension, RF NEAT-HF 2015 (3) 110 Isosorbide monotitrate upto 120 mg > 50% HF hosp < 1yr PCWP > 20 >25 with exercise Daily activity Reduction in hrs (0.3) / day INDIE-HFpEF Borlaug B, et al (4) 105 Inhaled sodium nitrite > 50% NYHA II-IV, HF hosp PCWP > 15 at rest > 25 with exercise Peak VO2 No difference in VO2 (1) Guazzi M, et al. Circulation. 2011;124: (2) Redfield M, et al. JAMA. 2013;309(12): (3) Redfield M, et al. N Engl J Med 2015;373: (4) Borlaug, et al. Presented at ACC 2018
56 Nitric Oxide and cgmp Modulation Study N Intervention LVEF Crtieria End-points Results Guazzi M, et al (1) 44 Sildenafil 50 mg tid > 50% HFpEF HTN PASP>40 (55) Hemodyna mic 6, 12 mos RA, mpap PCWP TAPSE RELAX Trial 2013 (2) 215 Sildenafil 20 mg tid > 50% NYHA II-IV NT-ProBNP > 400 or diastolic stress test Peak VO2 24 wks No difference in VO2 Hypotension, RF NEAT-HF 2015 (3) 110 Isosorbide monotitrate upto 120 mg > 50% HF hosp < 1yr PCWP > 20 >25 with exercise Daily activity Reduction in hrs (0.3) / day INDIE-HFpEF Borlaug B, et al (4) 105 Inhaled sodium nitrite > 50% NYHA II-IV, HF hosp PCWP > 15 at rest > 25 with exercise Peak VO2 No difference in VO2 (1) Guazzi M, et al. Circulation. 2011;124: (2) Redfield M, et al. JAMA. 2013;309(12): (3) Redfield M, et al. N Engl J Med 2015;373: (4) Borlaug, et al. Presented at ACC 2018
57 Nitric Oxide and cgmp Modulation Study N Intervention LVEF Crtieria End-points Results Guazzi M, et al (1) 44 Sildenafil 50 mg tid > 50% HFpEF HTN PASP>40 (55) Hemodyna mic 6, 12 mos RA, mpap PCWP TAPSE RELAX Trial 2013 (2) 215 Sildenafil 20 mg tid > 50% NYHA II-IV NT-ProBNP > 400 or diastolic stress test Peak VO2 24 wks No difference in VO2 Hypotension, RF NEAT-HF 2015 (3) 110 Isosorbide monotitrate upto 120 mg > 50% HF hosp < 1yr PCWP > 20 >25 with exercise Daily activity Reduction in hrs (0.3) / day INDIE-HFpEF Borlaug B, et al (4) 105 Inhaled sodium nitrite > 50% NYHA II-IV, HF hosp PCWP > 15 at rest > 25 with exercise Peak VO2 No difference in VO2 (1) Guazzi M, et al. Circulation. 2011;124: (2) Redfield M, et al. JAMA. 2013;309(12): (3) Redfield M, et al. N Engl J Med 2015;373: (4) Borlaug, et al. Presented at ACC 2018
58 Prostacyclin Pathway Study N Intervention LVEF Crtieria End-points Results FIRST Trial Califf R, et al Epoprostenol i nfusion < 25% NYHA IIIB/IV CI < 2.2, PCWP > 15 Mortality mpap 38 mm Hg CI PCWP mortality Grossman et al Iloprost inhaled > 50% NYHA III/IV PASP > 50 mm Hg Hemodyna mic mpap 7 mm Hg PVR 2 W.U ClinicalTrials.gov NCT Treprostinol oral > 45% Group II PH by RHC HFpEF Δ 6MWD at 24 mos Pending (2020)
59 Prostacyclin Pathway Study N Intervention LVEF Crtieria End-points Results FIRST Trial Califf R, et al Epoprostenol i nfusion < 25% NYHA IIIB/IV CI < 2.2, PCWP > 15 Mortality mpap 38 mm Hg CI PCWP mortality Grossman et al Iloprost inhaled > 50% NYHA III/IV PASP > 50 mm Hg Hemodyna mic mpap 7 mm Hg PVR 2 W.U ClinicalTrials.gov NCT Treprostinol oral > 45% Group II PH by RHC HFpEF Δ 6MWD at 24 mos Pending (2020)
60 Prostacyclin Pathway Study N Intervention LVEF Crtieria End-points Results FIRST Trial Califf R, et al Epoprostenol i nfusion < 25% NYHA IIIB/IV CI < 2.2, PCWP > 15 Mortality mpap 38 mm Hg CI PCWP mortality Grossman et al Iloprost inhaled > 50% NYHA III/IV PASP > 50 mm Hg Hemodyna mic mpap 7 mm Hg PVR 2 W.U ClinicalTrials.gov NCT Treprostinol oral > 45% Group II PH by RHC HFpEF Δ 6MWD at 24 mos Pending (2020)
61 Endothelin Pathway Study N Intervention LVEF Crtieria End-points Results ENABLE Trials Packer M, et al Bosentan < 35% NYHA IIIB/IV Mortality No difference in mortality HF hosp periph edema MELODY-1 Vachiéry J, et al Macitentan 30% NYHA II/III CpcPH by RHC (PVR 3 and DPG 7 mm Hg) Edema NYHA Edema NYHA
62 Endothelin Pathway Study N Intervention LVEF Crtieria End-points Results ENABLE Trials Packer M, et al Bosentan < 35% NYHA IIIB/IV Mortality No difference in mortality HF hosp periph edema MELODY-1 Vachiéry J, et al Macitentan 30% NYHA II/III CpcPH by RHC (PVR 3 and DPG 7 mm Hg) Edema NYHA Edema NYHA
63 Management of PH Post Valve Intervention SIOVAC N = 200 mpap > 30 mm Hg on RHC Percutaneous valve replacement / repair < 1 yr earlier Rx: Sildenafil 40 mg tid vs placebo Primary outcome: composite score of MACE, WHO, PGA Wosening score with sildenafil (doubled risk of MACE) Bremejo J, et al. Eur Heart J (2018) 39,
64 PH in advanced HFrEF Advanced HF patients GDMT Sildenafil in select patients with RV dysfunction and Cpc-PH TPG > 20, PCWP < 20, DPG > 10, PVR > 5 LVAD Effective unloading of the LV PDE5 inhibitors post LVAD implantation with persistent PVR elevation* *Tedford R, et al. Circ Heart Fail. 2008;1(4):213
65 Conclusions Group II PH is the leading cause of pulmonary hypertension, mostly driven by HFrEF and HFpEF Introduction of multiple indices of pulmonary hemodynamics allows better phenotyping of group II PH Future trials will likely taget the subgroup of Cpc-PH, who present with pulmonary vascular disaese, elevated PVR, and RV dysfunction
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