Comparative Clinical Study Of Preinsufflation Versus Postdesufflation Arterial Blood Gas Analysis In Laproscopic Surgeries.

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1 ISPUB.COM The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology Volume 25 Number 1 Comparative Clinical Study Of Preinsufflation Versus Postdesufflation Arterial Blood Gas Analysis In G Shobhana, H Gadani, P Mita Citation G Shobhana, H Gadani, P Mita. Comparative Clinical Study Of Preinsufflation Versus Postdesufflation Arterial Blood Gas Analysis In. The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology Volume 25 Number 1. Abstract Laparoscopy has shown appreciable growth in its clinical application because of its various benefits like small incision, reduced pain, better cosmetic results, quicker recovery, reduced hospital stay, lesser postoperative complications etc. Though considered a gentle surgery the procedure is indeed not risk free, because of Pneumoperitoneum required, which has significant haemodynamic and respiratory effects. After taking informed consent 30 patients of ASA grade I and II were observed for hemodynamic changes, ABG changes and ETCO2 changes before and after CO2 insufflation. We found nonsignificant hemodynamic changes, except rise in diastolic blood pressure, which changed significantly (p < 0.01), and non significant changes in PaCO2 & HCO3, but significant change in PH (p < 0.05) which which was within normal physiological range. INTRODUCTION Laparoscopy has shown appreciable growth in its clinical application and popularity, and world wide acceptance as a frequently performed surgery, due to its various advantages over the open technique. The various benefits include small incision reduced pain, better cosmetic results, quicker recovery, reduced hospital stay, lesser postoperative complications etc. Though considered a gentle surgery the procedure is indeed not risk free, because of Pneumoperitoneum required, which has significant haemodynamic and respiratory effects. CO 2 is the commonest used gas amongst the various gases, as it is highly soluble in blood and its elimination can be augmented by increasing the minute ventilation 1. Uptake of CO 2 from the pressurized pneumoperitoneum can cause clinically relevant hypercarbia and respiratory acidosis with physiological consequences, due to decreased lung compliance and insufficient ventilation. Our Aim was to study 30 patients of ASA grade I andιι posted for elective laparoscopic surgery under General Anesthesia where we have compared hemodynamic changes, ABG changes and end tidal CO2 changes before and after CO2 insufflation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our study included 30 patients aged years of either sex weighing kg under ASA grade I and II. Patients of ASA grade III and IV and those with respiratory, cardiovascular, renal diseases, obesity and pregnancy were excluded. The duration of surgery was ranged from 25 to 135 minutes. Figure 1 TABLE -1 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA Patients underwent elective laparoscopic surgery which included Laparoscopic Appendicectomy, Laparoscopic Cholecystecomy, Laparoscopic Hernia repair, Laparoscopic Adhesiolysis, Laparoscopic hydatid cyst removal. Study conducted was prospective, controlled, clinical study after taking permission of the ethical committee and obtaining informed consent. All patients were taken after routine preanaesthetic assessment and premedicated with Inj Glycopyrrolate of 6

2 mg, Inj Midazolam 0.02 mg/kg and Inj Ranitidine 150 mg intravenously. All patients were monitored with ECG, NIBP, Pulse oximetery and Capnography by BPL Excello monitor apart from routine monitoring. Preoperative samples of Arterial blood were collected before induction in a preheparinised 2ml. syringe anaerobically, by standard technique and samples tested for arterial blood gases. Preoxygenation was done with 100% O 2 for 3 minutes and all patient were induced with Inj. Sodium Thiopentone 5mg/kg and intubation performed with appropriate sized Portex cuffed endotracheal tube after Inj. Succinylcholine 1.5mg/kg. Anesthesia maintained with 66% N 2 O in O 2 with traces of Sevoflurane and relaxation maintained with Inj. Vecuronium and IPPV maintained with tidal volume 10ml/kg and respiratory rate 15/min, thus increasing the minute volume by 25% using MAX Anesthesia ventilator. Inj Tramadol 1.5mg/kg intravenous was given as an analgesic. Residual effect was reversed by Inj. Neostigmine 0.05mg/kg and Inj. Glycopyrrolate 0.08mg/kg intravenously and patient extubated after return of reflexes and proper suctioning. Introperative monitoring was done with multipara monitor- BPL Excello pulse, blood pressure, SpO 2, EtCO 2 and apart from that total amount of CO 2 insufflated measured and intraabdominal pressure kept to 15 mm of Hg. Incision site was infiltrated with 0.125% bupivacaine 20 minutes prior to desufflation, Inj. Ondansetron 4mg was given intravenously 10 minutes before extubation. Postoperative vital parameters monitored like pulse, blood pressure, SpO 2 and EtCO 2 and soon after desufflation, arterial blood samples were collected in a similar way as in pre-operative period, and analysed for arterial blood gases. RESULTS Out of total 30 patients, male: female ratio was 18:12. The mean age was ± years. During Surgery the change in the vital parameters noted, were within normal limits, due to adjustment in the respiratory parameters and the CO 2 being washed out easily, causing minimal changes. The Systolic blood pressure varied from ± 6.45mmHg preoperatively to ± 5.47 mmhg intraoperatively, and ± 8.65mmHg postoperatively, where the p value remained p= that is not significant. The diastolic blood pressure was also ± 3.44 mmhg preoperatively and ± mmhg postoperatively where the p value was which was statistically highly significant but was in clinically normal range. (Table 1.) Figure 2 TABLE 1 CHANGE IN MEAN ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE (mm of Hg) Figure 3 GRAPH-1 CHANGES IN BLOODPRESSURE The heart rate was preoperatively ± 4.76 bpm which came to ± bpm intraoperatively and ± bpm postoperatively where p value came to p=0.946 that is notsignificant. (Table 2.). Figure 4 TABLE -2 CHANGE IN HEART RATE PER MINUTE Figure 5 GRAPH-2 CHANGES IN ETCO2 The arterial gas levels due to pneumoperitoneum, showed the changes as fall in the ph from to 7.400(p> 0.05), that of PaCO2 from to mmhg (p>0.05), and HCO 3 levels from 24.8 to 24.3 mmol/l (p>0.05) which 2 of 6

3 proved to be statistically as well as clinically nonsignificant(table,3,4),(chart 3&4,5). Figure 9 GRAPH 4 COMPARISON OF HCO3 Figure 6 TABLE -3 CHANGES IN ARTERIAL BLOOD CO AND END TIDAL CO LEVELS Figure 7 TABLE:4 COMPARISION OF PREINSUFFLATION AND POSTDESUFFLATION BLOOD GAS LEVEL Figure 10 GRAPH 5 COMPARISON OF PH Figure 8 GRAPH 3 COMPARISON OF PaCO2 LEVEL The statistical data was calculated by MedCalc software, where unpaired t test was done and that s how p value was calculated after finding mean and standard deviation. DISCUSSION Laparoscopy has advantages of reduced hospital stay, small incision, little pain, less disfigurement and rapid return to normal activities and thus has become highly prevalent. The hemodynamic effects produced by the pneumoperitoneum depend on the amount of gas insufflated and the preoperative vital parameters and intravascular volume status in healthy patients. The intraabdominal pressure of greater than 12 mmof Hg Following has significant intraoperative hemodynamic effects which decreases the cardiac index by 35-40% with anesthesia and positioning and further 50% reduction occurs with CO 2 insufflation which leads to venacaval compression and venous pooling. The CO 2 3 of 6

4 absorption and acid base changes occur, which might be respiratory or metabolic, which are dependent on the lung elimination or else causes CO 2 retention and respiratory acidosis or anaerobic metabolism. CO 2 is 20 times more soluble than air and Oxygen and thus more rapidly absorbed from the peritoneal cavity [1]. CO 2 used as the gas for insufflation for pneumoperitoneum is absorbed from the peritoneum and then excreted from the lungs [6]. Keeping this in mind, if the ventilatory parameters are not adjusted accordingly, it causes hypercarbia, Respiratory acidosis and haemodynamic changes. In comparison to CO 2, Air, Oxygen, N 2 O, Helium, etc have lower solubility so, duration of surgery and Intraabdominal pressure influence the CO 2 absorption in normal patients [9]. Thus to combat the adverse effects of CO 2, increasing the minute volume by hyperventilating helps [2]. In our study, we increased the minute volume by increasing the Respiratory rate to 15/min and Intraabdominal pressure was maintained below 15 mm of Hg [5, 6]. After increasing the Minute ventilation, PaCO 2 was maintained between 30 to 40 mm of Hg. Preoperatively, the PaCO 2 level was ± mmhg and postdesufflation the level was ± mmhg, where the p value was which was nonsignificant [8,10]. The EtCO 2 values were maintained between ± 3.24mmHg and ± 3.54 mmhg preinsufflation and postdesufflation respectively, which was statistically significant (p=0.002) [8].This changes were insignificant as the patients did not have any cardiovascular or respiratory abnormalities. [3] Minute volume was increased and as result ph, PaCO 2 and HCO 3 did not show any abnormalities and were in the clinical range [4]. Mullet and Colleagues noted that 25% increase in PaCO 2 was noted after CO 2 pneumoperitoneum [7]. Hirovonen Eiola A. noted EtCO 2 and PaCO 2 were well maintained within an acceptable range in healthy patients [8].Wurst studied that increase of 40% minute volume, kept the PaCO 2 normal during the pneumoperitoneum [7]. El Minani ME. reported that in laparoscopic surgery with CO 2 pneumoperitoneum, there is increase in PaCO 2 significantly than N 2 O [1].Wittgen studied that during laparoscopy the arterial blood gases showed increase in ph and PaCO2 in patients with compromised cardio respiratory status [3]. Sene Demirowk studied the effects of intraperitoneal and extra peritoneal CO 2 insufflation where CO 2 intraperitonealy caused significant increase in PaCO 2 values [9].GR Kelman studied cardiac output and Arterial blood gas analysis which showed no significant changes in Blood gas levels [10]. Pavlidas showed no statistically alteration, at anytime, in values of PaO 2, SpO 2, and HCO 3, Mean Arterial BP, and Heart rate especially in ASA grade I and II patients [11]. Hideo Iwaska showed that there was increase in PaCO 2 due to decreased compliance and thus, Respiratory acidosis in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in comparison with open Cholecystectomy [12]. Out of total 30 patients studied only one patient had intraoperatively Hypertension which was treated with Inj Nitroglycerine infusion 1μg/kg/min. The CO 2 load which increases gradually during pneumoperitoneum [9], due to release of CO 2 from the peritoneum, which is excreted from the lungs. This level can be checked by increase in the minute volume, thus raising the respiratory rate by 15/min during the pneumoperitomeum. The Airway pressure and haemodynamic parameters are highly dependent on the adjustments made during the ventilation [10]. CONCLUSION The hemodynamics changes varied from baseline i.e. preoperative level, but remained within normal range i.e. both the heart rate and the Systolic blood pressure, but the diastolic blood pressure significantly changed. CO 2 load increases during Laparoscopic surgery which causes rise in the EtCO 2 compared to preoperative level which was statistically significant. The mean gradient between PaCO2 and the end tidal CO 2 does not change significantly during peritoneal insufflations of CO 2. The rise in PaCO 2 and HCO3 in the postdesufflation period remains clinically and statistically notsignificant and the ph reduce significantly but are within normal physiological range. This changes remain insignificant as the minute volume is raised by raising the respiratory rate to 15/min, which helps in better elimination of CO 2. The changes in EtCO 2 are more significant during the pneumoperitoneum, but after desufflation, CO2 excretion occurs and the blood gas values return to the baseline especially in healthy patients. References 1. El-Mina wi ME. Wahbi 0. El-Bagouri IS, Sharawi Xvi. E1-Mallah SY. Physiologic changes during C02 and N20 pneumoperitoneum in diagnostic laparoscopv. A comparative study. J Reprod Med 1981;26: Maharajan SIC Shrestha BR. Dowe have to hwerventilate during laparoscopic surgery? Kathmandu University Medical Journal 2007;5: Catherine M. Wittgen. Charles H. Andrus. Stephen D. Fitzgerald, Lawrence 3. Baudendistel, Thomas E. Dahrns. 4 of 6

5 Donald L. Kaminsk et al. Analysis of the HenDdynamic and Ventilatory Effects of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Arch Surg 1991 ;126: McMahon AL Russell IT. Baxter in. Ross S. Anderson JR. Morran CO. Sunderland 0. Galloway D. Ramsay 0. ODwyer PJ. Laparoscopic versus minilaparotomy Cholecystectomy. a randomized trial. Lancet 1994;15: Aoki A. Time course of acid-base regulation following intraperitoneal C02 administration in man. JpnJ Physiol. 1993;43: Kazama T. Ikeda IC Kato T. Kikura M Carbon dioxide output in laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Br 3 Anaesth. 1996;76: Wurst H, Schulte-Steinberg H, Finsterer U. CO2 stores in laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with CO2 pneumoperitoneum. Anaesthesist 1995;44: E A Hirvonen, L S Nuutine, M Kauko. Ventilatory effects, blood gas changes and oxygen consumption during laparoscopic hysterectomy. A & A May1995;80: Sener Demiroluk, Ziya Salihoglu, Mefkur Bakan, Pervin Bozkurt. Effects of Intra peritoneal and extra peritoneal CO2 insufflation on blood gases during the perioperative in Laparoscopic surgery. Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical techniques 2004;14: G R Kelman, Swappy, I Smith, R J Benzie, Nanette L M Gordon. Cardiac output and arterial blood-gas tension during laparoscopy. Br J Anaesth 1972;44: Pavlidis T, Papaziogas B, Vretzakis G, Argiriadou H, Sfira E, Papaziogas T. Continuous monitoring of arterial blood gases and ph during laparoscopic Cholecystectomy using a Para trend sensor. Minerva Chir 2002;57: Hideo Iwasaka, Hiroshi Miyakawa, Hitoshi Yamamoto, Takaaki Kitano, Kazuo Taniguchi, Natsuo Honda. Respiratory mechanics and arterial blood gases during and after laparoscopic cholecystectomy Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;43 5 of 6

6 Author Information Gupta Shobhana, M.D Associate Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology, Guru Gobindsinh Hospital Hina Gadani, M.D Assistant Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology, Guru Gobindsinh Hospital Patel Mita, D.A Tutor, Department of Anaesthesiology, Guru Gobindsinh Hospital 6 of 6