MURMURS. Extra, abnormal, or unexpected sound caused by the flow of blood through the heart

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1 Murmurs Pacemakers Hypertension,Angina, CABG,CCF, DM

2 MURMURS Extra, abnormal, or unexpected sound caused by the flow of blood through the heart

3 Chest pain SYMPTOMS Rapid or pounding heartbeat Shortness of breath Fatigue Dizziness Weakness Fever cough Paleness

4 CAUSES Defective Heart Valve Holes in the heart wall Surgical repair of congenital heart defects Fever Anemia

5 PREVENTION Proper treatments of: Strep throat Rheumatic Fever Hypertension

6 SIX ATTRIBUTES Intensity Pitch Configuration Quality Duration Timing

7 INTENSITY/PITCH Grade I: Faintest, Heard with difficulty Grade II: Faint but identified immediately Grade III: Moderately loud Grade IV: Loud, associated with palpable thrill Grade V: Very loud Grade VI: Loudest, can be heard without stethoscope

8 CONFIGURATION Crescendo: increasing Decrescendo: decreasing Crescendo-Decrescendo: diamondshaped Plateau: unchanged

9 QUALITY Squeaky Musical Harsh Scratchy Rumbling Grunting Blowing

10 DURATION & TIMING Length of systole or diastole a murmur occupies Most important in determining cause In relation to normal cardiac cycle

11 TYPES Diastolic Muscle relaxation Systolic Muscle contraction Continuous Throughout cardiac cycle

12 REFERENCES ainpages497po.html ml lopedia/htmlfiles/3168.html

13 Pacemakers The study of the heart

14 Introduction Electrical impulses from the heart muscle cause your heart to beat (contract). This electrical signal begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrium). The SA node is sometimes called the heart s natural pacemaker.

15 A pacemaker (or "artificial pacemaker ) so as not to be confused with the heart's natural pacemaker) is a medical device designed to regulate the beating of the heart. The purpose of an artificial pacemaker is to stimulate the heart when either the heart's native pacemaker is not fast enough or if there are blocks in the heart's electrical conduction system preventing the propagation of electrical impulses from the native pacemaker to the lower chambers of the heart, known as the ventricles.

16 Heart Regulators Pacemakers are small electrical generators that control your heart beat. They are often just called pacers. You may need a pacemaker if you have a chronic rhythm problem. The pacemaker is one sealed unit, with a battery, some circuitry, and a connector block inside. The battery supplies the power. The circuitry is like a little computer inside the pacemaker - it changes energy from the battery into tiny electrical pulses that go to your heart through wires called leads. The connector block is plastic, on top of the pacemaker. That's where the leads connect to the generator unit.

17 Devices that will not affect or damage pacemakers CB Radios Electric Drills Electric Blankets Electric Shavers Ham Radios Heating Pads Metal Detectors Microwave Ovens TV Transmitters TV Remote controls X-Ray Machines Airport Security Detectors

18 Devices that will affect or damage the pacemaker Power Generating Equipment Welding Equipment Certain pieces of equipment used by dentists Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) machines Radiation machines for treating cancer Heavy equipment or motors that have powerful magnets

19 Electrocardiogram Reads the electric pulses in the heart This picture represents the ECG for a normal heart

20 A pacemaker is about the size of a matchbox. It is made up of two parts. A pulse generator, which includes the battery and several electronic circuits Wires called leads, which are attached to the heart wall. Depending on the type of pacemaker you need, there may be one or two leads

22 An X-Ray of a real working pacemaker looks like this

23 Pacemaker Patients For most people, work, hobbies, sexual activity, travel, and other aspects of their lifestyles are no different once they have a Guidant implanted device. It will help you enjoy as active and productive a lifestyle as your overall health permits.

24 High Blood Pressure

25 What is high blood pressure? High blood pressure is when you have a blood reading of 140/80mmHg(millimeters in mercury) or higher. It is high tension in the arteries. Also called hypertension. It does not mean excessive tension or stress. It is able to cause heart disease, kidney disease, and stroke.

26 Facts about high blood pressure One in three Americans has high blood pressure. It is often called the silent killer because there are no symptoms. Some people may not find out until they have trouble with their hearts, brains, and kidneys.

27 If not found and treated It can cause the heart to become larger, which may lead to heart problems. Small bulges form on the blood vessels. Blood vessels in the kidney to narrow. Arteries in the body to harden. Blood vessels in the eyes they burst or bleed, which may cause vision changes or blindness.

28 The types of high blood pressure Essential hypertension Secondary hypertension

29 Essential hypertension Is a far more common condition and accounts for 95% of hypertension. It is multilateral in the sense that there are many causes.

30 Secondary hypertension Is 5% of hypertension. Secondary to a specific abnormality in one or more of the organs.

31 Treatment Keep in mind that hypertension occurs way before it does any damage. Increased public awareness is a good treatment.

32 Goals The public awareness is to warn the people of the dangers and the good chance that they might have it. This is because it is obviously easier to treat it earlier than later.

33 Sources

35 What Is It? Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn t get enough blood. Symptom of coronary artery disease. The heart doesn t receive enough oxygen due to a narrowed coronary artery.

36 What Does It Look Like? The coronary artery is narrowed reducing the flow of oxygen to the heart. It is easier for plaque to get inside a narrower artery.

37 What Does It Feel Like? May feel like pressure or a squeezing pain in your chest. Pain could also occur in the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. Could also feel like indigestion.

38 Types of Angina Stable Angina Unstable Angina Variant Angina

39 Stable Angina Most common type of angina. Occurs when the heart is working harder than usual. Regular pattern. Pain goes away a few minutes after resting or taking medicine. Makes it more likely to have a heart attack in the future.

40 Unstable Angina Very dangerous condition that requires emergency treatment. Could be a sign that heart attack might occur soon. Does not follow a pattern. Can occur without physical exertion. Not relieved by rest or medicine.

41 Variant Angina Very rare. Usually occurs when one is at rest between midnight and in the early morning. Pain can be severe. Relieved by medicine.

42 Treatments Do It Yourself Treatments Control high blood pressure Quit smoking Control cholesterol levels Control weight Physical activity Regular exercise which must be ensured by a doctor that it will not trigger angina. Control diabetes Avoid stress Avoid getting cold Avoid excessive alcohol

43 More Treatments Medications Nitroglycerin Glycerin Trinitrate Tablets Beta Blockers Calcium and Channel Blockers Surgery Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Balloon Angioplasty Artery Stent

44 Sources gina/treatments.htm Diseases/Angina/Angina_WhatIs.html ics/images/en/18054.jpg

45 Heart Attack

46 Definition Heart attack (myocardial infarction) is a medical emergency in which some of the heart s blood supply is suddenly and severely reduced or cut off, causing the heart muscle (myocardium) to die because it is deprived of its oxygen supply.

47 Symptoms chest pain or discomfort in the center of the chest, heaviness or crushing feeling that lasts for more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back pain or discomfort in other areas of the upper body including arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach

48 More Symptoms difficulty breathing, shortness of breath sweating or cold sweat fullness, indigestion, or choking feeling (may feel like heartburn ) nausea or vomiting light-headedness extreme weakness or anxiety rapid or irregular heart beats

49 Causes usually occurs when a blockage in a coronary artery reduces or cuts off the blood supply to an area of the heart a blood clot is the most common cause of a blocked coronary artery

50 More Causes uncommonly, a heart attack results when a clot forms in the heart itself, breaks away, and lodges in a coronary artery

51 Complications A person who has a heart attack may experience any of the following complications: Myocardial Rupture, Scar Tissue, Ventricular Aneurysm, Blood Clots, and Heart Failure.

52 Rehabilitation Cardiac rehabilitation, an important part of recovery, begins at the hospital. people who have had a heart attack can usually progress to sitting in a chair, passive exercise, use of a commode chair, and reading on the first day.

53 More Rehabilitation By the second or third day, people are encouraged to walk to the bathroom and engage in nonstressful activities, and they can perform more activities each day.

54 Getting Back on Track Most people can return to work and the activities they enjoy within a few weeks of having a heart attack. For the first few days after your heart attack, you may need to rest and let your heart heal. You may do stretching exercises and get up and walk.

55 Risk Factors for Another Heart Attack not exercising being overweight high cholesterol level high blood sugar level if you have diabetes high blood pressure smoking too much stress in your life

56 References tcenter/pub/guide/disease/cad/mi _symptoms.htm /sec03/ch033/ch033c.html

57 Coronary Bypass Surgery

58 What is coronary artery bypass surgery? type of heart surgery reroutes, bypasses blood around clogged arteries improves blood flow and oxygen flow to the heart

59 Why is bypass needed? Coronary arteries (the arteries that carry blood to the heart) can become clogged clogging is caused by plaque (fat, cholesterol, and other substances) buildup hinders blood flow through vessels lack of blood flow can cause chest pain and or a heart attack

60 How is coronary bypass done? segment of healthy blood vessel is taken from leg to reroute blood through heart one end of the vein is sewn onto the aorta and the other is grafted below the blockage on the coronary artery patients can undergo one, two, three or more bypasses depending on the extent of the damage

61 Portion of saphenous vein is used to bypass blood through the heart.

62 After surgery Patients blood pressures and heart activity are monitored for three to five days Patients are given pain killers to keep them comfortable Tests are done to evaluate patient s condition A healthy diet and exercise plan are recommended

63 Side Effects loss of appetite constipation swelling fatigue depression difficulty sleeping muscle pain or tightness

64 Alternatives to Bypass Medications Stent o a wire mesh tube used to prop open an artery Angioplasty o a tiny balloon is inserted into the blocked blood vessel and inflated to widen the opening

65 Facts Woman have a higher mortality rate than men with coronary bypass surgery About 7 million Americans suffer from Coronary Heart Disease. Heart Disease is the number one killer of men and women in the U.S. each year 500,000 Americans die of heart attacks caused by CHD (Coronary Heart Disease).

66 normal heart blockage occurs heart becomes deprived of blood saphenous vein used to bypass blockage vein graft restores normal blood flow to heart

Works Cited http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jh tml?

67 Works Cited tml?identifier=4484 adam.about.com/ surgery/ htm Google images

69 Congestive heart failure (CHF), is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough blood to the body's other organs.

72 Narrowed arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle coronary artery disease. Past heart attack, with scar tissue that interferes with the heart muscle's normal work. High blood pressure. *&* many more

73 Frequent bathroom usage. Tired and weak. Weight gain from excess fluid. Chest pain. Swollen feet, legs, and/or ankles. Loss of appetite. Swollen neck veins. Skin is cold and sweaty. Pulse is irregular.

74 Most doctors can make a tentative diagnosis of CHF from the presence of edema(accumulation of fluid) and shortness of breath. Crackling sounds of fluid in the lungs can be heard with a stethoscope. A chest x-ray can show if your heart is enlarged.

75 If you smoke, quit. Learn to control high blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and diabetes. Eat a sensible diet that is low in calories, saturated fat, and salt. Limit how much alcohol you drink. Weigh yourself daily to watch for fluid buildup.

76 Vasodilators, such as nitroglycerin, which open up narrowed vessels. Calcium channel blockers, which keep vessels open and lower blood pressure. ACE inhibitors, which keep vessels open and lower blood pressure.

77 Heart valve repair or replacement Pacemaker insertion Correction of congenital heart defects Coronary artery bypass surgery Mechanical assist devices Heart transplant

78 The heart weakens and can lead to death.

81 Diabetes is when your pancreas does not produce enough insulin for your body. It is a leading factor in developing heart disease.

82 Increased thirst Extreme hunger Rapid weight loss Blurred Vision Fatigue

83 Genetics Not eating right Exposure to certain viruses

84 Family History Race

85 * Random blood sugar tests * Fasting blood glucose tests

86 Low Blood Sugar *&* Increased Blood Acids

87 * Cardiovascular disease * Nerve damage * Kidney damage * Eye damage * Skin conditions

88 Blood Sugar Monitoring Eating Right Exercising Medications Pancreas Transplants Islet Cell Transplants

89 Make a commitment to manage your diabetes Yearly Physical Have needed vaccinations Take care of your feet Don t smoke

90 Avoid alcohol Take aspirin daily Monitor your blood pressure Monitor blood fats Learn to manage stress

Heart Disease. Signs and Symptoms

Heart Disease. Signs and Symptoms Heart Disease The term "heart disease" refers to several types of heart conditions. The most common type is coronary artery disease, which can cause heart attack, angina, heart failure, and arrhythmias.