Multimodality Cardiac Imaging: Its Use in the Era of Value-based Reimbursement
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1 Multimodality Cardiac Imaging: Its Use in the Era of Value-based Reimbursement Daniel S., MD Director, Cardiac Imaging Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute Professor of Medicine UCLA School of Medicine ACC DC 2015
2 Can Cardiac Imaging in CAD Provide Value? Challenges
3 DISCLOSURE Daniel S., M.D. declares the following relationships: Consultant: Royalties: Spectrum-Dynamics Molecular-Dynamics Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
4 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD: Noninvasive Imaging The exciting: Technology: always improving The realistic: Proven value will be required for its use
5 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology, Cardiac CT and CMR Technologic improvements Value-based imaging Prevention Acute coronary syndromes Stable ischemic heart disease Heart failure Challenges
6 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz Decreased radiation Assessments: Adding to Perfusion and Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging
7 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz Decreased radiation Assessments: Adding to Perfusion and Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging
8 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz Decreased radiaton Assessments: Adding to Perfusion and Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging ML vs TPD alone Machine learning Arsanjani Slomka JNC 2013
9 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz Assessments: Adding to Perfusion and Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging ML vs TPD alone Automated assessment with machine learning will become routine Machine learning Arsanjani Slomka JNC 2013
10 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz Decreased radiation Assessments: Adding to Perfusion and Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging
11 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz Decreased radiation Assessments: Adding to Perfusion and Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging
12 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz Decreased radiation Assessments: Adding to Perfusion and Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging BMI 60 Nakazato, et al JNC 2015
13 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz Decreased radiation Assessments: Adding to Perfusion and Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging, Maddahi, et al JACC 2012
14 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz Decreased radiation Assessments: Adding to Perfusion and Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging *Nakazato et al JNC 2014 Einstein et al JNC 2014
15 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz Decreased radiation Assessments: Adding to Perfusion and Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging Stress-only CZT (~1 msv)* Reconstruction methods *Nakazato et al JNC 2014 Einstein et al JNC 2014
16 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz Decreased radiation Assessments: Adding to Perfusion and Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging V GFADS
17 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz Decreased radiation Assessments: Adding to Perfusion and Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging RES T V GFADS
18 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz RES T V GFADS Adding CAC to PET/SPECT: Increases diagnostic certainty Assessments: Detects Adding subclinical to Perfusion atherosclerosis and Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging
19 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz Decreased radiation Assessments: Adding to Perfusion and Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging
20 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz Decreased radiation LV GFADS LV VOI seconds Assessments: Adding to Perfusion and Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging M. Di Carli
21 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz Decreased radiation Assessments: Adding to Perfusion and Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging Murthy: Circ, 2011
22 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz CFR: Adds prognostic information to perfusion defect Assessments: Increases Adding certainty; to identifies Perfusion diffuse and disease Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging Murthy: Circ, 2011
23 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Nuclear Cardiology Instrumentation/software Automatic quantitation Increased resolution SPECT: CZT PET: Flurpiridaz Decreased radiation Assessments: Adding to Perfusion and Viability Anatomy and function: CAC scanning Coronary flow reserve Molecular imaging Joshi Newby Lancet 2013
24 Distinguishing Stable from Active Atherosclerosis Identifying the Vulnerable Patient Fibroatheroma: Stable Plaque Narula & Willerson, JACC (ed) TCFA with Cap Rupture Narula & Virmani, 1999
25 Distinguishing Stable from Active Atherosclerosis Identifying the Vulnerable Patient Current paradigm: Revascularize when: stenosis and ischemia Fibroatheroma: Stable Plaque TCFA with Cap Rupture Potential paradigm: Revascularize the lesion likely to rupture Narula & Willerson, JACC (ed) Narula & Virmani, 1999
26 F-18 Sodium Fluoride PET Identifies Ruptured and High-Risk Coronary Plaques 40 AMI 93% uptake in culprit plaque at ICA 40 Stable angina 45% uptake in plaques with high risk features (IVUS) Joshi Newby Lancet 2013
27 F-18 Sodium Fluoride PET Identifies Ruptured and High-Risk Coronary Plaques 40 AMI 93% uptake in culprit plaque at ICA 40 Stable angina 45% uptake in plaques with high risk features (IVUS) Fluride F-18: Potential to alter treatment paradigm in SIHD Joshi Newby Lancet 2013
28 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Cardiac CT Instrumentation/software Full coverage single beat Higher temporal resolution 66 msec Lower radiation <1 msv Model based interative reconstruction Assessments Plaque Perfusion Flow
29 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Cardiac CT Instrumentation/software Full coverage single beat Higher temporal resolution 66 msec Lower radiation <1 msv Model based interative reconstruction Assessments Plaque Perfusion Flow
30 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Cardiac CT Instrumentation/software Full coverage single beat Higher temporal resolution 66 ms Lower radiation <1 msv Model based interative reconstruction Assessments Plaque Perfusion Flow
31 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Cardiac CT Instrumentation/software Full coverage single beat Higher temporal resolution 66 ms Lower radiation <1 msv Model based interative reconstruction Assessments Plaque Perfusion Flow Plaque characteristics - Positive remodeling - Lipid core - Spotty calcification - Volume
32 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Cardiac CT Instrumentation/software Full coverage single beat Higher temporal resolution 66 ms Lower radiation <1 msv Model based interative reconstruction Assessments Plaque Perfusion Flow Plaque characteristics - Positive remodeling - Lipid core - Spotty calcification - Volume
33 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Cardiac CT Instrumentation/software Full coverage single beat Higher temporal resolution 66 ms Lower radiation <1 msv Spectral CT Model based interative reconstruction Assessments Plaque Perfusion Flow CT perfusion: Predicts: Stenosis on ICA Rochitte, EHJ 2013 Ischemia on SPECT Cury, JCCT 2015
34 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Cardiac CT Instrumentation/software Full coverage single beat Higher temporal resolution 66 ms Lower radiation <1 msv Spectral CT Model based interative reconstruction Assessments Plaque Perfusion Flow FFR CT - Uses rest CCTA - Computational fluid dynamics - No additional radiation - No adenosine
35 Cardiac MR in CAD coronary MRA anatomy & morphology coronary plaque function & wall motion perfusion Viability
36 Diagnostic accuracy of CMR perfusion for ischemic stenosis with FFR as reference: meta-analysis Per patient (n=650):90% sensitivity; 87% specificity Per vessel (n=1073): 89% sensitivity; 86% specificity Li M, et al JACCi 2014
37 Biograph mmr Simultaneous, whole-body molecular MR (PET/MR)
38 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Technologic improvements Applications Prevention Acute coronary syndromes Stable ischemic heart disease Heart failure Challenges
39 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Value = quality/cost* Quality outcomes (e.g., MACE, QOL) Cost: total costs related to episode of care* Future: Value will be the driver; Tests/procedures that add value will be purchased by third party carriers *The Value equation: health care outcomes achieved per dollar spent; Review article: Sarwar et al RadioGraphics 2015
40 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Technologic improvements Applications Prevention Acute coronary syndromes Stable ischemic heart disease Heart failure Challenges
41 CT Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) CAC: a marker of CAD Burden of coronary atherosclerosis Integrated lifetime effect of all risk factors Overcomes the limitations of FRS Consistent evidence: incremental prognostic value <1 msv (~ mammogram) Single breath No contrast
42 Novel Risk Markers for Cardiovascular for Risk-Assessment in Intermediate-Risk Subjects Yeboah JAMA MESA
43 Novel Risk Markers for Cardiovascular for Risk-Assessment in Intermediate-Risk Subjects = FRS + CAC Yeboah JAMA MESA
44 Novel Risk Markers for Cardiovascular for Risk-Assessment in Intermediate-Risk Subjects = FRS + CAC Consistent findings in multiple population-based studies Yeboah JAMA MESA
45 CAC may lead to better treatment / lifestyle More targeted preventive treatment Improvement in risk factor profile 1 Intensification of Rx 2 Better adherence to Rx 3,5 Dietary modifications 4 Increased exercise 4 1 Rozanski et al, JACC 2011 (EISNER Study) 2 Nasir K et al, Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2010 (MESA) 3 Kalia NK et al, Atherosclerosis Orakzai RH et al, Am J Cardiol Taylor A t al, JACC 2008
46 Imaging for Prevention Coronary Calcium Screening Outcomes: Costs: Value: probably
47 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Technologic improvements Applications Prevention Acute coronary syndromes Stable ischemic heart disease Heart failure Challenges
48 Rest or rest/stress MPI for Chest Pain in ED 49 M in ED Day 0 Day 5 GH ERASE Trial (2002): 20% reduction in unnecessary admissions Can be performed in any patient Particularly useful in known CAD/ high CAC
49 Coronary CTA Sensitivity and specificity for CAD: ~ 95%/90% Higher than all other modalities Per patient Per vessel Per segment Very high negative predictive value for events
50 Coronary CTA Sensitivity and specificity for CAD: ~ 95%/90% Higher than all other modalities Per patient Per vessel Per segment Very high negative predictive value for events
51 Primary Outcome - Length of Hospital Stay 62% 8.6 hours 26.7 hours 21% Hoffman, et al ACC 2012
52 Coronary CTA in Suspected ACS Reduces length of stay and time to diagnosis* Safely increases direct ED discharge rates No increase in costs of care** Consistent results in three large RCTs: Goldstein, et al JACC 2011 Litt, et. al. NEJM, 2012 Hoffman, et al ACC 2012
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55 Imaging for Acute Chest Pain Coronary CTA Outcomes: no Δ or * Costs: ** Value: * Length of stay and time to diagnosis: quality measures **Large proportion of ED CCTAs are completely normal: potential to reduce subsequent ED visits not yet developed
56 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Technologic improvements Applications Prevention Acute coronary syndromes Stable ischemic heart disease Heart failure Challenges
57 Noninvasive Imaging for CAD Suspected CAD: Stable Pre-test likelihood of CAD Low-to-Intermediate (15-85%) Stress imaging Most common approach Could be performed without imaging
58 Noninvasive Imaging for CAD Suspected CAD: Stable Pre-test likelihood of CAD Low-to-Intermediate (15-85%) Coronary CTA Growing as initial test
59 Survival Probability Prognostic Value of CCTA CAD Extent / Severity Normal Non-Obstructive p< Vessel CAD p< Vessel CAD p< ,854 patients w/o known CAD (57+13 years), 2.3 year f/u 3-Vessel/Left Main p< Source: CONFIRM Min et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 Survival Time (Years)
60 Survival Probability Prognostic Value of CCTA CAD Extent / Severity Normal Non-Obstructive p< Vessel CAD p< Vessel CAD p< ,854 patients w/o known CAD (57+13 years), 2.3 year f/u 3-Vessel/Left Main p< Consistent findings in all populations studied to date Source: CONFIRM Min et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 Survival Time (Years)
61 Event Rate/yr Long-term Prognosis For Normal CCTA Warranty Period of a Normal CT: at least 7 years Ostrom (ACM): 2538 patients, 6.5 yr f/u, EBCT CONFIRM (ACM): 1000 patients, >4 yr f/u, >64-row CT Andreini (MACE): 1304 patients, 4.3 yr f/u, 64-row CT Hadamitzky (MACE): 1584 patients, 5.6 yr f/u, 16- / 64-row CT 6426 patients, ~5.5 yr f/u CONFIRM >5 year f/u anticipated for ~10,000 patients 4/ Ostrom CONFIRM Andreini Hadamitzky Source: Ostrom et al. JACC 2008; Min et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; Andreini et al. JACC CVImaging 2012; Hadamitzky et al. (In press)
62 Event Rate/yr Long-term Prognosis For Normal CCTA Warranty Period of a Normal CT: at least 7 years Ostrom (ACM): 2538 patients, 6.5 yr f/u, EBCT CONFIRM (ACM): 1000 patients, >4 yr f/u, >64-row CT Andreini (MACE): 1304 patients, 4.3 yr f/u, 64-row CT Hadamitzky (MACE): 1584 patients, 5.6 yr f/u, 16- / 64-row CT 6426 patients, ~5.5 yr f/u CONFIRM >5 year f/u anticipated for ~10,000 patients 4/ Ostrom CONFIRM Andreini Hadamitzky Warranty Period of a normal CCTA: likely at least 7 years Source: Ostrom et al. JACC 2008; Min et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; Andreini et al. JACC CVImaging 2012; Hadamitzky et al. (In press)
63 Scot-Heart Trial Trial: 4146 patients with suspected angina due to CHD Randomized to CCTA vs standard of care Follow-up: median 1.7 years Conclusions: Changes and clarifies the diagnosis: 1 in 4 Alters subsequent investigations: 1 in 6 Changes treatments: 1 in 4 May reduce fatal and non-fatal MI Newby et al Lancet 2015
64 Proportion of patients with an event (%) Cumulative incidence, % Proportion of patients with an event (%) Cumulative incidence, % Scot-Heart CTCA and Clinical Outcome 1.7 Years of Follow-up CHD Death and Non-Fatal MI % 4% 3% 2% 1% HR 0.62 [ ], P=0.053 Standard Care CTCA strata CHD Death, Non-Fatal MI and Non-fatal Stroke % 4% 3% AllocatedTreatment=2 2 AllocatedTreatment=1 1 2% 1% HR 0.64 [ ], P=0.056 Standard Care CTCA 0 CTCA Standard Care 0% Time, days CTCA 0 Standard Care 0% Time, days Follow Up (years) Follow Up (years) Newby et al Lancet 2015
65 Trial: 10,003 symptomatic patients with no prior CAD referred for noninvasive testing Likelihood of CAD (Diamond-Forrester): 53% Randomized to CCTA or functional testing (nuclear, echo, CMR) Follow-up: median 25 months Primary endpoint: death, MI, hosp,for UA, procedural complications (n=315, 3.1%; death or MI: 216, 2.1%) Conclusions PROMISE Trial CTA no difference in clinical outcomes CTA strategy: lower rate of invasive catheterization without obstructive CAD Douglas, et al NEJM 2015
66 Douglas, et al NEJM 2015 Primary Endpoint: Death, MI, Unstable Angina, Major Complications HR 0.94; p=0.682 CTA : Functional Hazard Ratio: 1.04 (95% CI: 0.83, 1.29) P = 0.750
67 Noninvasive Imaging for CAD Suspected-known CAD Risk-assessment All modalities validated for prognosis across multiple clinical presentations Evidence base for coronary CTA now extensive How to manage patients based on test results not yet established Necessary to prove value
68 What should I do about it? Level of risk Very Low Low Borderline Can t tell Medium High Assure Prevent + Stress + Stress + Cath or cath
69 Suspected CAD Hypothesis: Value of Coronary CTA Depends on Pre-test Likelihood of CAD Low-to Intermediate Outcomes: no Δ Costs: Value:
70 Suspected CAD Hypothesis: Value of Coronary CTA Depends on Pre-test Likelihood of CAD Low-to Intermediate High Outcomes: no Δ Costs: Value: Outcomes: no Δ Costs: Value:
71 Coronary CTA is less useful in several settings CCTA MPI High CAC - + Renal failure - + Arrhythmia - + Morbidly obese - +
72 Noninvasive Imaging for CAD Suspected CAD Pre-test likelihood of CAD Intermediate to High (50-100%) Ischemia Testing* (+ CAC) *Possibly without imaging if patient can exercise
73 Risk* Men and women Sx and Asx Diabetics Obese Renal Failure Arrhythmia High CAC Score Known CAD MI PCI CABG SPECT: Risk Increases as a Function of Stress Perfusion Abnormality Data from over 50,000 patients Extent/Severity of Perfusion Defects *Adjusted or unadjusted
74 log Hazard Ratio Post-SPECT Cardiac Mortality and Rx Given Early Revascularization vs Medical Therapy 10,627 F/U: 1.9 ± 0.6 yrs Risk adjusted * Medical Rx Revasc * *p< % 25% 32.5% 50% Hachamovitch, et al. (Cedars-Sinai) Circulation 2003 % Myocardium Ischemic
75 Ischemia on MPI Predicts Benefit from Revascularization No Known CAD Circulation 2003 No Known CAD + EF JNC 2006 Elderly Circulation 2010 Prior revascularization EHJ 2010 Prior MI EHJ 2011 Hachamovitch, et al
76 ISCHEMIA Trial International Study of Comparative Health Effectiveness with Medical and Invasive Approaches Study Chair: Judith Hochman Principal Investigator: David Maron Sponsor: NHLBI
77 ISCHEMIA Trial >10% Ischemia* LVEF >35% Blinded CCTA Exclude LM/NCA RANDOMIZE 8,000 stable CAD patients 3-6 yr. F/U Cath (Revasc+ OMT) 3-6 yr. F/U No Cath (OMT) *SPECT, PET, echo, CMR Core lab verification
78 Suspected/Known Stable CAD Hypothesis: Value of Ischemia Testing Depends on Pre-test Risk Intermediate-to-high Outcomes: Costs: Value: Diamond-Forrester: needs update Min risk score: Am J Med 2015 potential for adoption
79 % Prevalence Yearly Prevalence of Abnormal and Ischemic SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Studies between 1991 and % 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Year % Ischemia % Abnormal SPECT N=39, 515 Rozanski, et al JACC 2012 (Cedars-Sinai)
80 How could <10% of patients without known CAD currently undergoing SPECT have ischemia?
81 Ob-CAD prevalence (%) Diamond-Forrester Classification (DFC) overestimates likelihood of angiographically significant CAD by CCTA* Overall Obstructive CAD prevalence in patients with NonAng, AtypAng, and TypAng (n=8106) 100% 80% 60% 51% 40% 20% 0% Expected by using DFC and CASS 18% Observed in CONFIRM Cheng, et al Circulation 2011 (CONFIRM) * In patients referred for CCTA
82 Obstructive CAD identified by invasive coronary angiography correlates poorly with FFR Tonino et al. JACC 2010
83 Obstructive CAD identified by invasive coronary angiography correlates poorly with FFR FAME: 57% of lesions with >50% stenosis had FFR <0.80 Tonino et al. JACC 2010
84 Suspected/Known Stable CAD Hypothesis: Value of Ischemia Testing Depends on Pre-test Risk Low Intermediate-to-high Outcomes: No Δ Costs: Value: Outcomes: Costs: Value: Diamond-Forrester: needs update Min risk score: Am J Med 2015 potential for adoption
85 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Technologic improvements Applications Prevention Acute coronary syndromes Stable ischemic heart disease Heart failure: Challenges
86 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Technologic improvements Applications Prevention Acute coronary syndromes Stable ischemic heart disease Heart failure: PET, CMR Challenges
87 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Technologic improvements Applications Prevention Acute coronary syndromes Stable ischemic heart disease Heart failure Challenges
88 Can Cardiac Imaging in CAD Provide Value? Challenges Must improve outcomes or reduce costs Imaging tests cannot improve outcomes unless they result in improved therapy
89 Can Cardiac Imaging in CAD Provide Value? Challenges Must improve outcomes or reduce costs Imaging tests cannot improve outcomes unless they result in improved therapy
90 Courtesy Pam Douglas Beanlands et al JACC 2007 JNM 2010
91 Value-based Cardiac Imaging in CAD Technology/assessments will improve across modalities and clinical settings Applications providing value will dominate Value Will depend on the clinical setting Requires linkage to therapeutic change Evidence will be required
92 Thank you very much
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