Primary PCI for Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation
|
|
- Ambrose Reeves
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The new england journal of medicine clinical therapeutics Primary PCI for Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation Ellen C. Keeley, M.D., and L. David Hillis, M.D. This Journal feature begins with a case vignette that includes a therapeutic recommendation. A discussion of the clinical problem and the mechanism of benefit of this form of therapy follows. Major clinical studies, the clinical use of this therapy, and potential adverse effects are reviewed. Relevant formal guidelines, if they exist, are presented. The article ends with the authors clinical recommendations. A 58-year-old man has chest pain at 9:30 a.m.; 3 hours later, he calls for an ambulance. Paramedics arrive, provide standard treatment, and transport him to the nearest emergency department. On his arrival at a small hospital at 1 p.m., the findings are diagnostic of a myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. The emergency department physician recommends immediate transfer to a hospital 1 hour away for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The Clinical Problem Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, with myocardial infarction a common manifestation of this disease. In 2006, approximately 1.2 million Americans sustained a myocardial infarction. 1 Of these, one quarter to one third had a myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. 2,3 Of all patients having a myocardial infarction, 25 to 35% will die before receiving medical attention, most often from ventricular fibrillation. 4 For those who reach a medical facility, the prognosis is considerably better and has improved over the years: in-hospital mortality rates fell from 11.2% in 1990 to 9.4% in Most of the decline is due to decreasing mortality rates among patients with myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation, 3 as a consequence of improvements in initial therapy, including fibrinolysis and PCI. In an analysis by the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction, the rate of in-hospital mortality was 5.7% among those receiving reperfusion therapy, as compared with 14.8% among those who were eligible for but did not receive such therapy. 5 From the Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (E.C.K.); and the Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (L.D.H.). N Engl J Med 2007;356: Copyright 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society. Pathophysiology and Effect of Therapy The pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis is multifactorial. 6,7 Broadly, endothelial injury and dysfunction result in the adhesion and transmigration of leukocytes from the circulation into the arterial intima as well as the migration of smooth-muscle cells from the media into the intima, thus initiating the formation of an atheroma or atherosclerotic plaque. 7 Atherosclerotic plaques cause progressive narrowing of the coronary arteries and eventually can cause a coronary occlusion. However, myocardial infarctions with ST-segment elevation are more typically caused by the sudden thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery that previously was not severely narrowed. When such an occlusion occurs, the abrupt rupture, erosion, or fissuring of a previously minimally n engl j med 356;1 january 4,
2 The new england journal of medicine obstructive plaque creates a potent stimulus for platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. 6-8 If the stimulus for a thrombosis is robust, total arterial occlusion can result (Fig. 1). On occlusion of the infarct-related artery, all the myocardium that is supplied by the artery becomes ischemic, resulting in chest pain and electrocardiographic evidence of transmural (full-thickness) ischemia (ST-segment elevation) in the leads reflective of that region of the heart. Subsequently, necrosis begins within minutes and progresses during several hours in a wavefront fashion from the endocardial surface to the epicardial surface. If ischemia persists for several hours, transmural infarction results. 9 In contrast, if blood flow is restored during the period of progressive necrosis, the ischemic myocardium is salvaged and the size of the infarct is reduced. Since morbidity and mortality from a myocardial infarction correlate with the size of the infarct, prompt restoration of blood flow would also be expected to improve left ventricular function and survival. 10 Primary PCI consists of urgent balloon angioplasty (with or without stenting), without the pre- A Before myocardial infarction No symptoms B During myocardial infarction C Primary balloon angioplasty D Primary stent placement Acute onset of chest pain Chest pain resolving Chest pain resolving Elevation of ST segment Resolving ST-segment elevation Resolving ST-segment elevation Normal electrocardiogram Occlusive thrombus Deflated balloon Stent Plaque Plaque Wire Non flowlimiting plaque Occlusive thrombus Ischemic myocardium Deflated balloon Restoration of blood flow Stent Restoration of blood flow Figure 1. Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation before, during, and after PCI. Symptomatic, electrocardiographic, morphologic, and anatomical findings in a patient with a myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation are shown before onset (Panel A) and during the infarction (Panel B), and after primary PCI with balloon angioplasty (Panel C) or stent placement (Panel D). 48 n engl j med 356;1 january 4, 2007
3 clinical therapeutics vious administration of fibrinolytic therapy or platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, to open the infarct-related artery during an acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. After the identification on coronary angiography of the site of recent thrombotic occlusion, a metal wire is advanced past the thrombus over which a balloon catheter (with or without a stent) is positioned at the site of the occlusion and inflated, thereby mechanically restoring antegrade flow (Fig. 1). Primary PCI restores angiographically normal flow in the previously occluded artery in more than 90% of patients, 11,12 whereas fibrinolytic therapy does so in only 50 to 60% of such patients. Clinical Evidence In comparison with conservative management (medical treatment without reperfusion therapy), fibrinolytic therapy leads to improved left ventricular systolic function and survival in patients with myocardial infarction associated with either STsegment elevation or left bundle-branch block. In a pooled analysis of nine large trials, the rate of death at 35 days was 9.6% among patients receiving fibrinolytic therapy, as compared with 11.5% among control subjects. 13 However, fibrinolytic therapy has several limitations. First, among those presenting with myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation, some patients (27% in one report) 14 have a contraindication to fibrinolysis. Second, in approximately 15% of patients given fibrinolytic therapy, thrombolysis does not occur. 15,16 Third, about a quarter of those receiving fibrinolytic therapy have reocclusion of the infarct-related artery within 3 months after the myocardial infarction, with a resultant reinfarction. 17 These limitations are minimized with the use of primary PCI. In a meta-analysis of 23 randomized, controlled comparisons of primary PCI (involving 3872 patients) and fibrinolytic therapy (3867 patients), the rate of death at 4 to 6 weeks after treatment was significantly lower among those who underwent primary PCI (7% vs. 9%). 18 Rates of nonfatal reinfarction and stroke were also significantly reduced. Most of these trials were performed in high-volume interventional centers by experienced operators with minimal delay after the patient s arrival. If primary PCI is performed at low-volume venues by less-experienced operators with longer delays between arrival and treatment, such superior outcomes may not be seen. 19 Clinical Use Reperfusion therapy (mechanical or pharmacologic) is indicated for patients with chest pain consistent with a myocardial infarction with a duration of 12 hours or less in association with ST-segment elevation greater than 0.1 mv in two or more contiguous electrocardiographic leads or a new (or presumed new) left bundle-branch block. Candidates for reperfusion therapy should be identified by an emergency department physician; the process can be initiated by emergency-medicalservices personnel to minimize delay. Primary PCI is preferred if a skilled interventional cardiologist and catheterization laboratory with surgical backup are available and if the procedure can be performed within 90 minutes after initial medical contact with the patient. 20 For patients initially presenting to a hospital that does not have interventional capabilities, rapid transfer to such a facility is recommended. Primary PCI is preferable for certain patients even if the interval between the first medical contact and the procedure (the door-to-balloon interval) exceeds 90 minutes. Such patients include those with a contraindication to fibrinolytic therapy 20 ; those with a high risk of bleeding with fibrinolytic therapy, including patients 75 years of age or older (for whom the risk of intracranial hemorrhage with fibrinolytic therapy is increased) 21 ; those with clinical findings (i.e., tachycardia, hypotension, or pulmonary congestion) suggesting a high risk of an infarct-related complicated medical course or death 22 ; and those with cardiogenic shock. 23 Fibrinolytic therapy is preferred for patients whose first medical contact occurs less than 3 hours after the onset of symptoms but for whom PCI is not immediately available, those who seek medical attention less than 1 hour after the onset of symptoms (in whom the therapy may abort the infarction), 24 and those with a history of anaphylaxis due to radiographic contrast material. As compared with patients who undergo balloon angioplasty, among those who undergo baremetal stenting of the infarct-related artery, the rates of restenosis and the frequencies of recurrent angina and repeated revascularization pro- n engl j med 356;1 january 4,
4 The new england journal of medicine cedures are lower. 11,25 As a result, stenting of the infarct-related artery is usually preferred. However, balloon angioplasty is preferred for patients in whom clopidogrel (Plavix, Bristol-Myers Squibb) is contraindicated (because of thrombocytopenia or the presence of left main or extensive multivessel coronary artery disease, who may require bypass surgery within days after successful primary PCI). Balloon angioplasty is also preferred when the size of the infarct-related artery is insufficient for the placement of a stent. As compared with bare-metal stents, drug-eluting stents appear to reduce further the rates of restenosis within 12 months after primary PCI If drug-eluting stents are used in this setting, it is imperative that dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and clopidogrel) be given for at least 12 months; otherwise, subacute thrombosis may occur. There are no good data on longer-term outcomes. In addition to oral aspirin and intravenous unfractionated heparin, patients with a myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation should receive oral clopidogrel after it has been determined that emergency bypass surgery is not required. Beta-adrenergic blockers 32,33 and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors 34 should be initiated, provided that the patient has no contraindications and is stable hemodynamically. 20 Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors or antibodies often are given to patients undergoing primary PCI. 25 Treatment with a high dose of a 3-hydroxy- 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (statin) is recommended for all patients with acute myocardial infarction. 35 The monetary costs of fibrinolytic therapy and primary PCI are similar. Primary PCI is an expensive procedure, with professional fees ranging from approximately $4,000 to $5,000 and hospital charges ranging from approximately $20,000 to $25,000 in the United States. However, patients receiving fibrinolytic therapy have higher subsequent costs, because of higher rates of in-hospital morbidity and mortality and longer hospital stays. 36 In a report on 4366 primary PCIs performed at 40 sites in the United States between 1990 and 1994, the success rate (the proportion of patients with a patent infarct-related artery at the end of the procedure) was 91.5%. 37 However, although antegrade flow in the epicardial coronary artery may appear normal after most of these procedures, perfusion of the tissue at the microvascular level is restored to normal in only a minority of patients. 38,39 In some patients, embolization of microscopic debris with balloon inflation or stent deployment compromises tissue perfusion. In such patients, the magnitude of the ST-segment elevation does not diminish, even though antegrade flow in the epicardial artery is restored. Among these patients, survival is correspondingly reduced In about 15% of patients undergoing primary PCI, initial angiography shows a patent infarctrelated artery. In these patients, it is presumed that spontaneous fibrinolysis occurred before angiography. In comparison with patients who have diminished or no antegrade flow, these patients are less likely to have hemodynamic instability or left ventricular systolic dysfunction with congestive heart failure or to die as a result of myocardial infarction. Adverse Effects Complications occasionally occur as a result of primary PCI. Local vascular complications include bleeding, hematomas, pseudoaneurysms, and arteriovenous fistulae at the access site. These events occur in 2 to 3% of patients, about two thirds of whom require transfusion Major bleeding (including bleeding at the access site) occurs in about 7% of patients undergoing the procedure. 18 The incidence of bleeding has declined, probably because lower doses of heparin and smaller catheters are used now than in the past, as well as because of increasing experience among interventional cardiologists and ancillary personnel. The incidence of intracranial hemorrhage is lower with primary PCI than with fibrinolytic therapy (0.05% vs. 1%, P<0.001). 18 Severe nephropathy after PCI (caused, at least in part, by radiographic contrast material) occurs in up to 2% of patients. 47 It occurs most often among those with cardiogenic shock 23 or underlying renal insufficiency 48 and those of advanced age. 49 Anaphylactic reactions to radiographic contrast material are very rare. 50 Ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation is reported in 4.3% of patients undergoing primary PCI. 51 Although these patients remain in the hospital longer than those who do not have ventricular tachyarrhythmias, the long-term prognosis for those with or without ventricular tachyarrhythmias is similar. 50 n engl j med 356;1 january 4, 2007
5 clinical therapeutics In patients undergoing elective balloon angioplasty, the abrupt closing of the infarct-related artery (during or within hours after the procedure) occurs in up to 3% of patients 52 ; it may occur even more frequently among those undergoing primary balloon angioplasty. Stenting of the infarct-related artery decreases the incidence of abrupt closing to about 1%, thereby diminishing the need for urgent bypass surgery 53 and (in the opinion of some investigators) obviating the need for on-site surgical capability. 54,55 Therefore, stenting is the preferred primary intervention if the coronary anatomy is suitable. As noted, stents also reduce the risk of restenosis, an effect shown to be even more marked with the use of drug-eluting stents In most trials of stenting, stent thrombosis has occurred in less than 1.5% of patients receiving either a bare-metal stent or a drugeluting stent within the first year. 28,56-58 Serious cardiovascular events occur in a small percentage of patients undergoing primary PCI. In the report of 4366 procedures described above, the rates of emergency cardiac surgery and in-hospital death were 4.3% and 2.5%, respectively. 37 Such events occur much more frequently among patients in whom perfusion is not restored. At centers where primary PCIs are performed, there is a direct relationship between procedural volume and outcomes. Among patients undergoing elective PCI at centers in which 200 or more such procedures are performed each year, the incidence of urgent bypass surgery and death is lower than among those whose procedure is performed at a center where fewer than 200 PCIs per year are performed. 59 Areas of Uncertainty Although the use of primary PCI is widespread, some issues are unresolved. First, the administration of a fibrinolytic agent or platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor or both before PCI called a facilitated intervention is based on the hypothesis that immediate pharmacologic therapy followed by prompt PCI will cause a faster and more complete restoration of flow in the infarct-related artery than PCI alone. A meta-analysis of trials comparing these two procedures concluded that patients with myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation who received facilitated PCI were more likely to have a patent infarct-related artery at the time of initial coronary angiography than those receiving PCI alone. 60 Despite this finding, patients receiving facilitated intervention had increased rates of nonfatal reinfarction, urgent target-vessel revascularization, stroke, and death, as compared with patients undergoing only PCI. The increased rate of adverse events with facilitated intervention was seen predominantly among patients receiving fibrinolytic therapy. At present, it is unknown whether facilitated PCI with the use of only platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors is superior to primary PCI alone. Second, the choice between the use of fibrinolytic therapy and the transfer of the patient to another facility for primary PCI depends on the patient s clinical characteristics and the rapidity and efficiency of the transfer. 59 Although several randomized studies comparing on-site fibrinolytic therapy with transfer for primary PCI showed better short-term outcomes in patients transferred to another hospital for PCI, these studies were conducted in highly efficient transfer networks. 61 In the United States, such transfers often are inefficient, and unacceptable treatment delays occur. Since most Americans live near a facility proficient in the performance of primary PCI, they could receive this treatment if an organized and efficient system of triage and transfer were available. 62 Third, some patients with myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation who undergo primary PCI are found to have severe multivessel coronary artery disease. After the urgent restoration of antegrade flow in the infarct-related artery, the management medical, percutaneous, or surgical of the care of these patients, including its timing, is uncertain. Guidelines According to the guidelines of the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association, primary PCI is a class I indication in patients with myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation who can undergo the procedure within 12 hours after the onset of symptoms, provided the procedure is performed in a timely manner (balloon inflation or stent placement or both within 90 minutes after the first medical contact) by experienced operators (those who perform more than 75 interventional procedures per year) in a facility in which more than 200 coronary interventional procedures are performed each year (at n engl j med 356;1 january 4,
6 The new england journal of medicine least 36 of them being primary in nature) and which has a cardiac surgical capability, in case such surgery is required. 20 Similarly, the European Society of Cardiology considers primary PCI the preferred reperfusion strategy for patients with myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (as a class I indication). 63 Recommendations The patient in the vignette has an anterior myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. He was initially taken to a small community hospital that lacked interventional capabilities. Since he has no contraindication to fibrinolytic therapy, he could receive this therapy there or, alternatively, he could be transferred urgently for primary PCI. Because his symptoms have been present for more than 3 hours and he has high-risk features (i.e., tachycardia, rales, and anterior location of the infarction), we recommend his transfer for PCI, provided that the procedure can be performed in a timely fashion by an experienced operator in a high-volume catheterization laboratory. On the basis of the data available on facilitated PCI, we do not recommend administration of a fibrinolytic agent or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor before the transfer. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. A video animation showing balloon angioplasty and stent placement is available with the full text of this article at References 1. American Heart Association. Cardiovascular disease statistics, (Accessed December 7, 2006, at americanheart.org.) 2. Rogers WJ, Canto JG, Lambrew CT, et al. Temporal trends in the treatment of over 1.5 million patients with myocardial infarction in the U.S. from 1990 through 1999: the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 1, 2 and 3. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36: Furman MI, Dauerman HL, Goldberg RJ, Yarzebski J, Lessard D, Gore JM. Twenty-two year (1975 to 1997) trends in the incidence, in-hospital and long-term case fatality rates from initial Q-wave and non- Q-wave myocardial infarction: a multi-hospital, community-wide perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37: Zheng ZJ, Croft JB, Giles WH, Mensah GA. Sudden cardiac death in the United States, 1989 to Circulation 2001; 104: Gibson CM. NRMI and current treatment patterns for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2004;148: Suppl:S29-S Libby P. Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2001;104: Libby P, Theroux P. Pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2005; 111: Freedman JE. Molecular regulation of platelet-dependent thrombosis. Circulation 2005;112: Reimer KA, Lowe JE, Rasmussen MM, Jennings RB. The wavefront phenomenon of ischemic cell death. 1. Myocardial in- farct size vs duration of coronary occlusion in dogs. Circulation 1977;56: Weir RA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ. Epidemiology of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction: prevalence, clinical characteristics, and prognostic importance. Am J Cardiol 2006;97:Suppl 10A: 13F-25F. 11. Grines CL, Cox DA, Stone GW, et al. Coronary angioplasty with or without stent implantation for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1999;341: Stone GW, Brodie BR, Griffin JJ, et al. Prospective, multicenter study of the safety and feasibility of primary stenting in acute myocardial infarction: in-hospital and 30-day results of the PAMI stent pilot trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31: Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists (FTT) Collaborative Group. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomised trials of more than 1000 patients. Lancet 1994;343: [Erratum, Lancet 1994;343:742.] 14. Juliard J-M, Himbert D, Golmard J-L, et al. Can we provide reperfusion therapy to all unselected patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction? J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30: The GUSTO Angiographic Investigators. The effects of tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase, or both on coronary-artery patency, ventricular function, and survival after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993;329: [Erratum, N Engl J Med 1994;330:516.] 16. Anderson JL, Karagounis LA, Becker LC, Sorensen SG, Menlove RL. TIMI perfusion grade 3 but not grade 2 results in improved outcome after thrombolysis for myocardial infarction: ventriculographic, enzymatic, and electrocardiographic evidence from the TEAM-3 Study. Circulation 1993;87: Gibson CM, Karha J, Murphy SA, et al. Early and long-term clinical outcomes associated with reinfarction following fibrinolytic administration in the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42: Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet 2003;361: Nallamothu BK, Wang Y, Magid DJ, et al. Relation between hospital specialization with primary percutaneous coronary intervention and clinical outcomes in STsegment elevation myocardial infarction: National Registry of Myocardial Infarction- 4 analysis. Circulation 2006;113: Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction). Circulation 2004; 110: [Erratum, Circulation 2005; 111:2013.] 21. Ahmed S, Antman EM, Murphy SA, et 52 n engl j med 356;1 january 4, 2007
7 clinical therapeutics al. Poor outcomes after fibrinolytic therapy for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: impact of age (a meta-analysis of a decade of trials). J Thromb Thrombolysis 2006;21: Thune JJ, Hoefsten DE, Lindholm MG, et al. Simple risk stratification at admission to identify patients with reduced mortality from primary angioplasty. Circulation 2005;112: Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, et al. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 1999;341: Taher T, Fu Y, Wagner GS, et al. Aborted myocardial infarction in patients with ST-segment elevation: insights from the Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic Regimen-3 Trial Electrocardiographic Substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44: Stone GW, Grines CL, Cox DA, et al. Comparison of angioplasty with stenting, with or without abciximab, in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2002;346: Valgimigli M, Percoco G, Malagutti P, et al. Tirofiban and sirolimus-eluting stent vs abciximab and bare-metal stent for acute myocardial infarction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005;293: Spaulding C, Henry P, Teiger E, et al. Sirolimus-eluting versus uncoated stents in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2006;355: Laarman GJ, Suttorp MJ, Dirksen MT, et al. Paclitaxel-eluting versus uncoated stents in primary percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med 2006;355: Sabatine MS, Cannon CP, Gibson CM, et al. Effect of clopidogrel pretreatment before percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with fibrinolytics: the PCI-CLARITY study. JAMA 2005;294: Sabatine MS, Cannon CP, Gibson CM, et al. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2005;352: Chen ZM, Jiang LX, Chen YP, et al. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366: Halkin A, Grines CL, Cox DA, et al. Impact of intravenous beta-blockade before primary angioplasty on survival in patients undergoing mechanical reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43: Kernis SJ, Harjai KJ, Stone GW, et al. Does beta-blocker therapy improve clinical outcomes of acute myocardial infarction after successful primary angioplasty? J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43: ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. ISIS- 4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1995;345: Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2004;350: [Erratum, N Engl J Med 2006;354: 778.] 36. Stone GW, Grines CL, Rothbaum D, et al. Analysis of the relative costs and effectiveness of primary angioplasty versus tissue-type plasminogen activator: the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (PAMI) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29: Grassman ED, Johnson SA, Krone RJ. Predictors of success and major complications for primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction: an analysis of the 1990 to 1994 Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions registries. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30: Stone GW, Peterson MA, Lansky AJ, Dangas G, Mehran R, Leon MB. Impact of normalized myocardial perfusion after successful angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39: De Luca G, van t Hof AW, Ottervanger JP, et al. Unsuccessful reperfusion in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty. Am Heart J 2005;150: Prasad A, Stone GW, Stuckey TD, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on myocardial perfusion after primary angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45: Matetzky S, Novikov M, Gruberg L, et al. The significance of persistent ST elevation versus early resolution of ST segment elevation after primary PTCA. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34: Tarantini G, Cacciavillani L, Corbetti F, et al. Duration of ischemia is a major determinant of transmurality and severe microvascular obstruction after primary angioplasty: a study performed with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46: Kandzari DE, Tcheng JE, Gersh BJ, et al. Relationship between infarct artery location, epicardial flow, and myocardial perfusion after primary percutaneous revascularization in acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2006;151: Piper WD, Malenka DJ, Ryan TJ Jr, et al. Predicting vascular complications in percutaneous coronary interventions. Am Heart J 2003;145: Grines CL, Browne KF, Marco J, et al. A comparison of immediate angioplasty with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: Aversano T, Aversano LT, Passamani E, et al. Thrombolytic therapy vs primary percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction in patients presenting to hospitals without on-site cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 287: [Erratum, JAMA 2002;287: 3212.] 47. Bartholomew BA, Harjai KJ, Dukkipati S, et al. Impact of nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention and a method for risk stratification. Am J Cardiol 2004;93: Sadeghi HM, Stone GW, Grines CL, et al. Impact of renal insufficiency in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003;108: DeGeare VS, Stone GW, Grines L, et al. Angiographic and clinical characteristics associated with increased in-hospital mortality in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous intervention (a pooled analysis of the primary angioplasty in myocardial infarction trials). Am J Cardiol 2000;86: Goss JE, Chambers CE, Heupler FA Jr. Systemic anaphylactoid reactions to iodinated contrast media during cardiac catheterization procedures: guidelines for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1995;34: Mehta RH, Harjai KJ, Grines L, et al. Sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation in the cardiac catheterization laboratory among patients receiving primary percutaneous coronary intervention: incidence, predictors, and outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43: Almeda FQ, Nathan S, Calvin JE, Parrillo JE, Klein LW. Frequency of abrupt vessel closure and side branch occlusion after percutaneous coronary intervention in a 6.5-year period (1994 to 2000) at a single medical center. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: Yang EH, Gumina RJ, Lennon RJ, Holmes DR Jr, Rihal CS, Singh M. Emergency coronary artery bypass surgery for percutaneous coronary interventions: changes in the incidence, clinical characteristics, and indications from 1979 to J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46: Wharton TP Jr, Grines LL, Turco MA, et al. Primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction at hospitals with no surgery on-site (the PAMI-No SOS study) versus transfer to surgical centers for primary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43: Wharton TP Jr. Should patients with acute myocardial infarction be transferred to a tertiary center for primary angioplasty or receive it at qualified hospitals in community? The case for community hospital angioplasty. Circulation 2005;112: n engl j med 356;1 january 4,
8 clinical therapeutics 56. Bavry AA, Kumbhani DJ, Helton TJ, Bhatt DL. What is the risk of stent thrombosis associated with the use of paclitaxeleluting stents for percutaneous coronary intervention? A meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45: Moreno R, Fernandez C, Hernandez R, et al. Drug-eluting stent thrombosis: results from a pooled analysis including 10 randomized studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45: Iakovou I, Schmidt T, Bonizzoni E, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcome of thrombosis after successful implantation of drug-eluting stents. JAMA 2005;293: Keeley EC, Grines CL. Should patients with acute myocardial infarction be transferred to a tertiary center for primary angioplasty or receive it at qualified hospitals in the community? The case for emergency transfer for primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 2005; 112: Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Comparison of primary and facilitated percutaneous coronary interventions for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: quantitative review of randomised trials. Lancet 2006; 367: [Erratum, Lancet 2006;367: 1656.] 61. Dalby M, Bouzamondo A, Lechat P, Montalescot G. Transfer for primary angioplasty versus immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: a metaanalysis. Circulation 2003;108: Nallamothu BK, Bates ER, Wang Y, Bradley EH, Krumholz HM. Driving times and distances to hospitals with percutaneous coronary intervention in the United States: implications for prehospital triage of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation 2006;113: Van de Werf F, Ardissino D, Betriu A, et al. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2003;24: Copyright 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society. 54 n engl j med 356;1 january 4, 2007
PRIMARY CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY VERSUS INTRAVENOUS THROMBOLYSIS FOR ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION - A COMPARATIVE STUDY AT QUEEN ALIA HEART INSTITUTE
PRIMARY CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY VERSUS INTRAVENOUS THROMBOLYSIS FOR ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION - A COMPARATIVE STUDY AT QUEEN ALIA HEART INSTITUTE Walid Sawalha MD, MBBS (Lond), MRCP(UK)* ABSTRACT Objectives:
More informationNova Scotia Guidelines for Acute Coronary Syndromes (Updating the 2008 Antiplatelet Section of the Guidelines)
Cardiovascular Health Nova Scotia Guideline Update Nova Scotia Guidelines for Acute Coronary Syndromes (Updating the 2008 Antiplatelet Section of the Guidelines) Authors: Dr. M. Love, Dr. I. Bata, K. Harrigan
More informationCardiovascular Health Nova Scotia Update to Antiplatelet Sections of the Nova Scotia Guidelines for Acute Coronary Syndromes, 2008.
Cardiovascular Health Nova Scotia Update to Antiplatelet Sections of the Nova Scotia Guidelines for Acute Coronary Syndromes, 2008. ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)-Acute Coronary Syndrome Guidelines:
More informationST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Optimal Antiplatelet and Anti-thrombotic Therapy in the Emergency Department
ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Optimal Antiplatelet and Anti-thrombotic Therapy in the Emergency Department decision-making. They have become the cornerstone of many ED protocols for
More informationFacilitated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Is it beneficial to patients?
Facilitated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Myocardial Infarction Is it beneficial to patients? Seung-Jea Tahk, MD. PhD. Suwon, Korea Facilitated PCI.. background Degree of coronary flow at
More informationJournal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 39, No. 11, by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN /02/$22.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 39, No. 11, 2002 2002 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/02/$22.00 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. PII S0735-1097(02)01856-9
More informationST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (STEMI): DECREASING THE TIME TO TREATMENT IN THE ED
ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (STEMI): DECREASING THE TIME TO TREATMENT IN THE ED W. Brian Gibler, MD Professor and Chairman; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College
More informationThe First 12 Hours. ST-Segment Elevation AMI: Introduction. Definitions
ST-Segment Elevation AMI: The First 12 Hours Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) accounts for half of the deaths due to ischemic heart disease and is associated with significant use of resources. Because
More informationAppendix: ACC/AHA and ESC practice guidelines
Appendix: ACC/AHA and ESC practice guidelines Definitions for guideline recommendations and level of evidence Recommendation Class I Class IIa Class IIb Class III Level of evidence Level A Level B Level
More informationST-elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMIs)
Guidelines for Treating STEMI: Case-Based Questions As many as 25% of eligible patients presenting with STEMI do not receive any form of reperfusion therapy. The ACC/AHA guidelines highlight steps to improve
More informationFacilitated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in STEMI Patients: Does It Work in Asian Patients?
Editorial Comment Acta Cardiol Sin 2014;30:292 297 Facilitated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in STEMI Patients: Does It Work in Asian Patients? Wei-Chun Huang, 1,2,3 Cheng-Hung Chiang 1,2 and Chun-Peng
More informationA Report From the Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI-2)
1240 JACC Vol. 31, No. 6 Clinical Experience With Primary Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty Compared With Alteplase (Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator) in Patients With Acute Myocardial
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE. Rescue PCI Versus a Conservative Approach for Failed Fibrinolysis in Patients with STEMI
Heart Mirror Journal From Affiliated Egyptian Universities and Cardiology Centers Vol. 6, No. 3, 2012 ISSN 1687-6652 ORIGINAL ARTICLE for Failed Fibrinolysis in Patients with STEMI Mohamed Salem, MD, PhD;
More informationCurrent Advances and Best Practices in Acute STEMI Management A pharmacoinvasive approach
Current Advances and Best Practices in Acute STEMI Management A pharmacoinvasive approach Frans Van de Werf, MD, PhD University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium Frans Van de Werf: Disclosures Research grants
More informationAcute coronary syndromes
Acute coronary syndromes 1 Acute coronary syndromes Acute coronary syndromes results primarily from diminished myocardial blood flow secondary to an occlusive or partially occlusive coronary artery thrombus.
More informationImproving the Outcomes of
Improving the Outcomes of STEMI Shelley Valaire, ACP; and Robert Welsh, MD, FRCPC Presented at the University of Alberta s 6th Annual Cardiology Update for General Practitioners and Internists, Edmonton,
More informationStudy on Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) in Patient with Acute Myocardial Infarction: in-hospital and 30-days Survival Outcome
Study on Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) in Patient with Acute Myocardial Infarction: in-hospital and 30-days Survival Outcome AQM Reza, AHMW Islam, S Munwar, S Talukder Department of
More informationThe PAIN Pathway for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome
2 The PAIN Pathway for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome Eyal Herzog, Emad Aziz, and Mun K. Hong Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) subsumes a spectrum of clinical entities, ranging from unstable angina
More informationPCI Strategies After Fibrinolytic Therapy
PCI Strategies After Fibrinolytic Therapy How to choose the appropriate reperfusion strategy. BY MICHEL R. LE MAY, MD Survival in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
More informationHeart disease is the leading cause of death
ACS AND ANTIPLATELET MANAGEMENT: UPDATED GUIDELINES AND CURRENT TRIALS Christopher P. Cannon, MD,* ABSTRACT Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the US population
More informationReperfusion therapy for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a review of the available treatment options in Kuwait
Reperfusion therapy for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a review of the available treatment options in Kuwait Mohammad Zubaid 1, Wafa A. Rashed 2, Mustafa Ridha 3 CME Acute myocardial infarction
More informationAcute Coronary syndrome
Acute Coronary syndrome 7th Annual Pharmacotherapy Conference ACS Pathophysiology rupture or erosion of a vulnerable, lipidladen, atherosclerotic coronary plaque, resulting in exposure of circulating blood
More informationDrug-eluting stents and glycoprotein IIbIIIa inhibitors in the pharmacoinvasive management of ST elevation MI
Priority paper evaluation Drug-eluting stents and glycoprotein IIbIIIa inhibitors in the pharmacoinvasive management of ST elevation MI Evaluation of: Sanchez, P, Gimeno F, Ancillo P et al.: Role of the
More informationThe Window for Fibrinolysis. Frans Van de Werf, MD, PhD Leuven, Belgium
The Window for Fibrinolysis Frans Van de Werf, MD, PhD Leuven, Belgium ESC STEMI Guidelines : December 2008 Reperfusion Therapy: Fibrinolytic Therapy Recommendations Class LOE In the absence of contraindications
More informationThe Strategic Reperfusion Early After STEMI study Implications for clinical practice
The Strategic Reperfusion Early After STEMI study Implications for clinical practice Robert C. Welsh, MD, FRCPC Associate Professor of Medicine Director, Adult Cardiac Catheterization and Interventional
More informationMyocardial Infarction In Dr.Yahya Kiwan
Myocardial Infarction In 2007 Dr.Yahya Kiwan New Definition Of Acute Myocardial Infarction The term of myocardial infarction should be used when there is evidence of myocardial necrosis in a clinical setting
More informationStent Trials in Acute Myocardial Infarction
IAGS 1998 Proceedings Stent Trials in Acute Myocardial Infarction Alfredo Rodríguez MD, PhD Primary angioplasty in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction has been demonstrated to reduce in-hospital
More informationWhen the learner has completed this module, she/he will be able to:
Thrombolytics and Myocardial Infarction WWW.RN.ORG Reviewed September 2017, Expires September 2019 Provider Information and Specifics available on our Website Unauthorized Distribution Prohibited 2017
More informationAt the most severe end of the spectrum of acute coronary syndromes is ST-segment
Focused Issue of This Month Reperfusion Strategies in Acute ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Young-Jo Kim, MD Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College
More informationCover Page. The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/21543 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Dharma, Surya Title: Perspectives in the treatment of cardiovascular disease :
More informationTAB 7: SUB TAB: AMI/CHEST PAIN Specifications & Paper Tools
TAB 7: SUB TAB: AMI/CHEST PAIN Specifications & Paper Tools Material inside brackets ([and]) is new to this Specifications Manual version. Hospital Outpatient Quality Measures Acute Myocardial Infarction
More informationPrognostic Significance of Epicardial Blood Flow Before and After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 52, No. 7, 2008 2008 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/08/$34.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.009
More informationTiming of Surgery After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Timing of Surgery After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Deepak Talreja, MD, FACC Bayview/EVMS/Sentara Outline/Highlights Timing of elective surgery What to do with medications Stopping anti-platelet
More informationPreprocedural TIMI Flow and Mortality in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated by Primary Angioplasty
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 43, No. 8, 2004 2004 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/04/$30.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.11.042
More informationA Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction 1
More informationPaclitaxel-Eluting versus Uncoated Stents in Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
original article Paclitaxel-Eluting versus Uncoated Stents in Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Gerrit J. Laarman, M.D., Ph.D., Maarten J. Suttorp, M.D., Ph.D., Maurits T. Dirksen, M.D., Loek
More informationQUT Digital Repository:
QUT Digital Repository: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/ This is the author s version of this journal article. Published as: Doggrell, Sheila (2010) New drugs for the treatment of coronary artery syndromes.
More informationOptimizing primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
EDITORIAL Optimizing primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction In an ideal world, all patients with [ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction] would be
More informationInfluence of Treatment Delay on Infarct Size and Clinical Outcome in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated With Primary Angioplasty
629 Influence of Treatment Delay on Infarct Size and Clinical Outcome in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated With Primary Angioplasty AYLEE L. LIEM, MD, ARNOUD W.J. VAN T HOF, MD, JAN C.A.
More informationCLINICIAN INTERVIEW RECOGNIZING ACS AND STRATIFYING RISK IN PRIMARY CARE. An interview with A. Michael Lincoff, MD, and Eric R. Bates, MD, FACC, FAHA
RECOGNIZING ACS AND STRATIFYING RISK IN PRIMARY CARE An interview with A. Michael Lincoff, MD, and Eric R. Bates, MD, FACC, FAHA Dr Lincoff is an interventional cardiologist and the Vice Chairman for Research
More information12/18/2009 Resting and Maxi Resting and Max mal Coronary Blood Flow 2
Coronary Artery Pathophysiology ACS / AMI LeRoy E. Rabbani, MD Director, Cardiac Inpatient Services Director, Cardiac Intensive Care Unit Professor of Clinical Medicine Major Determinants of Myocardial
More informationThe treatment of myocardial infarction
Heart 2001;85:705 709 CORONARY DISEASE Acute myocardial infarction: primary angioplasty Felix Zijlstra Department of Cardiology, Hospital De Weezenlanden, Zwolle, The Netherlands Correspondence to: Dr
More informationCase Report Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in an Acute Myocardial Infarction Due to the Occlusion of the Left Main Coronary Artery
Hellenic J Cardiol 48: 368-372, 2007 Case Report Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in an Acute Myocardial Infarction Due to the Occlusion of the Left Main Coronary Artery STELIOS PARASKEVAIDIS,
More informationDECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST
DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST Multivessel disease and cardiogenic shock: CABG is the optimal revascularization therapy. Contra Prof. Christian JM Vrints Cardiogenic Shock Spiral Acute Myocardial
More informationAcute Coronary Syndrome. Cindy Baker, MD FACC Director Peripheral Vascular Interventions Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Acute Coronary Syndrome Cindy Baker, MD FACC Director Peripheral Vascular Interventions Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Topics Timing is everything So many drugs to choose from What s a MINOCA? 2 Acute
More informationSymptom-Onset-to-Balloon Time and Mortality in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated by Primary Angioplasty
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 42, No. 6, 2003 2003 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/03/$30.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00919-7
More informationCardiogenic Shock. Carlos Cafri,, MD
Cardiogenic Shock Carlos Cafri,, MD SHOCK= Inadequate Tissue Mechanisms: Perfusion Inadequate oxygen delivery Release of inflammatory mediators Further microvascular changes, compromised blood flow and
More informationTarget vessel only revascularization versus complet revascularization in non culprit lesions in acute myocardial infarction treated by primary PCI
Target vessel only revascularization versus complet revascularization in non culprit lesions in acute myocardial infarction treated by primary PCI Gamal Abdelhady, Emad Mahmoud Department of interventional
More informationNova Scotia Guidelines for Acute Coronary Syndromes (Updating the 2008 Antiplatelet Section of the Guidelines)
Cardiovascular Health Nova Scotia Guideline Update Nova Scotia Guidelines for Acute Coronary Syndromes (Updating the 2008 Antiplatelet Section of the Guidelines) Authors: Dr. M. Love, Dr. I. Bata, K. Harrigan
More informationAcute myocardial infarction. Cardiovascular disorders. main/0202_new 02/03/06. Search date August 2004 Nicholas Danchin and Eric Durand
main/0202_new 02/03/06 Acute myocardial infarction Search date August 2004 Nicholas Danchin and Eric Durand QUESTIONS Which treatments improve outcomes in acute myocardial infarction?...4 Which treatments
More informationGender-Based Outcomes in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Drug-Eluting Stents (from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic
Gender-Based Outcomes in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Drug-Eluting Stents (from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry) J. D. Abbott, et al. Am J Cardiol (2007) 99;626-31
More informationTCT mdbuyline.com Clinical Trial Results Summary
TCT 2012 Clinical Trial Results Summary FAME2 Trial: FFR (fractional flow reserve) guided PCI in all target lesions Patients with significant ischemia, randomized 1:1 Control arm: not hemodynamically significant
More informationRole of Clopidogrel in Acute Coronary Syndromes. Hossam Kandil,, MD. Professor of Cardiology Cairo University
Role of Clopidogrel in Acute Coronary Syndromes Hossam Kandil,, MD Professor of Cardiology Cairo University ACS Treatment Strategies Reperfusion/Revascularization Therapy Thrombolysis PCI (with/ without
More informationThe restoration of coronary flow after an
Pharmacological Reperfusion in Acute Myicardial Infarction after ASSENT 3 and GUSTO V [81] DANIEL FERREIRA, MD, FESC Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal Rev Port Cardiol
More informationIschemic Postconditioning During Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Mechanisms and Clinical Application Jian Liu, MD FACC FESC FSCAI Chief Phy
Ischemic Postconditioning During Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Mechanisms and Clinical Application Jian Liu, MD FACC FESC FSCAI Chief Physician, Professor of Medicine Department of Cardiology,
More informationUpdate on the management of STEMI. Elliot Rapaport, M.D. San Francisco, CA December 14, 2007
Update on the management of STEMI Elliot Rapaport, M.D. San Francisco, CA December 14, 2007 Universal MI Definition Committee 2007 Recommendations Type 1 Spontaneous MI associated with ischemia and due
More informationAcute Coronary Syndromes
Overview Acute Coronary Syndromes Rabeea Aboufakher, MD, FACC, FSCAI Section Chief of Cardiology Altru Health System Grand Forks, ND Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical features and diagnosis STEMI management
More informationAcute Coronary Syndrome. Sonny Achtchi, DO
Acute Coronary Syndrome Sonny Achtchi, DO Objectives Understand evidence based and practice based treatments for stabilization and initial management of ACS Become familiar with ACS risk stratification
More informationClinical Seminar. Which Diabetic Patient is a Candidate for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention - European Perspective
Clinical Seminar Which Diabetic Patient is a Candidate for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention - European Perspective Stephan Windecker Department of Cardiology Swiss Cardiovascular Center and Clinical
More informationCritical Review Form Therapy Objectives: Methods:
Critical Review Form Therapy Clinical Trial Comparing Primary Coronary Angioplasty with Tissue-Plasminogen Activator for Acute Myocardial Infarction (GUSTO-IIb), NEJM 1997; 336: 1621-1628 Objectives: To
More informationJournal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 35, No. 4, by the American College of Cardiology ISSN /00/$20.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 35, No. 4, 2000 2000 by the American College of Cardiology ISSN 0735-1097/00/$20.00 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. PII S0735-1097(99)00643-9 Early
More informationHorizon Scanning Centre November 2012
Horizon Scanning Centre November 2012 Cangrelor to reduce platelet aggregation and thrombosis in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention99 SUMMARY NIHR HSC ID: 2424 This briefing is based
More informationBalancing Efficacy and Safety of P2Y12 Inhibitors for ACS Patients
SYP.CLO-A.16.07.01 Balancing Efficacy and Safety of P2Y12 Inhibitors for ACS Patients dr. Hariadi Hariawan, Sp.PD, Sp.JP (K) TOPICS Efficacy Safety Consideration from Currently Available Antiplatelet Agents
More informationManagement of Cardiogenic shock. Prof. Christian JM Vrints
Management of Cardiogenic shock Prof. Christian JM Vrints none conflicts Management of Cardiogenic Shock Incidence and trends Importance of early revascularization Multivessel disease Left main disease
More informationManagement of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction Prof. Hossam Kandil Professor of Cardiology Cairo University ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction Aims Of Management Emergency care (Pre-hospital) Early care
More informationA Citywide Protocol for Primary PCI in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
T h e n e w e ng l a nd j o u r na l o f m e dic i n e original article A Citywide Protocol for Primary PCI in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Michel R. Le May, M.D., Derek Y. So, M.D., Richard
More informationSummary and conclusions. Summary and conclusions
Summary and conclusions 183 184 Summary and conclusions In this thesis several aspects of the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) by primary angioplasty have been analyzed.
More information2010 ACLS Guidelines. Primary goals of therapy for patients
2010 ACLS Guidelines Part 10: Acute Coronary Syndrome Present : 內科 R1 鍾伯欣 Supervisor: F1 吳亮廷 991110 Primary goals of therapy for patients of ACS Reduce the amount of myocardial necrosis that occurs in
More informationThrombolysis in Acute Myocardial Infarction
CHAPTER 70 Thrombolysis in Acute Myocardial Infarction J. S. Hiremath Introduction Reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery at the earliest is the most important aim of management of STEMI. Once a flow
More informationCoronary Artery Disease: Revascularization (Teacher s Guide)
Stephanie Chan, M.D. Updated 3/15/13 2008-2013, SCVMC (40 minutes) I. Objectives Coronary Artery Disease: Revascularization (Teacher s Guide) To review the evidence on whether percutaneous coronary intervention
More informationTransfer in D2B. Scott D Friedman, MD FACC Medical Director, Cardiology Services Shore Health System of Maryland. The Problem
Transfer in D2B Scott D Friedman, MD FACC Medical Director, Cardiology Services Shore Health System of Maryland The Problem NRMI-5: North Carolina, July 2003- June 2004 NC Nation Guidelines N 2,738 79,927
More informationOUTCOME OF THROMBOLYTIC AND NON- THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
OUTCOME OF THROMBOLYTIC AND NON- THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION FEROZ MEMON*, LIAQUAT CHEEMA**, NAND LAL RATHI***, RAJ KUMAR***, NAZIR AHMED MEMON**** OBJECTIVE: To compare morbidity,
More informationCardiovascular Disorders Lecture 3 Coronar Artery Diseases
Cardiovascular Disorders Lecture 3 Coronar Artery Diseases By Prof. El Sayed Abdel Fattah Eid Lecturer of Internal Medicine Delta University Coronary Heart Diseases It is the leading cause of death in
More informationTHE CURRENT SITUATION AND FUTURE OF THE PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION FOR ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROM IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION
: 616.127-005.8 -..,.. -...,, ( ), 2011, 581 182. 195 592 ( ) 385 590 -. 4,3 % 8,8 % ( ). 2011 62 329,, 24 931 (40 %) -. : - - ; ; 70 % ST ( ST); ST - 24. : ST,. THE CURRENT SITUATION AND FUTURE OF THE
More informationPathology of percutaneous interventions (PCI) in coronary arteries. Allard van der Wal, MD.PhD; Pathologie AMC, Amsterdam, NL
Pathology of percutaneous interventions (PCI) in coronary arteries Allard van der Wal, MD.PhD; Pathologie AMC, Amsterdam, NL Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) Definition: transcatheter opening of
More informationPrimary PCI versus thrombolytic therapy: long-term follow-up according to infarct location
Heart Online First, published on April 14, 2005 as 10.1136/hrt.2005.060152 1 Primary PCI versus thrombolytic therapy: long-term follow-up according to infarct location Short running head: Anterior infarction
More informationSTEMI AND MULTIVESSEL CORONARY DISEASE
STEMI AND MULTIVESSEL CORONARY DISEASE ΤΣΙΑΦΟΥΤΗΣ Ν. ΙΩΑΝΝΗΣ ΕΠΕΜΒΑΤΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΡΔΙΟΛΟΓΟΣ Α ΚΑΡΔΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΝΟΣ ΕΡΥΘΡΟΥ ΣΤΑΥΡΟΥ IRA 30-50% of STEMI patients have additional stenoses other than the infarct related
More informationObjectives. Acute Coronary Syndromes; The Nuts and Bolts. Overview. Quick quiz.. How dose the plaque start?
Objectives Acute Coronary Syndromes; The Nuts and Bolts Michael P. Gulseth, Pharm. D., BCPS Pharmacotherapy II Spring 2006 Compare and contrast pathophysiology of unstable angina (UA), non-st segment elevation
More informationPatient Transfer. Mark de Belder The James Cook University Hospital Middlesbrough
Patient Transfer Mark de Belder The James Cook University Hospital Middlesbrough Current Management Strategies for ACS ACS No ST Elevation ST ST Elevation Elevation Early Invasive Early Conservative Fibrinolysis
More informationIndications of Coronary Angiography Dr. Shaheer K. George, M.D Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University 2014
Indications of Coronary Angiography Dr. Shaheer K. George, M.D Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University 2014 Indications for cardiac catheterization Before a decision to perform an invasive procedure such
More informationIntroduction. * Corresponding author. Tel: þ ; fax: þ address:
European Heart Journal Supplements (2005) 7 (Supplement K), K36 K40 doi:10.1093/eurheartj/sui076 A quantitative analysis of the benefits of pre-hospital infarct angioplasty triage on outcome in patients
More informationMedical Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome: The roles of a noncardiologist. Norbert Lingling D. Uy, MD Professor of Medicine UERMMMCI
Medical Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome: The roles of a noncardiologist physician Norbert Lingling D. Uy, MD Professor of Medicine UERMMMCI Outcome objectives of the discussion: At the end of the
More informationTRANSPARENCY COMMITTEE OPINION. 2 April 2008
The legally binding text is the original French version TRANSPARENCY COMMITTEE OPINION 2 April 2008 LOVENOX 6,000 IU anti-xa/0.6 ml, injectable solution (S.C.) in prefilled syringe Box of 2 (CIP: 364 690-3)
More informationbivalirudin 250mg powder for concentrate for solution for injection or infusion (Angiox) SMC No. (638/10) The Medicines Company
bivalirudin 250mg powder for concentrate for solution for injection or infusion (Angiox) SMC No. (638/10) The Medicines Company 06 August 2010 The Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC) has completed its
More informationJournal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 33, No. 2, by the American College of Cardiology ISSN /99/$20.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 33, No. 2, 1999 1999 by the American College of Cardiology ISSN 0735-1097/99/$20.00 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. PII S0735-1097(98)00579-8 Effect
More informationContinuing Medical Education Post-Test
Continuing Medical Education Post-Test Based on the information presented in this monograph, please choose one correct response for each of the following questions or statements. Record your answers on
More informationContinuing Medical Education Post-Test
Continuing Medical Education Post-Test Based on the information presented in this monograph, please choose one correct response for each of the following questions or statements. Record your answers on
More informationJournal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 36, No. 5, by the American College of Cardiology ISSN /00/$20.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 36, No. 5, 2000 2000 by the American College of Cardiology ISSN 0735-1097/00/$20.00 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. PII S0735-1097(00)00923-2 Facilitation
More informationDECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST. Lecture fees: AstraZeneca, Ely Lilly, Merck.
DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST Lecture fees: AstraZeneca, Ely Lilly, Merck. Risk of stopping dual therapy. S D Kristensen, FESC Aarhus Denmark Acute coronary syndrome: coronary thrombus Platelets
More informationThe role of pre hospital thrombolysis. Aaron Frimerman Hillel Yaffe Medical Center Hadera Israel
The role of pre hospital thrombolysis Aaron Frimerman Hillel Yaffe Medical Center Hadera Israel Is thrombolysis still valid? Disclosure I am an Interventional Cardiologist STEMI is mainly a thrombotic
More informationSystems of Care to Improve Timeliness of Reperfusion Therapy for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction During Off Hours
JACC: CARDIOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2008 2008 BY THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY FOUNDATION ISSN 1936-8798/08/$34.00 PUBLISHED BY ELSEVIER DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2007.10.002 Systems of Care
More informationB etween 30% and 50% of patients with acute myocardial
330 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Rescue percutaneous coronary intervention for failed thrombolysis: results from a district general hospital K P Balachandran, J Miller, ACHPell, B D Vallance, K G Oldroyd... See end
More informationDownloaded from ismj.bpums.ac.ir at 22: on Thursday March 7th 2019
- ( ) - ST. :. (No-reflow). ST :.. SPSS. ( / ) :.(P
More informationCORONARY CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSIONS IN THE SETTING OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
CORONARY CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSIONS IN THE SETTING OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION *Bimmer Claessen, Loes Hoebers, José Henriques Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,
More informationAcute Myocardial Infarction
Acute Myocardial Infarction Hafeza Shaikh, DO, FACC, RPVI Lourdes Cardiology Services Asst.Program Director, Cardiology Fellowship Associate Professor, ROWAN-SOM Acute Myocardial Infarction Definition:
More informationAdults With Diagnosed Diabetes
Adults With Diagnosed Diabetes 1990 No data available Less than 4% 4%-6% Above 6% Mokdad AH, et al. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(9):1278-1283. Adults With Diagnosed Diabetes 2000 4%-6% Above 6% Mokdad AH, et
More informationQuinn Capers, IV, MD
Heart Attacks Mended Hearts Presentation, January, 2017 Quinn Capers, IV, MD Associate Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) Director, Transradial Coronary Interventions Division of Cardiovascular
More informationRole of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in rescue percutaneous coronary interventions
Role of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in rescue percutaneous coronary interventions Anna Sonia Petronio, Marco De Carlo, Roberta Rossini, Giovanni Amoroso, Ugo Limbruno, Nicola Ciabatti, Caterina
More informationAbstract Background: Methods: Results: Conclusions:
Two-Year Clinical and Angiographic Outcomes of Overlapping Sirolimusversus Paclitaxel- Eluting Stents in the Treatment of Diffuse Long Coronary Lesions Kang-Yin Chen 1,2, Seung-Woon Rha 1, Yong-Jian Li
More informationJACC: CARDIOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS VOL. 2, NO. 10, PUBLISHED BY ELSEVIER INC. DOI: /j.jcin
JACC: CARDIOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS VOL. 2, NO. 10, 2009 2009 BY THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY FOUNDATION ISSN 1936-8798/09/$36.00 PUBLISHED BY ELSEVIER INC. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2009.07.008 Outcomes
More information