Management of mustard aphid [Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.)] by different eco-friendly tactices

Transcription

1 Management of mustard aphid [Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.)] by different eco-friendly tactices T H E S I S Submitted to the Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In AGRICULTURE (ENTOMOLOGY) By SHAHIN KHAN Department of Entomology, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, College of Agriculture, Gwalior (M.P.) 2017

2 CERTIFICATE I This is to certify that the thesis entitled Management of mustard aphid [Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.)] by different eco-friendly tactices submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY in Entomology of the Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior is a record of bonafide research work carried out by Shahin Khan under my guidance and supervision. The subject of the thesis has been approved by the students Advisory Committee and the Director of Instruction. No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma or has been published. All the assistance and help received during the course of this investigation has been acknowledged by the scholar. (V.K. Shrivastava) Chairman of the Advisory Committee MEMBER OF STUDENTS ADVISORY COMMITTEE Chairman (Dr. V.K. Shrivastava).. Member (Dr. N.S. Bhadauria).. Member (Dr. U.C. Singh).. Member (Dr. R.K. Pandya).. Member (Dr. V. B. Singh)..

3 CERTIFICATE II This is to certify that thesis the entitled Management of mustard aphid [Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.)] by different eco-friendly tactices submitted by Shahin Khan to the Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph. D. in AGRICULTURE to the Department of Entomology has been accepted after evaluation by the External Examiner and by the Students Advisory committee after an oral examination of the same. Place: Gwalior Date: (Dr...) External Examiner MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE Chairman (Dr. V.K. Shrivastava).. Member (Dr. N.S. Bhadauria).. Member (Dr. U.C. Singh).. Member (Dr. R.K. Pandya).. Member (Dr. V. B. Singh).. Head of the Department Dean of the College Director of Instruction

4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is indeed a great pleasure in getting this privilege to express my indebtedness and deepest sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to my guide & Chairman of Advisory Committee, Dr. V.K. Shrivastava, Professor and Head, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Gwalior for his illuminating guidance, constructive criticism and constant encouragement throughout the course and specially during my dissertation. I have intense desire to express my wholehearted sense of gratitude to venerable member of my advisory committee namely Dr. N.S. Bhadauria, Professor Department of Entomology and Deputy Registrar, RVSKVV, Gwalior, Dr. U.C. Singh, Professor, Department of Entomology, Dr. R.K. Pandya, Department of Plant Pathology and Dr. V.B. Singh, Professor and Head, Department of Agricultural Statistics, for their valuable guidance and fruitful suggestions during the course of study and preparation of manuscript. I feel great pleasure to express my heartfelt thanks to Prof. A.K. Singh, Hon ble V.C., RVSKVV, Gwalior, Dr. B.S. Baghel, Director Instruction & SW, RVSKVV, Dr. J.P. Dixit, Dean, College of Agriculture, Gwalior, providing necessary facilities for conductive research facilities. I am also grateful Dr. N.K.S. Bhadauria, Senior Technical Officer and Satya Prakash Singh Tomar, Scientist, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Gwalior for their help during the course of this study. With the deepest of humanity and gratefulness, I feel myself duly bound to express my heartfelt and sincere thanks to Sh. Sunil Sisodia, Sh. Avnish Bhadauria and Sh. Deepak Kushwah and all the Staff Members of the Department of Entomology, R.V.S.K.V.V., Gwalior for their help in more than one way or other, during the course of my investigation. My heartfelt thanks to all my colleagues and batch mates especially Mr. Navnit Satankar, Sagir Khan, Chiatan Bondare, Pawan Raghuwanshi and Dhirendra Mahor, for their precious help and for enduring the extended period of total immersion that often requires getting the job done. Last but not the least, I wish to express my gratitude to Father Sh. Mehboob Khan, Mother Mrs. Hanifa Khan, my mother-in-law Smt. Farzana Khan, my elder brother Mr. Parbesh Khan, my younger brother Mr. Asim Khan and my loving husband Mr. Amjad Khan, my nephew Pari, Gori, Damini, Aina, Eshu, Nishu, Kanha, Chetan and Yuvraj, all my relatives whose blessings and guidance helped me in the timely completion of this manuscript. Date: Place: Gwalior (Shahin Khan)

5 LIST OF CONTENTS Chapter Title Page range 1 Introduction Review of Literature Material and Methods Results Discussion Summary, Conclusion and Suggestions for further work Bibliography Vita

6 LIST OF TABLES S.No. Particulars Page. No. (In between) 3.1 Skeleton of ANOVA table Population of aphid on different genotypes/varieties of mustard during Population of aphid on different genotypes/varieties of mustard during Pooled mean of population of aphid on different genotypes /varieties of mustard during and Population of Diaeretiella rapae on different genotypes /varieties of mustard during Population of Diaeretiella rapae on different genotypes /varieties of mustard during Pooled mean of population of Diaeretiella rapae on different genotypes/varieties of mustard during and Population of Coccinelid beetle on different genotypes /varieties of mustard during Population of Coccinelid beetle on different genotypes /varieties of mustard during Pooled mean of population of Coccinelid beetle on different genotypes/varieties of mustard during and Per cent mortality of mustard aphid in different treatments after first, second and third time under lab condition during the year and Population of mustard aphid in different treatments before 63-64

7 spray and after first, second, third and fourth spray under field condition during Population of mustard aphid in different treatments before spray and after first, second, third and fourth spray under field condition during Mean population of mustard aphid in different plant extracts under field condition during and Population of Diaeretiella rapae in different treatments before spray and after first, second third and fourth spray under field condition during Population of Diaeretiella rapae in different treatments before spray and after first, second third and fourth spray under field condition during Population of Diaeretiella rapae in different treatments under field condition during and Population of Coccinellid beetle in different treatments before spray and after first, second third and fourth spray under field condition during Population of Coccinellid beetle in different treatments before spray and after first, second third and fourth spray under field condition during Population of Coccinellid beetle in different treatments under field condition during and Mean seed yield of mustard variety during and Effect of different insecticides on population of mustard aphid in before spray and after first, second and third spray under field condition during the year Effect of different insecticides on population of mustard aphid in before spray and after first, second and third spray under field condition during the year

8 4.23 Pooled mean of mustard aphid in different insecticides under field condition during both the year and Effect of different insecticides on population of Diaeretiella rapae in before spray and after first, second and third spray under field condition during the year Effect of different insecticides on population of Diaeretiella rapae in before spray and after first, second and third spray under field condition during the year Pooled mean of Diaeretiella rapae in different insecticides under field condition during both the year and Effect of different insecticides on population of Coccinellid beetle in before spray and after first, second and third spray under field condition during the year Effect of different insecticides on population of Coccinellid beetle in before spray and after first, second and third spray under field condition during the year Pooled mean of Coccinellid beetle in different insecticides on under field condition during both the year and Mean seed yield of mustard variety during both the years and Effect of different treatments on Honey bee visit in mustard crop after first, second and third spray during the year Effect of different treatments on Honey bee visit in mustard crop after first, second and third spray during the year Pooled mean of Honey bee visit in mustard crop during both the year and

9 4.34 Effect of exposure period for aphid infestation on aphid population during the year Effect of exposure period for aphid infestation on aphid population during the year Population of aphid under different exposure period during and Mean seed yield of mustard variety during both the years and Economics of different treatments for the control of insect pests of mustard crop

10 LIST OF FIGURES S.No. Particulars Page. No. (In between) 1 Aphid population on different genotypes/varieties of mustard Diaeretiella rapae population on different genotypes/varieties of mustard Coccinelid beetle population on different genotypes/varieties of mustard Per cent mortality of mustard aphid in different treatments under lab condition Population of aphid in different plant extracts under field condition Population of Diaeretiella rapae in different treatments under field condition Population of Coccinellid beetle in different treatments under field condition Seed yield of mustard Population of mustard aphid in different treatments Population of Diaeretiella rapae in different treatments Population of Coccinellid beetle in different treatments Seed yield of mustard Honey bee visit in mustard crop Aphid population under different exposure period Seed yield of mustard

11 Chapter I INTRODUCTION Rapeseed-mustard is the third important oilseed crop in the world. It contributes about 28.6% in the total oilseeds production in India, whereas it is the second most important edible oilseed after groundnut sharing 27.8% in India s oilseed economy. Rapeseed-Mustard has been an important crop to India for a long period of time. India produces around an average 5 million tonnes of rape/mustard annually. Indian mustard, Brassica juncea is predominantly cultivated in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat (Shekhawat et al., 2012). Rapeseed-mustard occupies a prime position as a source of edible oil for human. This oilseed crop is grown over an area of 6.70 million hectare with a production of 7.96 million tones and with a productivity of 1188 kg ha -1 in in India (Agricultural statistics at a glance, 2014). The production of rapeseed-mustard is low in India as compared to other countries mainly due to damage caused by insect pest and diseases including other factors (Bakhetia and Sekhon, 1989). More than 43 species of insect pests have been reported to infest rapeseed-mustard crop in India, out of which about a dozen of species are considered as major pest (Purwar et al., 2004). Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Homoptera: Aphididae) is one of the most serious pest and considered to be a major limiting factor for successful cultivation of the crop; causing up to 96 per cent yield losses (Singh and Sachan, 1994; Singh and Premchand, 1995; Sharma and Kashyap, 1998; Singh, Sharma, 2002). Both the nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves, inflorescence, stems, flowers and pods; as a result, the plant shows stunted growth, flowers wither and pod formation is hindered. The losses of mustard due to aphids varied from 35 to 90 per cent depending upon the seasons (Biswas and Das, 2000 and Rohilla et al., 2004). Mustard aphid may cause 66 to 99% loss in Brassica campestris L. and per cent in Brassica juncea L. (Bakhetia, 1979) and oil content of 15% (Verma and Singh, 1987). Considering yield losses due to this pest, chemical control measures are suggested and in many cases seed yield loss have been minimized. Aphids are also the most common and destructive pests of brassicaceous crops across the world, and often cause heavy losses in yield (Shylesha et al., 2006; Thakur et al.,

12 2009). Among aphids, mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is predominant and reported to be a key pest of rapeseed and mustard causing 35-73% reduction in yield and 5-6 % reduction in oil content (Shylesha et al., 2006). Yield potential of the newly developed rapeseed-mustard cultivars has not been realized fully because of the attack of pests such as weeds, diseases and insects. Rapeseedmustard, in general, is highly vulnerable to diseases and insect pests. The yield losses could be as high as 97% due to aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) insect (Yadava and Singh, 1999). The infestation of mustard aphid occurs in the field from December to February. Both the adults and nymphs of this aphid cause damage to mustard plants from seedling to maturity, but maximum damage is caused at flowering stage (Ahmed and Jalil, 1993). The aphids suck sap from leaves, flower-buds, flowers, pod and twigs of the plants. They also secrete sticky honeydew which act as a medium for sooty mold development and reduce the photosynthetic efficiency of the plants. In case of severe infestation, leaves become curled, plant fails to develop pods, the young pods when developed fail to become mature and cannot produce healthy seeds. As a result, plants loose their vigour and growth becomes stunted (Morzia and Huq, 1991). Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) is also the major limiting factor in the production of mustard in north-west Madhya Pradesh. The management of the pest with traditional insecticides is quite effective but it adversely affects the predators and parasitoids of the pest and also causes phytotoxicity, resistant of the pest and disruption of agro-ecosystem, human health hazard and environmental pollution (McIntyre et al., 1989). In recent years, due to awareness towards the environment, the work on ecofriendly management of insect pests has been initiated and the insecticidal and antifeedant properties of some plant extracts has been reported against mustard aphid, the ethanol extracts of some plant materials were found effective against the pest under the laboratory conditions (Kushwaha, 2003) and field conditions (Sharma, 2004). Ahmed (1984) listed about 221 plant species possessing insecticidal properties in this country. The neem tree, Azadirachta indica, a source of several insecticidal alkaloids is a sub tropical tree native to the arid areas of Asia and Africa (Saha et al., 2006).

13 Diaretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) was observed parasitizing aphids in recent years near maturity of crop. At this stage aphids have damaged the crop. Aphid parasitoids are very important control agents for aphid in a variety of agricultural and horticultural crops (Hagvar and Hofsvang, 1991). D.rapae is described as one of the most important factor for natural control of mustard aphid (Dhiman, 2007; Dogra et al., 2003; Pike et al., 1999). On the other hand, D.rapae females are more attracted by crucifer plants than other types of plants (Sheehan and Shelton, 1989; Vaughn et al., 1996). Furthermore, parasites and prey prefer the same host plant possibly because aphids and D.rapae positively respond to the volatile compounds produced by the plants (Bundemberg, 1990) and honeydew emitted by aphids and used by its natural enemies as kairomones (Brown et al., 1970; Dicke and Sabelis, 1988). In India, the rate of parasitism of mustard aphid, L. erysimi on rapeseed-mustard crop varied from 20% to 51% in Himachal Pradesh, 60-97% in Maharashtra. The predacious coccinellid beetles, commonly known as lady bird beetle are considered to be of great economic importance in the agro-ecosystem and They have been successfully employed in the bio-control to many injurious insects (Agarwala et al., 1988). In the field mustard aphid population is naturally controlled to a large extent by its predator Coccinella septempunctata and plays a vital role in lowering the population of mustard aphid in the field (Kalra, 1988), Mathur (1983) reported seven spotted ladybird beetle C. septempunctata (L.) is one of the potential predator of the mustard aphid L. erysimi (Kalt.), controlling mustard aphid successfully and to save C. septempunctata, insecticides should be applied at appropriate dose and at right time. C. septempunctata L., Chrysoperla carnea, syrphid, Ischiodon scutellaris; and one hymenopteran parasitoid, Mummified aphid by D.rapaehave been reported from various parts of India as predators and parasitoids of aphids (L. erysimi and B. brassica) on brassica crops with some other species of syrphids and C. septempunctata L., (Agarwala and Raychowdhary, 1981; Mathur, 1983, Akhtar et al., 2006; Rana, 2006). Populations of C. septempunctata were always greater in abundance than that of C. carnea. Populations of both the natural enemies were found to be insufficient to control aphid populations.

14 Among rapeseed, Brassica campestris var. sarson is a self compatible crop and is generally considered to require insect pollination for better seed production (McGregor, 1976; Free, 1970). These insects belong to orders Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Thysanoptera (Michener, 1974). Of these, Hymenopterans are the most important agents because of their high energy requirements and tendency for collecting provisions pollent and nector for their brood. It is considered that services rendered by bees in pollination of fruits, vegetables, legume and other seed crops are worth many times the return, which bee keepers receive in the form of honey and bee wax (Mattu et al., 1994). Bees provide the most suitable conditions for pollen selectivity, thereby, increasing the viability, weight and germination of the seeds (Kozin, 1972). Alderman and Angelo (1933) also suggested the role of pollinating insects in getting good quality crops. Frequent applications of insecticides have led to the development of resistance in many species of insect pests and also have negative effects on the survival and adaptation of natural enemies. Talpur et al. (1991) evaluated different insecticides against L. erysimi and found that Talstar 2.5 EC and Baythroid 5 EC were very effective for the control of this pest. Rana et al., (2007) reported that carbosulfan, bifenthrin and imidacloprid were effective for management of mustard aphid. For managing, the L. erysimi effectively and to save C. septempunctata, insecticides should be applied at appropriate dose and at right time. Some insecticides used against aphids are pirimicarb (carbamate: 2- dimethylamino-5,6-dimethylpyrimidin-4-yl dimethylcarbamate), dimethoate, (organophosphate: O,O-dimethyl S-methylcarbamoylmethyl phosphorodithioate) and imidacloprid (neonicotinoid: (E)-1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2- ylideneamine). Dimethoate is toxic to many insect pests and bees; pirimicarb pose the risk to these pollinators, and is a specific aphicide, not toxic to natural enemies of aphids. Imidacloprid is effective mainly against sap-sucking insects, and posseses low toxicity to natural enemies and a long residual period (Barberá, 1989). Rana et al. (2007) reported that carbosulfan, bifenthrin and imidacloprid were effective for management of mustard aphid.

15 A long-term management of this pest may be possible, through a well-planned pest management-program, effective insecticide against target pest, including adverse effect of insecticides on beneficial insects in the agro-ecosystem. Keeping in view the present studies were undertaken with the following objectives : 1. To study the reaction of genotypes/varieties against mustard aphid and their natural enemies. 2. To study the most effective plant extract against mustard aphid. 3. To study the safer insecticide to beneficial insects of mustard. 4. To study the effect of exposure period for aphid infestation on aphid population and seed yield.

16 Chapter II REVIEW OF LITERATURE The present chapter deals with the work done in India and abroad on the aspect of environmental effect on population, screening of mustard, and evaluation of safer insecticides against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.). The above mentioned points have been critically reviewed and mentioned aspect wise under here: Rohilla et al. (1990) reported varieties RL-18, RLM-198, RLM-514, Vardan, RH- 819, RH-7859, Vaibhav, B-85 and RH-8113 less susceptible to aphid. Singh and Henry (1990) reported raya varieties TM-2, TM-4, Durgamani, T-59, TM-9 and Pusa bold as less susceptible against aphid (L. erysimi) with yield loss of only to per cent in and 4.07 to 8.32 per cent in They also observed significant difference in aphid population per plant on raya sown in October, November and December and reported that each 15 days delay in sowing cause reduction in yield of 1.69, 2.37, 3.72 and 5.05 q ha -1, in and 1.07, 2.46, 3.01 and 3.38 q ha -1, in Bhadauria et al. (1991) reported varieties RKV-24 and RKV-47 as less susceptible to mustard aphid (L. erysimi) on the basis of aphid count and multiplication index. Upadhyay and Agrawal (1993) studied the efficacy of monocrotophos, phosphamidon, oxydemeton-methyl, dimethoate, malathion, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, fenvalerate and endosulfan against L. erysimi on Indian mustard, cv. Varuna in field experiments and found that oxydemeton-methyl at per cent and phosphamidon at 0.03 per cent were most effective resulting in higher seed yield of 2.40 and 2.28 tonnes ha -1, respectively. Bhalla et al. (1994) found that endosulfan, malathion, monocrotophos and oxydemeton- methyl tested against L. erysimi on rapeseed mustard were effective. Monocrotophos and oxydemeton methyl (at 50 and 100 g a.i./ha) gave complete control up to 14 days of spraying. Malathion was the least effective insecticide tested.

17 Bhadauria et al. (1995) screened 30 varieties against aphid on the basis of mean population and multiplication index and reported cultivars RW B, RK-8501, RW 5453-B 2 and RJ-4 as less susceptible, whereas cultivars PR 8303, highly susceptible. Cultivars DIARA 343 and Varuna showed medium susceptibility index (575.6 and 940.2) but gave comparatively higher yields, i.e., 2166 and 1866 kg ha -1, respectively and proved tolerant to the mustard aphid. Singh and Sachan (1995) studies on losses in yield of rapeseed, Brassica campestris cv. brown Sarson, caused by the mustard aphid, L.erysimi were conducted under natural and artificial conditions. Based on the experiments on the influence of aphid exposure to the crop on aphid number and seed yield and the effect of varied aphid population at flowering/pod initiation stage and artificial release of aphids at 10- day intervals starting from 40 days of sowing on the plant height, number of siliquae per plant, number of primary branches, seed yield per plant and 1000-grain weight, a positive correlation between length of aphid exposure to the crop and aphid population was found. A negative relationship between aphid population, length of aphid exposure and seed yield was observed. An inverse and significant relationship existed between parameters contributing to yield loss and losses in seed yield. However, this relationship was not significant in siliquae per plant and 1000-grain weight. A similar relationship was observed in artificial infestation. Dubey et al. (1997) screened 36 varieties of Brassica juncea against L. erysimi and reported 11 varieties to be moderately susceptible and remained 25 varieties to be susceptible. Lal et al. (1997) screened 83 Brassica germplasms against mustard aphid (L. erysimi), out of them 2 germplasm viz. B-85 glossy and R.W white glossy reported as highly resistant, 13 germplasm as resistant, 21 as moderately resistant. Whereas 42 were moderately susceptible and 5 germplasm as highly susceptible to L. erysimi (Kalt.). Sharma (1997) reported that variety pusa bold was less susceptible and varieties Rajat, Jaikisan, JMM-915, CS-52, Kranti and Varuna were moderately susceptible to aphid attack. Whereas, varieties, Varuna, Jaikisan, JMM-915 and Rajat were tolerant

18 against aphid attack as they produced more grain yield even under high aphid infestation. Singh et al. (1999) studied the efficacy of six insecticides against mustard aphid L. erysimi and their safety to aphid predator, Coccinella septempunctata and forging honey bee, Apis cerana were evaluated. Phosphamidon 0.03 per cent proved to be the most effective insecticides against mustard aphid and moderately safe to honey bees with highest seed yield (17.63 q/ha). Phosalone was found to be effective against aphid and safe to predator and pollinator. Endosulfan proved to be safest insecticide to pollinator and predator. Sharma and Yadav (2000) indicated that the number of aphid increased subsequently with the increase in exposure period up to 3 rd exposure weeks reaching to maximum (283.9 aphids/10 cm top twig/ plant). Thereafter population was declined and reached at low level (50.1 aphids) in 5 th exposure weeks. Seed yield showed decreasing trend with increase of aphid population by delay in exposure period. In oil content also the same trends existed with considerable differences. The additional yield (9.2 q/ha) and net profit Rs. 10,020 per ha as well as higher oil content (40.6 %) was obtained when sprayed the crop at ETL followed by one week exposure. Singh et al. (2000) sown the Indian mustard cultivars Varuna, Rohini and Vardan were sown in plots on 13 th November, 1993 and 27 th October, 1994, in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The economic injury level of L. erysimi on Varuna was aphids/10 cm terminal shoot and an infestation level of 36.91%, indicating an index value of The aphid density, infestation level and index values for Rohini were aphids/10 cm terminal shoot, 36.63% and 0.62 and for Vardan aphids/10 cm terminal shoot, 34.35% and 0.60, respectively. The economic thresholds of L. erysimi were 15.61, and aphids/10 cm central shoot of Varuna, Rohini and Vardan, respectively, at the infestation levels of 33.56, and 32.07% with indices of 0.55, 0.55 and 0.51, respectively. The average yield losses for Varuna, Rohini and Vardan were 21.58, and 17.32%, respectively, with a reduction in oil content of 2.29, 1.87 and 1.46%, respectively.

19 Vekaria and Patel (2000a) evaluated the efficacy of two plant products [neemol and nicotine sulfate (nicotine)], applied alone or in combination with chemical insecticides (dimethoate and methyl-o-demeton) and to compare them with dimethoate, methyl-o-demeton, methyl parathion (Parathionmethyl), tobacco snuff and ash, for Lipaphis erysimi control in mustard. Insecticides at their recommended dose applied ETL = 1.5 aphid index and control the aphid population below the ETL in both years resulted in the lowest aphid index, highest seed yield obtained similar level of aphid control and maximum yield were also obtained in other treatment combination. Plant products were found less toxic to natural enemies. Vekaria and Patel (2000b) studied the relative resistance of 40 promising Brassica and allied genotypes against the mustard aphid, L.erysimi, in the fields at Sardar Krushinagar, Gujarat, during rabi and None of the genotypes tested was found to be immune; however, five genotypes (GSL-1 (B. napus), PC-5 (B. carinata), T-27 (Eruca sativa) [E. vesicaria], local genotype (B. tournefortii) and T-6342) were found to be resistant to the aphid. Mustard genotypes belonging to the B. campestris group were found to be more susceptible to the aphid than those of B. juncea. Ten botanicals were tested against aphid, L. erysimi on varuna variety of mustard at Kangda. The minimum number of aphid per plant was observed in Azadirachtine treated plots. However, the differences among the treatment were not significant and Mentha spicata, M. piperata and Vitex negundo gave comparatively better yield than others. Anonymous (2001) Gazi et al. (2001) tested five organophosphorus insecticides viz., phosphamidon, quinalphos, malathion, dimethoate and diazinon against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) in field and net house condition. All these insecticides significantly (p<0.05) controlled mustard aphid (L.erysimi), Quinalphos was comparatively more effective in controlling mustard aphid followed by phosphamidon. Irshad (2001) reported 30 different species of parasitoids and 42 predators feeding on aphids in Pakistan. He further reported that Diaretiella rapae, Aphidius

20 columani and Aphidius matricariae were important parasitoids, and coccinellids, chrysopids and syrphid flies were important predators. Kumar et al. (2001) observed the efficacy of imidacloprid as seed treatment (Gaucho 70 WS, 5 and 10 g a.i./kg seed) and foliar spray (confidor 200 SL, 20 and 40 g a.i./ha; at 50% pod formation stage) against L. erysimi on rapeseed mustard. The lower treatment rates of both proved sufficient to optimize the yield. Mustard grains and soil at harvest did not contain imidacloprid residues. Gami et al. (2002) found that among 11 different insecticides treatments, methyl- 0-demeton per cent, carbosulfan 0.04 per cent, methyl parathion 2 per cent 25 kg/ha and monocrotophos 0.04 per cent were highly effective against mustard aphid, L. erysimi. Profenophos 0.05 per cent and azadirachtin per cent were found less effective against the pest. Considering the seed yield, two sprays of methylo-demeton per cent gave maximum seed yield (1575 kg/ha). Lal et al. (2002) found that thiamethoxam was most effective among five insecticides tested against L. erysimi on cabbage. The population reduction over control due to thiamethoxam was per cent after one day of spray which increased to 96.82, 97.44, and per cent after 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day of spray, respectively. The population reduction of L. erysimi over control due to betacyfluthrin, lambdacylothrin, endosulfan, and cartap hydrochloride after seven days of spray was 75.32, 90.06, and per cent in first spray while it was 72.14, 74.70, and per cent in case of second spray, respectively. Mannan et al. (2002) tested malathion 57 EC and diazinon 60 EC with different doses (1 ml, 2 ml and 3 ml/l water) to evaluate the effect on mustard aphids and their toxicity on the predators and other beneficial insects of mustard aphid. Malathion was more effective than diazinon for the control of aphids and it was less toxic for the predators and other beneficial insects. The lower doses of insecticides have less adverse effect on the predators and other beneficial insects than the higher dose. Gour and Pareek (2003) evaluated nine insecticides each with two concentrations against L. erysimi and fund that treatment of dimethoate (0.03%) was most effective followed by dimethoate (0.015%), imidacloprid

21 (0.05%), acephate (0.05%) and cypermethrin (0.002%). Neem extract (0.2%) was found least effective in reducing aphid population followed by neem extract (0.4%) cartap hydrochloride (0.04%) and ethofenprox (0.002%), whereas, endosulfan (0.02 and 0.035%), acephate (0.025%), malathion (0.025 and 0.05%), cypermethrin (0.001%), ethofenprox (0.004%) and cartap hydrochloride (0.08%) existed in moderate group of efficacy. Kushwaha (2003) tested the efficacy of ethanol extracts of 14 plant material against L.erysimi under laboratory conditions and reported that gulabas and biskhapra leaf extract showed knocked down effect on aphid. Thuja and garlic leaf extracts were effective 72 hours after treatment. All the plant extracts were quite safe against the parasitoid, D. rapae. Srivastava and Guleria (2003) evaluated 34 extracts against mustard aphid (L. erysimi) and Azadirachta indica was taken as a check for the treatments. It was revealed that all the treatments showed insecticidal activity against aphid but the extract from Chrysanthemum, Calotropis procera gave results at par with A. indica. Mustard aphid, L.erysimi is a major pest of mustard in Chhattisgarh. Periodic incidence of this pest on the crop assessment of yield loss due to this insect pest, efficacy of different insecticides for management of aphid and evaluated the resistant variety from mustard germplasm was studied at Oil seed Research Farm, I.G.K.V., Raipur (C.G.).Among the insecticides and plant products treatments tested against this pest, oxydemeton methyl treated plots provided significantly low aphid population with higher seed yield ( kg/ha) and gave net monetary return of Rs followed by imidacloprid ( kg/ha) and net return of Rs The maximum cost benefit ratio was recorded in oxydemeton methyl (1:21.44) followed by imidacloprid (1:15.34), and profenofos + cypermethrin (1:13.29). Among the 156 Brassica genotypes JMM 927, HUJM 0105, RNG-56, RNG-12, RH-0213, RN-97, RH-0202 and RH-0115 were recorded as highly resistant, Baghele and Kumar (2004). Meena and Lal (2004) evalueted the bio-efficacy of different synthetic insecticides against mustard aphid, L. erysimi on cabbage in a descending order of

22 imidacloprid (0.01%) > endosulfan (0.07%) > ethofenprox (0.1%) > lambda cyhalothrin (0.01%) > cartap hydrochloride (0.05%) > beta cyfluthrin ( %). Imidacloprid, proved most effective against L. erysimi. Rohilla et al. (2004) evaluated the bio-efficacy of 10 insecticides against mustard aphid, L. erysimi among which imidacloprid per cent, thiamethoxam (Actara) g a.i./ha, oxydemeton methyl per cent and monocrotophos per cent proved most effective. Sharma (2004) reported Thuja and Gulabas to be effective against mustard aphid and safe to the natural enemies. Farooq and Tasawar (2007) screened 23 cultivars of Brassica for their susceptibility to aphid (L. erysimi), during Brassica napus (var. Bulbul-98) was found to be most susceptible with maximum population aphids. Brassica campestris (var. Peeli sarson) was found to be tolerant with minimum population of aphids per 10 cm inflorescence. Amongst aphids, L. erysimi was found dominant over Brevicoryne brassicae. As regards the population of predators, Peeli sarson and Brassica juncea (var. Toria) showed maximum population of Coccinella septempunctata (L.), whereas Bulbul-98 showed maximum individuals of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephen). The observations made on February 26, 2001 showed maximum population of both the predators having positive and significant correlation with L. erysimi and B. brassicae. Khan et al. (2007) carried out preference to L.erysimi on different canola varieties at fields of Oilseed Section, Agricultural Research Institute, Tandojam during The seeds of six canola varieties, viz., (1) Oscar, (2) Drunkled, (3) PR-1007, (4) PR- 1005, (5) PR-1003, (6) AH-2001 were sown to record the aphid population. The L.erysimi. appeared on plants during last week of January and continued upto harvesting. First observation was taken on when the minimum population of 4.50 aphids/plant was observed on variety AH-2001, and the maximum population of aphids/plant on variety PR The peak population of L.erysimi was observed on Minimum pest population was aphids/plant on AH-2001 and the

23 maximum population was aphids/plant on PR The result showed among all the varieties under observation that Lipaphis erysimi preferred the variety PR-1005 than the others. Kumar et al. (2007) carried out the studies on the efficacy of nine insecticides against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi on mustard cv. Varuna as foliar spray at Meerut, Uttar Pradesh during rabi season of Studies revealed that after one and three days of spray, oxydemeton methyl % (88.0% and 96.7%, respectively) proved most effective against mustard aphid. However, on seventh day, imadacloprid % (99.6%) gave most effective control. On seventh day after spray, the order of efficacy was imadacloprid % > oxydemeton methyl 0.025% > monocrotophos 0.036% > dimethoate 0.03% > chloropyriphos 0.05% > malathion 0.05% > endosulfan 0.07% > cypermethrin 0.01% > neemarin, respectively. Parmar et al. (2007) conducted a field experiments to estimate the avoidable losses caused by Lipaphis erysimi in mustard sprayed with fungal biopesticides alone and in combination with synthetic insecticides. The percentage of avoidable yield losses in mustard seed were found varying from 11 to 68%. Higher avoidable loss (38 to 55%) was observed in the treatment of Verticillium 2.0 kg/ha, Beauveria 2.5 kg/ha and azadirachtin %. Singh (2007) conducted a field experiment in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India, during rabi season of and to test the efficacy of different indigenous plants and their derivatives against mustard aphid, L. erysimi. The treatments comprised neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel extract (NSKE) at 5%, leaf extracts of karanj (Pongamia glabra [P. pinnata]) at 5%, dhatura (Datura stramonium) at 5%, marua (Ocimum basilicum) at 5%, neem at 5% and aak (Calotropis procera) at 5%, garlic bulb extract at 5% and sounf (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extract at 5%, recommended insecticide oxydemeton-methyl 25 EC at 0.025%, and an untreated control. Pooled data indicated that the pre-spray population ranged from 29.7 to 81.0 aphids/10 cm top central twigs and after 4 days of spray, oxydemeton-methyl and NSKE were the most

24 effective and reduced the population significantly by 64.2 and 57.9%, respectively. Aak leaf extract was the least effective with only 11.3% mortality in aphid population after 4 days of spray. After 7 days of treatment, among the plant extracts, NSKE showed its superiority with 67.8% reduction in aphid population, followed by neem leaf extract (49.5%). After 10 days of spray, the maximum reduction (89.6%) in aphid population per plant was recorded with oxydemeton-methyl, followed by NSKE (79.4%). The other treatments were found inferior to provide effective control of aphids. The highest yield was recorded in oxydemeton-methyl (1753 kg ha -1 ), followed by NSKE (1627 kg ha -1 ), neem leaf extract (1523 kg ha -1 ) and marua leaf extract (1363 kg ha -1 ); the control recorded yield of 1122 kg ha -1. Fortunately, aphids have been attacked by several natural enemies including predators, parasitoids and pathogens (Bugg, et al., 2008). Some natural enemies resided in the field and were present when founding aphids colonize host plants. Others can disperse rapidly and colonize shortly after aphids became established. These natural enemies can reduce the aphid s rate of population increase. Lal (2009) reported that out of 22 improved strains and varieties of mustard and rape examined for resistance to aphids, none showed immunity, but six varieties of Rai manifested from low to high resistance. The Rai varieties Laha 101 and B. juncea 6105 were found highly resistant probably due to cumulative effect of preference, antibiosis and tolerance. Rai culture 294. R.T. 11 B. juncea 5976 and B. juncea B.R.-13 were also comparatively resistant particularly due to their tolerance. Marghub et al. (2009) observed two aphid species, Brevicoryne brassicae L., and Lipahis eyrsimi as the most devastating pests. Populations of B. brassicae were more than that of L. eyrsimi. All the varieties evaluated were found susceptible and weekly population of both the species of aphids did not differ significantly from their appearance till maturity of the crop. Appearance of aphids at all the locations was not uniform. However, highest population was recorded during last week of February to second week of March. The seasonal activity of the aphids were described and it were recommended that application of insecticides were inevitable to avoid economic damage. Development of insect pest management strategy against aphids by exploring

25 sources of plant resistance and seasonal abundance of aphids on B. napus is reported from this region for the first time. Twenty genotypes of mustard were screened against aphid, L.erysimi.The genotype SKM-0401 was the least susceptible with 1.47 aphid index per plant followed by the genotypes SKM-0518, SKM-0445, SKM-0301 and SKM-0533 with 1.52, 1.53, 1.57 and 1.60 aphid index per plant, respectively. The genotypes SKM-0531 was found the most susceptible (4.54 aphid index/plant) followed by the genotypes GM-1, SKM- 0529, GM-2, GM-3, SKM-0507 and SKM-0109, which recorded 4.52, 4.40, 4.37, 4.29, 4.22 and 4.11 aphid index/plant, respectively. Pawar et al.(2009) The bio-efficacy of four plant leaf extracts viz., apple of sodom, Calotropis procera Aiton; Mexican poppy, Argemone mexicana Linnaeus; Mexican marigold, Tagetes minuta Linnaeus and Indian neem, Azadirachta indica were tested against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi on Indian mustard, Brassica juncea. The highest per cent aphid reduction during first, second and third spray were 28.79, and at 1:10 g/ml; 34.70, and at 1:5 g/ml and 53.88, and at 1:2.5 g/ml with Indian neem. However, Mexican marigold was also effective at highest concentration (1:2.5 g/ml) and reduced per cent L. erysimi. All the treatments of plant leaf extracts showed insecticidal activity, but Indian neem followed by Mexican marigold reduced the aphid population to a great extent. Ali et al. (2010) Kumar et al. (2010) recorded the visiting of four species of honey bees viz., Apis dorsata, Apis florea, Apis cerana indica and Apis mellifera on mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson] crop. The observations on visiting of honey bees showed that the neem product Achook was found to have least repellent effect on honey bees due to their higher visits i.e. 3.05, 4.40, 4.42, 6.35 and 6.70 per three minutes per m 2 area just after, 24, 48, 72 hours and 5 days of insecticides application, followed by Bioneem i.e. 2.10, 3.15, 3.71, 5.70, and 6.37 visits, respectively. The Nimbicidine also provided 1.37, 2.40, 3.10, 5.40 and 5.70 visits of honey bees per three minutes in one square meter area in comparison to rest treatments. While maximum visits were recorded in untreated plot i.e., 7.11, 7.55, 7.72, 8.33 and 8.40 visits. Achook and Bioneeem were also found better for the control of aphids (Lipaphis erysimi) as they did not affect bee visits and

26 gave higher yield of 1927 and 1913 kg ha 1, respectively in comparison to plots treated with other pesticides. Mamun et al. (2010) tested four varieties namely, MM014-02wf, MM012-02ys, MM , MM01l-02rb and Binasarisha-4 one check variety of mustard against the mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi under natural and artificial conditions. The result showed that the resistant or less susceptible variety had lower aphid infestation. Generally, aphid infestation showed trend from flowering stage, reached the peck at pod formation stage, and then trended to decline in all the mutants/variety. The highest yield was observed in the variety MM014-02wf, which had lowest aphid infestation. Considering the results of all parameters responsible for aphid resistance or susceptibility at the field and net house studies the tested variety. Mandal and Mandal (2010) reported that the difenthiuron g a.i./ha proved most effective in managing the aphids incidence and realizing higher yield of mustard (10.70 q ha -1 ) followed by thiamethoxam g a.i./ha (10.53 q/ha) and acetamiprid g a.i./ha (10.12 q/ha). Treatments viz. imidacloprid g a.i./ha and betacyfluthrin g a.i./ha were comparatively less effective in reducing the pest population and they were statistically equally in realizing the yield of mustard but superior to achook g a.i./ha (8.68 q ha -1 ) and dimethoate g a.i./ha (8.85 q ha -1 ). Maula et al. (2010) conducted studies in the field to determine the effectiveness of three insectidicdes, Metasystox-R 25EC, Dimethion 40 EC, and Fentro 50 EC applied against mustard aphid, L.erysimi. and measure their toxic action on the predator Coccinella septempunctata L. The mustard plants were sprayed with the insecticides at 0.05% and 0.025% a. i. at 50 and 70 days after sowing. The mortality of both mustard aphid and the predator was assessed at 1, 4, and 7 days after first and second spraying of insecticides. Metasystox-R showed the most effectiveness among the three insecticides causing the highest mortality of mustard aphid followed by Dimethion and Fentro. But the lowest mortality of Coccinella septempunctata was obtained in Dimethion treated plot, and Fentro treated plot showed the highest mortality indicating that the Dimethion was less toxic and Fentro was more toxic to the predator.

27 Rizvi et al. (2010) tested the bio-efficacy of four plant leaf extracts viz., apple of sodom, Calotropis procera Aiton; Mexican poppy, Argemone mexicana Linnaeus; Mexican marigold, Tagetes minuta Linnaeus and Indian neem, Azadirachta indica against mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) on Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). The highest per cent aphid reduction during first, second and third spray were 28.79, and at 1:10 g/ml; 34.70, and at 1:5 g/ml and 53.88, and at 1:2.5 g/ml with Indian neem. However, Mexican marigold was also effective at highest concentration (1:2.5 g/ml) and reduced per cent L. erysimi. All the treatments of plant leaf extracts showed insecticidal activity, but Indian neem followed by Mexican marigold reduced the aphid population to a great extent. Singh et al. (2010) carried out the experiment for the estimation of the losses due to mustard aphid, L. erysimi during 'Rabi' season of two years of the study at Bharatpur; Rajasthan. The avoidable yield losses due to mustard aphid, L. erysimi were recorded as and per cent during both the year of study based on overall performance in two consecutive cropping seasons. Tara and Sharma (2010) compared qualitative and quantitative effects of pollination on fruit set; number of seeds per siliqua and mean weight of 100 seeds in controlled and open pollinated plants of sarson. Per cent fruit set, number of seeds per siliqua and mean seed weight of 100 seeds were significantly (P<0.01) higher in open pollinated viz., 8.09, 9.37 and than in controlled ones. Moreover, seeds of open pollinated plants were larger in size and viable than controlled ones. The crop was visited by many insect pollinators but Apis dorsata followed by Apis mellifera and Apis cerana were observed to be the most common pollinating species. Ali and Rizvi (2011) screened highly resistant varieties of rapeseedmustard, sixty-five cultivars (brown sarson-1, Indian mustard-42, gobhi sarson-4, kiran rai-4, taramera-2, toria-5 and yellow sarson-7) against mustard aphid, L. erysimi during winter season of and The findings revealed that aphid commenced their attack 7 weeks after sowing (WAS) and reached to a maximum level at 14 WAS on October 25 (timely) sown cultivars. Whereas, on November 10 and 25 seeded cultivars, aphid incidence was initially recorded on 6 WAS and 4 WAS, which reached to a

28 maximum at 13 and 11 WAS, respectively. The timely sown (October 25) cultivars escaped the aphid infestation and exhibited better growth due to stored moisture by plant and also minimum aphid load than late seeded (November, 10 and 25) cultivars. While calculating Mean Aphid Infestation Index (MAII), it remained below 1.00 on Kranti, Maya, MYSL-203, PCR-7 and Pusa Agrani (Indian mustard); Pusa Swarnim (Kiran rai) and N DYS-2, YST- 151 (Yellow sarson) when cultivars seeded on October 25 and November 10. Therefore, these cultivars could safely be placed under highly resistant category. Among late sown rapeseed-mustard (November 25), no cultivars found as highly resistant, though, cultivars showing high tolerance during timely sowing become moderately resistant on account of their late (November 25) sowing. Interestingly, gobhi sarson and kiran rai showed relatively less damage due to their late flowering and different plant texture than other cultivars. The susceptibility of different varieties/genotypes of mustard has been adjudged based on pooled data over periods. None of the varieties/genotypes of mustard found free from the aphid attack. Significantly the lowest (1.18) aphid index was recorded in variety GM-2 and was at par with GM-1 and GM-3 (1.26 and 1.34 aphid index). Vardan, Pusa Jaylaxmi, Pusa Jagnath, RH-30, Vaibhav, Pusa Jaykisan and Pusa Agrani were more or less equally susceptible to aphid. Variety Pusa Bahar found significantly differed from these varieties/genotypes but was at par with Pusa Agrani. The highest (2.61) aphid index was recorded from genotype BIO-902 and was at par with varieties Pusa bold (2.52) and Krishna (2.46) followed by PM-67 (2.32), Varuna & PCR-7 (2.25). Among the different varieties/genotypes, significantly the highest (10.54 q/ha) seed yield was recorded from the variety GM-2 which was at par with GM-1, GM-3, Vardan, Pusa Jaylaxmi, RH-30, Pusa Jagnath, Vaibhav, Pusa Jaykisan and Pusa Bahar (10.50 to 8.95 q/ha). Genotype BIO-902 recorded the lowest (7.12 q/ha) seed yield and was at par with Pusa bold, Krishan, PM-67, Varuna, PCR-7 and Pusa Bahar (7.12 to 8.95 q ha - 1 ), Khedkar et al. (2011) Singh and Lal (2011) adopted different methods such as mechanical, biological and botanical singly as well as in combination to manage mustard aphid. The infestation

29 was regularly monitored during crop season to give treatments for management of mustard aphid on need basis. The applications of treatments was done on the basis of ETL i.e. 25 aphids/10 cm 1 central twig plant 1. All the treatments were effective in controlling mustard aphid. The chemical control with oxydemeton methyl % was found as the most effective resulting in significantly higher yield as compared to other treatments. The treatments comprising mechanical + botanical + biological control were found to be the best alternative to chemical control for management of mustard aphid. Singh et al. (2011) recorded the visiting of four species of honey bees viz., Apis dorsata, Apis florea, Apis cerana indica and Apis mellifera on mustard crop. The observations on visiting of honey bees showed that the Neem products, Achook was found least toxic to honey bees due to their higher visits i.e. 3.05, 4.40, 4.42 and 6.35 and 6.70 per three minutes per sq. m area just after 24, 48, 72 hours and after 5 days of applications followed by Bioneem i.e. 2.10, 3.15, 3.71, 5.70 and 6.37 visits, respectively. Nimbicidine also provided 1.37, 2.40, 3.10, 5.40 and 5.70 visits of honey bees per three minutes in one square meter area in comparison to rest of the treatments. While maximum visits were recorded in untreated plot i.e. 7.11, 7.55, and 8.40 visits. Thus, Achook and Bioneem were found safer to honey bees and recommended to the farmers for the control of aphids (Lipaphis erysimi) in mustard crop. Population of honey bees and other pollinator s hae declined worldwide in recent years. A variety of stressors have been implicated as potential causes, including agricultural pesticides. Neonicotinoid insecticides, which are widely used and highly toxic to hone y bees, have been found in previous analyses of honey bee pollen and comb material. However, the routes of exposure have remained largely undefined. We used LC/MS-MS to analyse samples of honey bees, pollen stored in the hive and several potential exposure routes associated with plantings of neonicotinoid treated maize. Our results demonstrate that bees are exposed to these compounds and several other agricultural pesticides in several ways throughout the foraging perio,krupke et al. (2012).

30 Mandal et al. (2012) conducted field experiment during rabi season at Raipur, Bankura, West Bengal to study the effect of few insecticides against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi on rapeseed (Brassica juncea L.). Insecticides used in the experiments were imidacloprid 17.8% SL at 27 g a.i/ha, lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC at 25 g a.i/ha, chlorpyriphos 20% EC at 375 g a.i/ha, dichlorvos 75% EC at 375 g a.i/ha, thiamethoxam 25% WG at 27 g a.i/ha, dimethoate 30% EC at 375 g a.i/ha and chlorpyriphos 50% + cypermethrin 5% EC (Canon) at 375 g a.i/ha. Chlorpyriphos (93.50%) found to be most effective treatment followed by chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin (92.76%), thiamethoxam (90.70%) and imidacloprid (90.46%) and di-chlorvos (82.81%) showed least effective. Highest yield was recorded from chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin (18.45 q/ha) treated plot followed by thiamethoxam (17.86 q/ha), chlorpyriphos (17.50 q/ha) and imidacloprid (16.75 q/ha) and lowest in dichlorvos treated plot (1: 10.27). Incremental cost benefit ratio indicated that highest return was obtained from imidacloprid (1:16.12) followed by lambda-cyhalothrin (1:15.68) treated plot. Men et al. (2012) evaluated four neem (Azadirachta indica) formulations, two synthetic insecticides (dimethoate and endosulfan) and Bacillus thuringiensis used alone and in combination with endosulfan for safety to Diaretiella rapae, a potential parasitoid of the mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi, on Indian mustard cv. Pusa Bold at Akola, Maharashtra, India, during It was found that B. thuringiensis (1 kg/ha) and Neemark (1%) were the safer treatments followed by neem leaf extract (5%), B. thuringiensis at 0.5 kg/ha + endosulfan (0.03%), endosulfan (0.05%), Achook (0.15%) and neem seed extract (5%). Dimethoate (0.03%) proved toxic to the hyperparasitoid. Roy et al. (2012) carried out the study at agricultural land of Phaldi, near Duttapukur (North 24 parganas, West Bengal, India) during to document the diurnal insect diversity, their activities, roles and abundance in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) flower. 24 insect species belonging to 14 families under six orders were found at the day time in mustard blooms among which four species (Apis dorsata, Apis cerena, Apis

31 florea, Vespa sp.) are pollen and nectar collectors (Pollinators), 13 insects were only nectar collector and rest species were only visitors. Number of species of order Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera were high at day time. But the abundance of Hymenoptera was observed maximum followed by Coleoptera and Lepidoptera during this study. Peak activity of the insect visitors was mainly observed at the middle of the day i.e. from 12 noon to 2 P.M. Among the three honey bee species the abundance of A. dorsata was maximum (18%) followed by A. cerena (15%) and A. florea (4%). It was observed that the different weather conditions affect the abundance of honeybees. Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) was the most serious insectpest of rapeseed-mustard and responsible for causing the yield losses ranging from 35.4 to 96 per cent depending upon weather condition. Among the different chemical insecticides evaluated for their bio-efficacy against L. erysimi, Dimethoate 30 EC and Oxydemeton-methyl 25 EC were proved more effective, Sahoo (2012) The effect of seven different botanical leaves, neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica), Congress grass leaf extract (Parthenium hysterophorus) Lemmon grass leaf extract (Cymbopogon citrates), Bhang leaf extract (Cymbopogon citrates), Garlic leaf extract (Allium sativum), Punch phuli leaf extract (Lantana camera) and Marigold Leaf extract (Tagetes erecta) on mustard aphid were assessed in field at NDUA&T, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Faizabad (U.P.). The dead aphids were counted on tagged plants on 10 cm terminal shoot from 10 randomly selected plants per plot. The botanical extracts showed varying effect on aphid population and neem leaf extract (T 1 ) inflicted consistently the maximum level of aphid mortality (77.33% and 71.76%) followed by Punch phuli leaf extract (74.35% and 70.96%) and Garlic leaf extract (73.19% and 62.17%) during 7 th day after spray in both year and All the treatments of plant leaf extracts showed insecticidal activity, but Indian neem leaf extract followed by Punch phuli leaf extract and Garlic leaf extract reduced the aphid population to a great extent. Singh and Lal (2012a)

32 Singh and Lal (2012b) preference to L.erysimi on different Brassica species were carried out at NDUA&T, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Faizabad (U.P.) during Rabi and crop seasons. The seeds of six Brassica species, viz., BSH-1 (B. campestris var. brown sarson), YST- 151 (B. campestris var. yellow sarson), Varuna (B. juncea), HYOLA-401 (B. napus), Kiran (B. carinata) and T-27 (Eruca sativa) were sown to record the aphid population. The result showed that among all the species under observation L. erysimi preferred the species-bsh-1 (B. campestris var. brown sarson) than the others species. Mustard aphid, L.erysimi has been one of the most nefarious biotic constraints of rapeseed-mustard in the tarai region of Uttar Pradesh. During the investigation on ecologically sound and sustainable management of L. erysimi it was found that Brassica carinata sown on October 8 (normal sowing) escaped from the attack of L. erysimi in the tarai region of India whereas the crop delayed in the sowing by 10 days than normal one was damaged economically by the aphid which may be controled by one spray of fresh extract of neem seed kernel (5%) or endosulfan (0.035%), safe to parasitoids. Whereas, the crops, B. carinata, sown delayed by 20 days, may be save from the damage caused by the aphid by 2 sprays of fresh extract of neem seed kernel (0.5%). Therefore, it was concluded that L. erysimi may be manage eco-environmentally on B. carinata with normal sowing and use of extract of neem seed kernel, Singh and Sachan (2012). Umrao et al. (2012) recorded the foraging behaviour of honey bees viz., Apis dorsata, Apis florea, Apis cerana indica and Apis mellifera on mustard crop. The observations on visiting of honey bees showed that the neem product, achook was found least toxic to honey bees due to their higher visits i.e. 3.00, 4.33, 4.33, 6.33 and 6.66 per three minutes per sq. m area just after, after 24, 48, 72 hours and after 5 days of application followed by bioneem i.e. 2.00, 3.00, 3.66, 5.66 and 6.33 visits, respectively. Nimbicidine also provided 1.33, 2.33, 3.00, 5.33 and 5.66 visits of honey bees 3 minutes in one square metre area in comparison to rest of the treatments. While maximum visits were recorded in untreated plot i.e. 6.66, 7.00, 7.33, 8.00 and 7.33

33 visits. Thus, achook and bioneem were found safer to honey bees and recommended to the farmers for the control of aphids (Lipaphis erysimi) in mustard crop. Ahmad et al. (2013) tested twelve Brassica genotypes i.e. Westar, Ganyou-5, Rainbow, Oscar, Vangard, Crusher, Torch, Legend, Altex, Raya Anmol, Peela Raya and T representing four Brassica species including B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata and B. campestris for aphid s density and yield in the Research Farm of The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan. Data on aphid s density showed that average aphid s density per plant on 12 brassica genotypes during and was at peak during the 2 nd and 3 rd weak of January. The aphid density 37.94, 34.87, 30.47, 27.57, 26.86, 25.39, 24.89, 23.55, 23.41, 21.57, and aphids/plant were recorded on Legend, Ganyou-5, Oscar, Raya Anmol, Rainbow, Torch, T , Peela Raya, Westar, Altex, Crusher and Vangard, respectively. Statistically there were significant differences in the number of aphids per plant among the genotypes. None of the genotype was found completely free from aphids attack. Vangard with minimum (12.84) aphids /plant was the most tolerant followed by Crusher, Altex, Westar, Peela Raya, T , Torch, Rainbow, Raya Anmol, Oscar, Ganyou-5 while Legend as most susceptible, in the order. Peela Raya had moderately high density of aphids per plant. Biswas (2013) studied the effectiveness of different doses of neem extracts and a synthetic organic insecticide against mustard aphid in the experimental farm of the Oilseed Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur, during two consecutive years and for the control of mustard aphid. Eight treatments were evaluated against mustard aphid under field condition. The maximum aphid population was (180 per plant) observed at the pod formation stage of mustard crop. Among the treatments, Malataf (Malathion 57 2 ml/l significantly reduced the highest aphid population (93.75%) over pretreatment which produced the highest seed yield (1440 kg/ha) of mustard. The neem leaf extracts reduced % aphid population in mustard while neem seed extract reduced 73-81% aphid population over pretreated plants in both the years. Among the different doses of neem extracts, the highest aphid population reduction over pretreatment (81%) was recorded from 50 g neem seed per litre of water treated plots with high MBCR

34 (3.88) followed by 75g neem seed/l treated plots having reduction of 80% and MBCR Chander et al. (2013) screened three hundred eighty eight germplasms accessions of different species of Brassica viz. B. juncea (133 accessions), B. rapa var. yellow sarson (102), B. rapa var. toria (58), B. rapa var. brown sarson (32), B. nigra (24), B. napus (18), B. tornefortii (16) and close relative, Lepidium sativum (5) in augmented block design for tolerance against mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) under field conditions at New Delhi, India, during Rabi The screening was done based on the parameters of aphid infestation index and aphid population count. The differential reaction of germplasm accessions ranged from highly susceptible to highly tolerant. The percentage of highly tolerant and tolerant accessions in different species of Brassica ranged from 5% in B. rapa var. toria, to 100% in the closely related species, L. sativum. Based on the mean aphid infestation index the aphid tolerance in different species was in the descending order of L. sativum> B. nigra > B. juncea > B. napus> B. tournefortii>b. rapa var. yellow sarson > B. rapa var. brown sarson> B. rapa var. toria. Sixty three accessions of different species of Brassica were found highly tolerant and tolerant to aphid infestation. Among the tested insecticides, four insecticides namely monocrotophos, malathion, chlorpyriphos and carbaryl were found very harmful and caused more than 80% mortality to test bio-agent and fall in moderately harmful category. However, remaining seven insecticides were also found toxic compared to untreated control, but comparatively less toxic than mentioned four insecticides. On the safety point of view the safest insecticide was NSKE which caused lowest mortality followed by nimbecidine < cypermethrin < endosulfan < imidacloprid < malathion < dimethoate < oxydemeton-methyl < monocrotophos < chlorpyriphos and carbaryl with 4.00, 5.67, 39.67, 57.33, 60.67, 74.00, 77.67, 91.33, 92.67, and 98.33%, larval mortality respectively, Kumar et al. (2013). Sarwar (2013a) reported that the different species of aphids are the most devasting pests of Brassica campestris L., due to sucking of cell sap

35 from leaves, stem, flowers and pods by both nymphs and adults insect. Study was conducted to examine resistance and susceptibility of eighteen B. campestris genotypes based on population density of aphids and grain yield under the same field environmental factors. The trial was propagated as per the recommendations of agriculture and kept unsprayed. The most serious problematic insect pest at study site causing severe crop infestation was aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) throughout the season. All genotypes had shown different levels of resistance and susceptibility to variable level of aphid infestation. High yielding genotypes were found comparatively more tolerant to aphids, whereas, severely damaged had given less produce. The genotypes NM-1, NM-2 and NM-3 were comparatively completely resistant with no population of aphids, showed the highest yield potential and did not differ significantly from one another. The genotypes DLJ-3, Chaliate and E-9 showed susceptible response and appeared comparatively the lowest yielding. Resistant genotypes can be grown as a component of an integrated pest management strategy for protecting the B. campestris crop from aphid infestation to reduce the use of expensive, toxic and environmentally damaging pesticides. Singh (2013) screened twenty different varieties of mustard against mustard aphid, L.erysimi during rabi season of two years of study at Bharatpur, Rajasthan. None of variety was found completely free from aphid infestation during both the year of study. Variety T-6342 was found resistant to the L. erysimi while RH-819, Pusa Bahar, Bio 902, Sanjucta Asech were found highly susceptible to mustard aphid. Amin et al. (2014) conducted the present study on the research area of Cotton Research Station, Multan during spring Results on per cent reduction indicated that bifenthrin was most effective insecticide against L. erysimi and Phytomyza horticola. Bifenthrin caused 74.06% and 75.22% reduction in L. erysimi population and 85.13% and 84.02% reduction in P. horticola population after three and seven days of spraying. All insecticides were found toxic to the C. septumpunctata and syrphid fly larvae. However,

36 Imidacloprid and dimethoate were found relatively safe as compared to other insecticides. Imidacloprid showed 57.34% reduction in C. septumpunctata population whereas dimethoate 52.77% reduction in larval population of syrphid flies after seven days of spray application. It is concluded that bifenthrin and imidacloprid can be used for the management of mustard insect pests because of their higher efficacy against aphids and leaf miners and less toxicity to beneficial insects. Goswami and Khan (2014) studied the diversity and abundance of different insect visitors on mustard (Brassica juncea) at Pantnagar. A total of 19 insect visitors belonging to order Hymenoptera (15) and Diptera (4) were found to visit the mustard blossoms at Pantnagar. The abundance (percentage of insect/m 2 /2 min.) of Hymenopterans was maximum followed by the Dipterans and others. In Hymenopterans, the honeybees (Apis bees) were observed maximum followed by non Apis bees and the scolid wasp. Insect pollinations increased the number of pods and per cent pod set. Lal et al. (2014) all the tested insecticides and a neem bio-pesticide were found to be statistically superior over the control. The maximum population reduction was recorded in oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha treated plots and provided maximum seed yield. Imidacloprid g a.i./ha also proved profitable as per the maximum cost benefit ratio of 1: Five different plant leaf extracts were tested against mustard aphid along with one insecticide. The experiment was conducted in the glass House, Department of Entomology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidylaya, Raipur (C.G.), during On the basis of overall performance of different treatments in the form of per cent mortality, it can be concluded that Oxymethyl demeton 25 EC, Neem leaf extract and Tobacco leaf extracts were superior over control in terms of killing mustard aphid as compared to Lantana, Bantulsi and Parthenium leaf extract, Sable and Kushwaha (2014). Singh et al. (2014) evaluated seven insecticides viz., acephate 350 g, acetamiprid g, dimethoate g, fipronil 5 50 g, imidacloprid g, oxy-dematon methyl g and thiamethoxam

37 25 25 g a.i./ha in the field against mustard aphid. The plot treated with imidacloprid provided their superiority over other insecticides, which resulted the maximum mortality of mustard aphid with highest yield ( kg/ha). However, remaining insecticides were also found significantly superior over the control. The highest cost benefit ratio was obtained from imidacloprid (1:35.5) with a record of maximum monetary benefit of Rs. 29, Ujjan and Shahzad (2014) studied the insecticidal potential of the Hypocreales entomopathogenic fungal (EPF) strain of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv) Vuill. and insecticide Imidacloprid to mustard aphid (MA) at field conditions. The Beauveria bassiana strain PDRL1187 caused 50% mortality (LT50 value = median lethal time) of adult MA population after 6.4 days, when sprayed on insect population 6.3 x 1012 spores per acre. The insecticide, 10 g per acre, caused the insect mortality with LT50 value 3.2 days. Along with the pest mortality, the seed yield of mustard plant (canola), increased with application of EPF and insecticide, at field trials. The study confirmed that strain is effective against mustard aphid under field conditions. Kafle (2015) conducted an experiment at IAAS, Lamjung to evaluate the management practices of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) during Rabi season in Field experiment was laid out in a randomized block desigh (RBD) with four replications and six treatments. The treatments were: i) Verticillilum 5 gm/l of water; ii) Derisom 2 ml/l of water; iii) Margosom 5 ml/l of water; iv) Lemon grass 2 ml/l of water; v) Dimethoate 2 ml/l of water; and vi) Untreated control. Each plot consisted of 2 m x 2.7 m (5.4 m 2 ) with 360 plants (spacing RR 30 cm x PP 5 cm). Field experiment showed that the highest reduction of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) was achieved in Dimethoate (Rogor 30 EC) followed by Derisom but these two treatments were statistically at par during almost all the spray times. Thus, Derisom (botanical) might be the best option in eco-friendly management of L.kre erysimi (Kalt.). Sarkate et al. (2015) carried out the investigations to study the reaction of 15 entries of the mustard to mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi), leaf webber (Crocidolomia binotalis) and the results indicated that Jaikisan, Pusa bold and RH-8813 showed better resistance against aphid, on mustard, overall average data indicated that Jaikisan was

38 most tolerant entry to aphids which was followed by RH-8813, Pusa bold, MAUL-2 and RH The average data revealed that the entry Jaikisan showed more resistance against leaf Webber which was at par with RH-8812, Jagnath, Pusa bold and RH Syed et al. (2015) screened a total of 46 genotypes in the field for susceptibility/resistance to aphids at flowering to pods stage. In preliminary screening 31 lines were selected. Further data were collected for percent (%) infestation and mean number of aphids. Genotypes were grouped as Highly resistant Resistant Moderate Susceptible and Highly susceptible. In percent (%) infestation variation was as genotypes (G7, G28, and G46) < (G1, G27, G31, G35, G36, G37) < (G3, G6, G11, G12, G14, G24, G25, G29, G30, G43) < (G2, G4, G5, G18, G19, G20, G22, G39, G45) < (G9, G10, G21). In mean number of aphid/10 cm of florescence genotype G7, G28 and G46 carried minimum number of 2.22 aphids while genotype G9, G18, G20, G21 and G36 got maximum number of aphids. Yadav and Singh (2015) evaluated the various treatments for their bio-efficacy against mustard aphid on Indian mustard during and at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, the spray of Dimethoate 30 1 ml/l followed by Verticillium 108 CS/ml was proved to be the best treatment with pooled mean aphid population of 4.5, 3.25 and 1.65 aphids/plant as against 22.0, 24.0 and 26.0 aphids/plant in the control after 3, 7 and 10 days of treatment, respectively. The pooled mean seed yield was also maximum ( kg/ha) in this treatment as compared to control ( kg/ha).the treatment was found on par with spray of 1 ml/l followed by Coccinella 5,000 beetles/ha with pooled mean aphid population of 5.0, 4.0 and 2.0 aphids/plant after 3, 7 and 10 days of treatment, respectively and pooled mean seed yield of ( kg/ha). But the cost benefit ratio was maximum (7.25) in treatment dimethoate followed by C. septempunctata and 5% followed by C. 5,000 beetles/ha (6.68). Thus, entomopathogenic fungi like V. lecanii or NSKE along with release of C. septempunctata can be used as alternative measure to manage mustard aphid instead of solely relying on insecticides.

39 Chapter III MATERIAL AND METHODS The present investigations were conducted during the rabi season and in experimental area of the Department of Entomology, (RVSKVV) College of Agriculture, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. The present chapter deals with a brief description of the methods followed and material used during the period of investigation. Seed rate and sowing The mustard seed was sown manually about 3 cm. deep in 5 kg/ha. Chemical fertilizers were applied below the seed in furrows before sowing. Then seed was covered with soil to level the opened furrows, keeping row to row (30 cm) and plant to plant distance (10 cm). Thinning After germination, thinning was done to maintain desired plant population. Irrigation Mustard crop was sown after palewa. First irrigation was provided in standing crop at 35 days and second irrigation at 75 days after sowing. Application of spray First spray was given at the initiation of aphid infestation and second at 15 days after first spray. spray Harvesting, threshing and winnowing The crop was harvested at maturity stage, when the foliage was shaded off and the pods turned yellowish brown to brown colour. First of all one border row from both sides and 30 cm from either ends of each plot were harvested in order to eliminate the border effect. The ten randomly selected plants were harvested separately from the net experimental plots recording post harvesting observation. There after, the experimental

40 plot was harvested by hand sickles and the harvested material of each plot was tied in bundles. Threshing of each plot was done by manual labour separately with wooden sticks, followed by winnowing with the help of indigenous winnower supa (Local name). After clearing the seed, yield per plot was recorded. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS OF CROP STUDY: Experiment No. 1: Screening of mustard genotypes/varieties against mustard aphid The present investigations were conducted during the rabi season of and with view to study the relative susceptibility of mustard genotypes/varieties against mustard aphid. Experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) as per details given below: 1. No. of Replication : 3 2. Plot size : Two rows of 4 m length (4.0 x 0.8 m) 3. Row to Row Distance : 40 cm. 4. Plant to Plant Distance : 10 cm. 5. Total No. of genotypes : 50 and 6. Date of sowing : (1) 8 th November, 2013, (2) 10 th November, Fertilizer dose : 80N:40P:20K kg/ha Details of genotypes (50) S.No. Genotypes S.No. Genotypes S.No. Genotypes 1 Pusa bold 18 JM-2 35 JMWR Varuna 19 JM-3 36 JMM Rohini 20 JM-4 37 Pusa Jagannath 4 Kranti 21 RVM-1 38 NRCDR-2 5 Maya 22 RVM-2 39 Shraddha

41 6 Vasundhara 23 RMM NRCHB Swarnjyoti 24 RMM JGM RGN RMM Pusa Mahak 9 YRT-3 26 RMM Vardhan 10 JMWR RMM Pusa Jay Kisan 11 L-4 28 RMM JMWR L-6 29 RMM JMWR NC-1 30 RMM Divya SEJ-2 31 RMWR B JTC-1 32 RMWR JD-6 16 GSL-1 33 RMWR JMWR JM-1 34 RMWR-09-7 Observations were recorded on number of aphid on 10 randomly selected 10cm apical twigs/plot at weekly interval starting from aphid infestation. Observation was recorded on number of mummified aphid on 10 randomly selected 10cm apical twigs/plot at weekly interval starting from 94 days after sowing and number of C.septumpunctata on 10 randomly selected plants/plot at weekly interval starting from 87 days after sowing. Experiment No. 2: Effect of plant extract against mustard aphid Details of experiment: Number of treatments : Neem leaves extract (Azadiracta 5% 2. Parthenium leaves extract (Parthenium 5% 3. Calotropis leaves extract (Calotropis gigantea)@ 5% 4. Datura leaves extract (Datura stramonium)@ 5% 5. Garlic leaves extract (Allium sativum)@ 5% 6. Lantana leaves extract (Lantana 5% 7. Bougainvillea leaves extract (Bougainvillea spectabitis)@ 5%

42 8. Castor leaves extract (Ricinus 5% 9. Custard apple leaves extract (Annona 5% 10. Untreated control Preparation of extract Fresh leaves of each plant material was collected and grinded with mixer, 50 gram grinded material of each plant was dissolved in one litre of water and kept for three days to prepare 5% solution of each extract. The extract was used for experiment. (A) Under lab condition Application The fresh leaves of mustard variety Varuna were collected from field and thoroughly washed with tap water. To test the aphid mortality under laboretary condition the leaves was dipped into a desired soluation of each extract and dried under the celling fan. Twenty healthy aphids were released in to each Petri plate containing treated leaves. Each treatment was replicated thrice. The aphid mortality was counted at 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment. (B) Under field condition: Details of experiment: 1. Design : Randomized Block Design (RBD) 2. No. of Replication : 3 3. No. of treatments : Gross plot size : 1.8 m x 4.0 m 5. Crop variety : Rohini 8. Date of sowing : (1) 8 November, 2013, and Application (2) 10 November, 2014 Plant extracts were sprayed at initiation of aphid infestation (72 days after sowing) and application of treatment was repeated 4 times at 15 days interval.

43 Observation recorded: Aphid population and their natural enemies were recorded at pre and post (3, 7 and 14 days) application of treatments. Yield data was also recorded at the time of harvest. Experiment No. 3: Effect of insecticides on aphid and beneficial insects of mustard Details of experiment: 1. Design : Randomized Block Design (RBD) 2. No. of Replication : 3 3. Gross plot size : 4.0 m x 1.8 m 4. Crop variety : Rohini 9. Date of sowing : (1) 8 th November, 2013, and (2) 10 th November, 2014 Treatments: 1. Acephate 75 SP@ 350 g a.i. per ha 2. Dimethoate g a.i. per ha 3. Chilorantraniliprole 18.5% 46 g a.i. per ha 4. Oxydemeton methyl g a.i. per ha 5. Acetamiprid g a.i. per ha 6. Imidacloprid g a.i. per ha 7. Thiamethoxam g a.i. per ha 8. Diafenthiuron gm a.i. per ha

44 9. Neem leaves extract 5% 10. Untreated control Observation recorded: 1. Population of aphid and their natural enemies were recorded at pre and post (3, 7 and 14 days) application of treatment. 2. The observations on honey bee were taken by visual counting on number of bees landing on flowers in one square meter areas in 3 min/plot at 24 hour before and 24, 48 and 72 hours after the first, second and third sprays each spray repeated at 15 days interval. Yield data was also recorded at the time of harvest. Experiment No. 4: To study the effect of exposure period for aphid infestation on aphid population and seed yield of mustard Details of experiment: 1. Design : Randomized Block Design (RBD) 2. No. of Replication : 3 3. Gross plot size : 4.0 m x 1.8 m 4. Crop variety : Rohini 10. Date of sowing : (1) 8 th November, 2013, and Treatments: (2) 10 th November, Protection with insecticide from initiation of aphid infestation 2. Protection with insecticide after one week of aphid initiation 3. Protection with insecticide after two week of aphid initiation 4. Protection with insecticide after three week of aphid initiation 5. Protection with insecticide after four week of aphid initiation 6. Protection with insecticide after five week of aphid initiation

45 7. Protection with insecticide after six week of aphid initiation 8. Protection with neem leaves extract from initiation of aphid infestation 9. Protection with water spray from initiation of aphid infestation 10. Untreated control Note: Application of imidcloprid g a.i. per ha was given for protection. Application of each treatment was repeated at 15 days interval Observation recorded: Observation was recorded on number of aphids per 10 randomly selected 10cm apical twig/plot at pre and post (3, 7 and 14 days) application of treatments. Yield data was also recorded at the time of harvest. Statistical analysis The data obtained from a set of observations for each character were tabulated and analysed by the method of Analysis of variance as suggested by Fisher and Yates (1938). Table 3.1: Skeleton of ANOVA table Sources of variance Degree of freedom Sum of square (S.S.) Mean sum of square (M.S.S.) Calculated F value Tabulated value at 5% F cal. value at 1% Replications (r-1) SSR MSR MSR/MSE Treatments (t-1) SSTr MSTr MSTr/MSE Error (r-1)(t-1) SSE MSE Total (rt-1) The significant differences between different treatments were judged by using critical differences (C.D.) which was calculated as follows:

46 SEm( d) 2MSE r C.D. (at 5%) = SEm(d) x t means SEm(d) MSE = Standard error of differences between two treatments = Error mean sum of squares r = Number of replication 5% level of significance t = Tabulated value of t for error degree of freedom at C.D. = Critical difference

47 Chapter IV RESULTS The present experiment entitled Management of mustard aphid [Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.)] by different eco-friendly tactices was conducted during Rabi season of and at the College of Agriculture, Gwalior (M.P.). 4.1 SCREENING OF MUSTARD GENOTYPES AGAINST APHID AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES The present investigations were conducted during the rabi season of and with view to study the relative susceptibility of mustard genotypes/varieties against mustard aphid. Observations were recorded on number of aphid and their natural enemies (Mummified aphid by D.rapae and C. septempunctata L.,) on 10 randomly selected apical twigs/plot. The results so obtained are presented herewith Aphid population 4.1.1a Experiment conducted during Aphid population on different genotypes was observed at weekly interval starting from and obtained data are presented in Table 4.1. At 73 days after sowing Observations recorded at 73 days after sowing showed significant difference among different genotypes with regards to aphid population. Minimum aphid population (0.7 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotype YRT-3, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except NC-1, GSL-1, RMM-09-12, Varuna, Pusa bold, JTC-1, and Divya-33. On the other hand maximum aphid population (50.7 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotype JGM-901, which was found significantly higher then rest of the genotypes except RMWR-09-7, NRCDR-2, JMWR-13-1, RVM-2, L-6, RMWR-09-5.

48 Table 4.1: Population of aphid on different genotypes/varieties of mustard during S. No. Genotypes/ Varieties Number of aphids/10 cm apical twigs/plant 73DAS 1 80 DAS 87 DAS 94 DAS 101 DAS 108 DAS 115 DAS 122 DAS 129 DAS 1 Pusa bold 13.3 (0.85) 23.3 (1.03) 60.7 (1.66)*** 80.7 (1.86)*** 97.3 (1.96)** (2.01)** 57.3 (1.64)*** 20.3 (1.26)*** 3.3 (1.79)* 2 Varuna 11.0 (0.75) 19.3 (0.94) 62.0 (1.75) 82.0 (1.89) 98.7 (1.98) (2.03) 58.7 (1.73) 5.0 (0.78) 0.3 (0.88) 3 Rohini 32.3 (1.34) 50.7 (1.61) (1.99) (2.07) (2.14) (2.17) (1.99) 18.0 (1.24) 0.7 (1.00) 4 Kranti 25.0 (1.37) 40.0 (1.60) 90.0 (1.96) (2.04) (2.11) (2.15) 90.0 (1.96) 6.0 (0.81) 0.7 (1.00) 5 Maya 24.3 (1.29) 42.7 (1.56) 92.7 (1.95) (2.04) (2.11) (2.15) 92.7 (1.96) 1.3 (0.32) 0.3 (0.88) 6 Vasundhara 27.7 (1.42) 52.0 (1.69) (2.01) (2.09) (2.15) (2.18) (2.01) 4.0 (0.68) 0.3 (0.88) 7 Swarnjyoti 30.7 (1.48) 72.0 (1.83) (2.08) (2.15) (2.20) (2.23) (2.08) 4.7 (0.72) 1.0 (1.17) 8 RGN (1.56) 75.3 (1.81) (2.07) (2.14) (2.20) (2.23) (2.07) 5.0 (0.71) 1.7 (1.35) 9 YRT (0.16) 4.7 (0.53) 48.7 (1.68) 68.7 (1.83) 88.7 (1.94) (2.09) 82.0 (1.83) 16.7 (0.94) 2.3 (1.54) 10 JMWR (0.99) 41.3 (1.15) 88.0 (1.89) (2.00) (2.08) (2.12) 88.0 (1.89) 29.7 (1.48) 5.7 (2.23) 11 L (1.26) 33.3 (1.51) 83.3 (1.92) (2.02) (2.09) (2.12) 83.3 (1.92) 4.0 (0.68) 2.7 (1.72) 12 L (1.65) 80.7 (1.88) (2.11) (2.17) (2.23) (2.26) 98.7 (1.99) 5.0 (0.61) 1.0 (1.17) 13 NC (0.52) 16.7 (0.57) 42.0 (1.15) 55.3 (1.25) 72.0 (1.66) 82.0 (1.79) 42.0 (1.14) 12.0 (0.78) 2.0 (1.43) 14 SEJ (1.06) 46.7 (1.39) 96.7 (1.96) (2.05) (2.12) (2.15) 96.7 (1.96) 5.0 (0.78) 0.3 (0.88) 15 JTC (0.97) 36.7 (1.13) 66.7 (1.32) 82.0 (1.66) (1.89) (1.97) 78.0 (1.84) 23.3 (1.37) 13.3 (3.65) 16 GSL (0.54) 27.3 (0.97) 76.7 (1.86) 96.7 (1.97) (2.05) (2.09) 76.7 (1.86) 12.7 (1.10) 5.0 (2.10) 17 JM (1.02) 40.0 (1.45) 90.0 (1.94) (2.03) (2.10) (2.14) 90.0 (1.94) 10.7 (1.05) 2.7 (1.64) 18 JM (1.64) 73.3 (1.84) (2.09) (2.15) (2.21) (2.24) (2.09) 12.0 (1.07) 2.7 (1.64) 19 JM (1.40) 49.3 (1.69) 99.3 (2.00) (2.08) (2.14) (2.17) 99.3 (2.00) 6.7 (0.87) 3.0 (1.71) 20 JM (1.27) 41.3 (1.55) 91.3 (1.95) (2.04) (2.11) (2.14) 91.3 (1.95) 4.0 (0.62) 1.0 (1.17) 21 RVM (1.21) 48.7 (1.59) 98.7 (1.98) (2.07) (2.13) (2.17) 98.7 (1.98) 5.0 (0.61) 0.7 (1.00) 22 RVM (1.66) 75.3 (1.88) (2.10) (2.16) (2.22) (2.24) (2.10) 6.0 (0.83) 1.0 (1.17) 23 RMM (1.52) 62.3 (1.76) (2.04) (2.12) (2.18) (2.20) (2.07) 3.0 (0.56) 0.3 (0.88) 24 RMM (1.54) 60.0 (1.77) (2.04) (2.11) (2.16) (2.20) (2.03) 2.3 (0.49) 1.0 (1.17) 25 RMM (1.57) 62.7 (1.78) (2.05) (2.12) (2.17) (2.20) (2.03) 2.3 (0.49) 0.7 (1.00)

49 Table 4.1: Continue.. S. No. Genotypes/ Varieties Number of aphids/10 cm apical twigs/ plant 73DAS 1 80 DAS 87 DAS 94 DAS 101 DAS 108 DAS 115 DAS 122 DAS 129 DAS 26 RMM (1.28) 41.3 (1.58) 91.3 (1.96) (2.05) (2.11) (2.15) 91.3 (1.96) 3.0 (0.54) 0.3 (0.88) 27 RMM (1.31) 50.0 (1.66) (1.99) (2.07) (2.13) (2.16) 96.7 (1.98) 2.0 (0.46) 0.0 (0.71) 28 RMM (1.42) 68.7 (1.72) (2.05) (2.12) (2.19) (2.21) (2.05) 5.3 (0.78) 0.3 (0.88) 29 RMM (0.56) 28.0 (0.95) 66.7 (1.70) 86.7 (1.88) (1.99) (2.13) (1.84) 2.3 (0.42) 0.3 (0.88) 30 RMM (1.58) 76.7 (1.86) (2.10) (2.16) (2.22) (2.24) (2.09) 2.0 (0.39) 0.0 (0.71) 31 RMWR (1.60) 64.0 (1.81) (2.07) (2.14) (2.20) (2.22) (2.07) 1.0 (0.26) 0.0 (0.71) 32 RMWR (1.65) 79.3 (1.88) (2.11) (2.17) (2.22) (2.25) (2.11) 6.0 (0.81) 1.0 (1.17) 33 RMWR (1.27) 45.3 (1.57) 95.3 (1.96) (2.05) (2.12) (2.15) 95.3 (1.96) 1.7 (0.26) 0.0 (0.71) 34 RMWR (1.71) 89.3 (1.95) (2.14) (2.20) (2.25) (2.28) (2.14) 4.0 (0.56) 0.7 (1.00) 35 JMWR (1.48) 80.7 (1.80) (2.09) (2.16) (2.21) (2.24) (2.09) 8.3 (0.75) 2.3 (1.54) 36 JMM (1.58) 66.7 (1.80) (2.06) (2.13) (2.18) (2.21) (2.04) 10.7 (0.95) 3.0 (1.68) 37 Pusa Jagannath 43.7 (1.62) 94.7 (1.93) (2.15) (2.21) (2.25) (2.28) (2.15) 15.7 (1.21) 3.3 (1.93) 38 NRCDR (1.70) 96.7 (1.98) (2.17) (2.22) (2.27) (2.29) (2.17) 16.7 (0.94) 5.0 (2.10) 39 SHRADDHA 45.3 (1.64) 82.0 (1.91) (2.12) (2.18) (2.23) (2.26) (2.12) 5.0 (0.71) 0.7 (1.00) 40 NRCHB (1.53) 60.7 (1.76) (2.04) (2.11) (2.17) (2.20) (2.04) 10.7 (1.05) 2.3 (1.54) 41 JGM (1.71) 90.7 (1.95) (2.15) (2.21) (2.25) (2.28) (2.15) 7.3 (0.72) 1.7 (1.39) 42 Pusa Mahak 31.7 (1.11) 63.3 (1.62) (2.01) (2.10) (2.16) (2.19) (2.02) 5.3 (0.74) 0.7 (1.00) 43 Vardhan 35.3 (1.56) 50.7 (1.71) (2.01) (2.09) (2.15) (2.18) (2.01) 1.7 (0.36) 0.0 (0.71) 44 Pusa Jaikisan 34.0 (1.46) 58.7 (1.72) (2.03) (2.10) (2.17) (2.19) (2.03) 4.0 (0.55) 0.3 (0.88) 45 JMWR (1.46) 74.0 (1.73) (2.05) (2.13) (2.19) (2.22) (2.05) 11.3 (1.02) 2.3 (1.54) 46 JMWR (1.14) 40.0 (1.53) 90.0 (1.95) (2.04) (2.11) (2.14) 90.0 (1.95) 4.0 (0.68) 0.3 (0.88) 47 Divya (0.97) 31.3 (1.12) 79.3 (1.88) 99.3 (1.99) (2.06) (2.10) 79.3 (1.88) 28.7 (1.47) 8.0 (2.87) 48 B (1.10) 64.0 (1.30) (1.75) (1.96) (2.07) (2.11) (1.75) 10.3 (0.89) 3.0 (1.68) 49 JD (1.01) 41.3 (1.20) 78.7 (1.74) 98.7 (1.92) (2.03) (2.07) 78.7 (1.74) 17.3 (1.10) 5.0 (2.10) 50 JMWR (1.66) 77.3 (1.89) (2.11) (2.17) (2.22) (2.25) (2.11) 18.7 (0.97) 6.0 (2.29) SE(m)± (0.29) (0.29) (0.17) (0.13) (0.09) (0.08) (0.15) (0.17) (0.31) CD at 5% (0.82) (0.81) (NS) (NS) (0.25) (NS) (NS) (0.48) (0.86) * DAS 1 Days after sowing and Figures in parenthesis are * n 0. 5, ** log (x), *** log (x + 1) transformed values, respectively.

50 At 80 days after sowing Observations recorded at 80 days after sowing showed significant difference among different genotypes with regards to aphid population. Minimum aphid population (4.7 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotype YRT-3, which was significantly less than rest of the genotypes except NC-1, Varuna, RMM-09-12, GSL-1, Pusa bold, Divya-33, JTC-1, JMWR and JD-6. On the other hand maximum aphid population (96.7 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotype NRCDR-2, which was significantly higher then rest of the genotypes except JGM-901, RMWR-09-7, Pusa Jagannath, SHRADDHA, JMWR-13-1, RMWR-09-5, L-6, RVM-2, RMM-07-1, JM-2, Swarnjyoti, RGN-73, RMM- 09-4, JMWR , JMM-927, RMM-09-3, RMM-09-2, RMM-09-1, NRCHB-506, JMWR-08-1, Pusa Jaikisan, RMM-09-11, Vardhan, JM-3, Vasundhara, RMM-09-10, Pusa Mahak, Rohini, Kranti, RVM-1, RMWR-09-4, RMWR-09-6, Maya, JM-4, JMWR- 08-2, L-4, JM-1, SEJ-2, B-85 and JD-6. At 87 days after sowing Observation recorded at 87 days after sowing, indicated no significant differences among different genotypes with regards to aphid population. However, the population of aphid ranged from 42.0 to aphids/twig. At 94 days after sowing Observations recorded at 94 days after sowing, indicated no significant differences among different genotypes with regards to aphid population. However, the population of aphid ranged from 55.3 to aphids/twig. At 101 days after sowing Observations recorded at 101 days after sowing showed significant difference among different genotypes with regards to aphid population. Minimum aphid population (72.0 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotype NC-1, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except JTC-1. On the other hand maximum aphid population (186.7 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotype NRCDR-2, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except RMM-09-12, Pusa bold, Varuna, YRT-3, NC-1 and JTC-1.

51 At 108 days after sowing Observations recorded at 108 days after sowing, indicated no significant differences among different genotypes with regards to aphid population. However, the population of aphid ranged from 82.0 to aphids/twig. At 115 days after sowing Observations recorded at 115 days after sowing, indicated no significant differences among different genotypes with regards to aphid population. However, the population of aphid ranged from 42.0 to aphids/twig. At 122 days after sowing Observations recorded at 122 days after sowing showed significant differences among different genotype. Minimum aphid population (1.0 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotype RMWR-09-4, which was significantly less than rest of the genotypes except RMWR-09-6, Maya, Vardhan, RMM-07-1, RMM-09-12, RMM-09-10, RMM-09-2, RMM- 09-3, RMM-09-4, Pusa Jaikisan, RMM-09-1, RMWR-09-7, RVM-1, L-6, JM-4, L-4, Vasundhara, JMWR-08-2, SHRADDHA, RGN-73, Swarnjyoti, JGM-901 and Pusa Mahak,. On the other hand maximum aphid population (29.7 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotype JMWR-908-1, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except Divya-33, JTC-1, Pusa bold, Rohini, Pusa Jagannath, JD-6, GSL-1, JM-2, JM-1, NRCHB-506 and JMWR At 129 days after sowing Data recorded at 129 days after sowing showed significant difference among different genotype with regards to aphid population. Five varieties/genotypes of mustard, RMM-09-10, RMM-07-1, RMWR-09-4, RMWR-09-6 and Vardhan were free from the aphid attack. Minimum aphid populations (0.3 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotypes Varuna, Maya, Vasundhara, SEJ-2, RMM-09-1, RMM-09-4, RMM-09-11, RMM-09-12, Pusa Jaikisan and JMWR-08-2 which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except Rohini, Kranti, RVM-1, RMM-09-3, RMWR-09-7, SHRADDHA, Pusa Mahak, Swarnjyoti, L-6, JM-4, RVM-2, RMM-09-2, RMWR-09-5, RGN-73, JGM- 901, NC-1, YRT-3, JMWR , NRCHB-506, JMWR-08-1, JM-1, JM-2, JMM-927,

52 B-85, JM-3 and L-4. Whereas, maximum aphid population (13.3 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotype JTC-1, which was significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except Divya b Experiment conducted during Aphid population on different genotypes was observed at weekly interval starting from and obtained data are presented in Table 4.2. At 70 days after sowing Observations recorded at 70 days after sowing showed significant difference among different genotypes with regards to aphid population. Minimum aphid population (0.3 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotype YRT-3, which was significantly less than rest of the genotypes except NC-1, GSL-1, RMM-09-12, Varuna and Pusa bold. On the other hand maximum aphid population (52.7 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotype NRCDR -2, which was significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except YRT-3, NC-1, GSL-1, RMM-09-12, Varuna and Pusa bold. At 77 days after sowing Observation recorded at 77 days after sowing showed significant difference among different genotypes with regards to aphid population. Minimum aphid population (4.0 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotype YRT-3, which was significantly less than rest of the genotypes except NC-1, Varuna, RMM-09-12, GSL-1, Pusa bold, JTC-1, Divya-33, JMWR and JD-6. On the other hand maximum aphid population (95.7 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotype NRCDR-2, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except JGM-901, RMWR-09-7, Pusa Jagannath, SHRADDHA, RMWR-09-5, L-6, RVM-2, RMM-07-1, JMWR-13-1, JM-2, Swarnjyoti, RMM At 84 days after sowing Observations recorded at 84 day after sowing, indicated no significant differences among different genotypes with regards to aphid population. However, the population of aphids/twig ranged from 41.3 to

53 Table 4.2: Population of aphid on different genotypes/varieties of mustard during S. No. Genotypes/ Varieties Number of aphids/10 cm apical twigs/ plant 70 DAS 1 77 DAS 84 DAS 91 DAS 98 DAS 105 DAS 112 DAS 119 DAS 126 DAS 1 Pusa bold 12.7 (0.83) 22.7 (1.02) 59.7 (1.64)*** 79.7 (1.85)*** 96.3 (1.95)** (2.00)** 56.3 (1.63)*** 19.3 (1.24)*** 2.7 (1.64)* 2 Varuna 10.3 (0.69) 18.7 (0.93) 61.0 (1.74) 81.0 (1.89) 97.7 (1.98) (2.02) 57.7 (1.73) 4.0 (0.69) 0.0 (0.71) 3 Rohini 31.3 (1.30) 49.7 (1.59) 99.7 (1.98) (2.06) (2.13) (2.17) 99.7 (1.98) 17.0 (1.21) 0.3 (0.88) 4 Kranti 24.0 (1.35) 39.0 (1.58) 89.0 (1.95) (2.04) (2.11) (2.14) 89.0 (1.95) 5.0 (0.73) 0.3 (0.88) 5 Maya 23.3 (1.26) 41.7 (1.55) 91.7 (1.95) (2.04) (2.11) (2.14) 91.7 (1.95) 0.7 (0.20) 0.0 (0.71) 6 Vasundhara 26.0 (1.39) 51.0 (1.69) (2.00) (2.08) (2.15) (2.18) (2.00) 3.0 (0.56) 0.0 (0.71) 7 Swarnjyoti 27.3 (1.43) 71.0 (1.83) (2.08) (2.15) (2.19) (2.23) (2.08) 3.7 (0.62) 0.3 (0.88) 8 RGN (1.57) 74.3 (1.80) (2.07) (2.14) (2.20) (2.23) (2.07) 4.0 (0.59) 1.0 (1.10) 9 YRT (0.10) 4.0 (0.46) 47.7 (1.67) 67.7 (1.83) 87.7 (1.94) (2.09) 81.0 (1.83) 16.0 (0.93) 1.7 (1.35) 10 JMWR (0.98) 40.7 (1.14) 87.0 (1.88) (2.00) (2.08) (2.11) 87.0 (1.88) 28.7 (1.47) 5.0 (2.11) 11 L (1.24) 32.3 (1.49) 82.3 (1.91) (2.01) (2.08) (2.12) 82.3 (1.91) 3.0 (0.56) 1.7 (1.35) 12 L (1.64) 79.7 (1.87) (2.10) (2.17) (2.22) (2.25) 97.7 (1.98) 4.3 (0.57) 0.3 (0.88) 13 NC (0.51) 16.3 (0.57) 41.3 (1.14) 54.7 (1.25) 71.0 (1.63) 81.0 (1.78) 41.3 (1.14) 11.3 (0.75) 1.3 (1.18) 14 SEJ (1.06) 45.7 (1.33) 95.7 (1.96) (2.05) (2.12) (2.15) 95.7 (1.96) 4.0 (0.69) 0.0 (0.71) 15 JTC (0.97) 32.7 (1.07) 66.0 (1.32) 81.0 (1.64) (1.89) (1.96) 77.0 (1.83) 19.0 (1.30) 9.3 (2.72) 16 GSL (0.54) 26.7 (0.95) 75.7 (1.85) 95.7 (1.96) (2.05) (2.09) 75.7 (1.85) 11.7 (1.07) 7.3 (2.76) 17 JM (1.02) 39.0 (1.42) 89.0 (1.93) (2.03) (2.10) (2.14) 89.0 (1.93) 9.7 (1.01) 2.0 (1.47) 18 JM (1.65) 72.3 (1.83) (2.08) (2.15) (2.21) (2.23) (2.08) 11.0 (1.03) 2.0 (1.47) 19 JM (1.36) 48.3 (1.68) 98.3 (1.99) (2.08) (2.14) (2.17) 98.3 (1.99) 5.7 (0.80) 2.3 (1.54) 20 JM (1.23) 40.3 (1.53) 90.3 (1.94) (2.04) (2.11) (2.14) 90.3 (1.94) 3.0 (0.46) 0.3 (0.88) 21 RVM (1.15) 47.7 (1.58) 97.7 (1.97) (2.06) (2.13) (2.16) 97.7 (1.97) 4.3 (0.57) 0.3 (0.88) 22 RVM (1.65) 74.3 (1.87) (2.10) (2.16) (2.22) (2.24) (2.10) 5.0 (0.76) 0.3 (0.88) 23 RMM (1.50) 61.3 (1.75) (2.04) (2.11) (2.17) (2.20) (2.07) 2.0 (0.39) 0.0 (0.71) 24 RMM (1.53) 59.0 (1.76) (2.04) (2.10) (2.16) (2.19) (2.02) 1.3 (0.30) 0.3 (0.88) 25 RMM (1.54) 61.7 (1.77) (2.05) (2.12) (2.17) (2.19) (2.03) 1.3 (0.30) 0.3 (0.88)

54 Table 4.2: Continue.. S. No. Genotypes/ Varieties Number of aphids/10 cm apical twigs/ plant 70 DAS 1 77 DAS 84 DAS 91 DAS 98 DAS 105 DAS 112 DAS 119 DAS 126 DAS 26 RMM (1.25) 40.3 (1.57) 90.3 (1.95) (2.04) (2.11) (2.14) 90.3 (1.95) 2.0 (0.36) 0.0 (0.71) 27 RMM (1.39) 49.0 (1.65) 99.0 (1.99) (2.06) (2.13) (2.15) 95.7 (1.98) 1.0 (0.26) 0.0 (0.71) 28 RMM (1.41) 67.7 (1.70) (2.05) (2.12) (2.18) (2.21) (2.05) 4.3 (0.69) 0.0 (0.71) 29 RMM (0.55) 27.3 (0.93) 65.7 (1.69) 85.7 (1.87) (1.98) (2.12) 99.0 (1.83) 1.7 (0.33) 0.0 (0.71) 30 RMM (1.58) 75.7 (1.86) (2.09) (2.16) (2.21) (2.24) (2.09) 1.3 (0.30) 0.0 (0.71) 31 RMWR (1.64) 66.3 (1.82) (2.07) (2.13) (2.19) (2.22) (2.07) 0.3 (0.10) 0.0 (0.71) 32 RMWR (1.68) 78.3 (1.87) (2.10) (2.17) (2.22) (2.25) (2.10) 5.0 (0.73) 0.3 (0.88) 33 RMWR (1.23) 44.3 (1.55) 94.3 (1.96) (2.05) (2.12) (2.15) 94.3 (1.96) 1.3 (0.23) 0.0 (0.71) 34 RMWR (1.69) 88.3 (1.94) (2.14) (2.20) (2.25) (2.27) (2.11) 3.3 (0.52) 0.3 (0.88) 35 JMWR (1.38) 79.7 (1.79) (2.08) (2.15) (2.21) (2.24) (2.08) 7.7 (0.73) 1.7 (1.35) 36 JMM (1.44) 65.7 (1.79) (2.06) (2.13) (2.18) (2.20) (2.04) 9.7 (0.87) 2.3 (1.49) 37 Pusa Jagannath 42.0 (1.61) 93.7 (1.92) (2.14) (2.20) (1.63) (2.28) (2.15) 14.7 (1.19) 2.3 (1.64) 38 NRCDR (1.72) 95.7 (1.98) (2.17) (2.22) (2.27) (2.29) (2.17) 16.0 (0.93) 4.3 (1.97) 39 SHRADDHA 47.7 (1.65) 81.0 (1.90) (2.12) (2.18) (2.23) (2.26) (2.12) 4.0 (0.59) 0.3 (0.88) 40 NRCHB (1.51) 59.7 (1.75) (2.02) (2.11) (2.17) (2.20) (2.03) 9.7 (1.01) 1.7 (1.35) 41 JGM (1.67) 89.7 (1.94) (2.14) (2.20) (2.25) (2.28) (2.14) 6.7 (0.69) 1.0 (1.17) 42 Pusa Mahak 31.0 (1.10) 62.3 (1.60) (2.01) (2.09) (2.16) (2.19) (2.01) 4.3 (0.63) 0.3 (0.88) 43 Vardhan 31.7 (1.51) 49.7 (1.70) 99.7 (2.00) (2.08) (2.15) (2.17) 99.7 (2.00) 1.0 (0.26) 0.0 (0.71) 44 Pusa Jaikisan 33.3 (1.45) 58.0 (1.72) (2.03) (2.10) (2.16) (2.19) (2.02) 3.3 (0.50) 0.0 (0.71) 45 JMWR (1.46) 73.0 (1.72) (2.05) (2.12) (2.19) (2.22) (2.05) 10.3 (0.97) 1.7 (1.35) 46 JMWR (1.10) 39.0 (1.72) 89.0 (1.94) (2.03) (2.10) (2.14) 89.0 (1.94) 3.0 (0.56) 0.0 (0.71) 47 Divya (0.98) 30.7 (1.11) 78.3 (1.87) 98.3 (1.98) (2.06) (2.10) 78.3 (1.87) 27.7 (1.46) 7.0 (2.68) 48 B (1.09) 63.3 (1.30) 99.0 (1.73) (1.96) (2.06) (2.11) 99.0 (1.73) 9.3 (0.77) 2.3 (1.49) 49 JD (1.00) 40.7 (1.19) 77.7 (1.73) 97.7 (1.92) (2.02) (2.07) 77.7 (1.73) 16.3 (1.03) 4.3 (1.97) 50 JMWR (1.65) 73.0 (1.85) (2.10) (2.16) (2.22) (2.24) (2.10) 18.0 (0.96) 5.3 (2.18) SE(m)± (0.30) (0.29) (0.17) (0.13) (0.12) (0.08) (0.15) (0.18) (0.31) CD at 5% (0.83) (0.81) (NS) (NS) (NS) (NS) (NS) (0.50) (0.88) * DAS 1 Days after sowing and Figures in parenthesis are * n 0. 5, ** log (x), *** log (x + 1) transformed values, respe

55 At 91 days after sowing Observations recorded at 91 day after sowing, indicated no significant differences among different genotypes with regards to aphid population. However, the population of aphids/twig ranged from 54.7 to At 98 days after sowing Observations recorded at 98 days after sowing, indicated no significant differences among different genotypes with regards to aphid population. However, the population of aphids/twig ranged from 71.0 to At 105 days after sowing Observations recorded at 105 days after sowing, indicated no significant differences among different genotypes with regards to aphid population. However, the population of aphids/twig ranged from 81.0 to At 112 days after sowing Observations recorded at 112 days after sowing, indicated no significant differences among different genotypes with regards to aphid population. However, the population of aphids/twig ranged from 41.3 to At 119 days after sowing Observations recorded at 119 days after sowing showed significant differences among different genotype. Minimum aphid population (0.3 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotype RMWR-09-4, which was significantly less than rest of the genotypes except Maya, RMWR-09-6, RMM-09-10, Vardhan, RMM-09-2, RMM-09-3, RMM-07-1, RMM , RMM-09-4, RMM-09-1, Pusa Jaikisan, RMWR-09-7, JM-4, L-4, Vasundhara, JMWR-08-2, RVM-1, L-6, SHRADDHA and RGN-73. On the other hand maximum aphid population (28.7 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotype JMWR-908-1, which was significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except Divya-33, JTC-1, Pusa bold, Rohini, Pusa Jagannath, GSL-1, JM-2, JD-6, NRCHB-506, JM-1 and JMWR-08-1.

56 At 126 days after sowing Data recorded at 126 days after sowing showed significant difference among different genotype with regards to aphid population. None of the varieties/genotypes of mustard Varuna, Maya, Vasundhara, RMM-09-1, RMM-09-4, RMM-09-10, RMM-09-11, RMM-09-12, RMM-07-1, RMWR-09-4, RMWR-09-6, Vardhan, Pusa Jajkisan and JMWR-08-2 found free from the aphid attack. Minimum aphid populations (0.3 aphids/twig) were recorded on genotypes Rohini, Kranti, Swarnjyoti, L-6, JM-4, RVM-1, RVM-2, RMM-09-2, RMM-09-3, RMWR-09-5, RMWR-09-7, SHRADDHA and Pusa Mahak, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except RGN-73, NC-1, JGM-901, NRCHB-506, JMWR , YRT-3, L-4, JMWR-08-1, JM-1, JM-2, JMM- 927, B-85, JM-3, Pusa Jagannat.+.36h and Pusa bold. Whereas, maximum aphid population (9.3 aphids/twig) was recorded on variety JTC-1 but intermediate gentotype to GSL-1 was highest than JTC-1, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except Divya-33, JMWR-908-1, JMWR-13-1, JD-6 and NRCDR c APHID POPULATION ON DIFFERENT MUSTARD GENOTYPES DURING BOTH THE YEAR AND The susceptibility of different varieties/genotypes of mustard has been adjudged based on pooled data during both the year and Overall mean of the data indicated a significant difference among the different mustard genotypes. Data are presented in Table 4.3. Mean aphid population of On the basis of average data of 9 obsevations showed significant differences among different genotypes with regards to aphid population. Minimum aphid population (37.3 aphids/twig) was recorded on gentype NC-1, which was significantly less than rest of the genotypes. Maximum aphid population (112.8 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotype NRCDR-2, which was significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except Pusa Jagannath, RMWR-09-7, JGM-901, SHRADDHA, JMWR-13-1, JMWR , RMWR-09-5, L-6, RVM-2, RMM-07-1, JM-2, RGN-73, JMWR-08-1, Swarnjoyti, RMM , JMM-927, RMWR-09-4, RMM-09-1, Pusa Mahak, NRCHB-506, RMM-09-3, Pusa Jaikisan, RMM-09-2, B-85, Rohini, Vasundhara, Vardhan, JM-3.

57 Mean aphid population of On the basis of average data of 9 obsevations showed significant differences among different genotypes with regards to aphid population. Minimum aphid population (36.6 aphids/twig) was recorded on gentype NC-1, which aphid population was significantly less than rest of the all other genotypes. Maximum aphid population (112.3 aphids/twig) was recorded on genotype NRCDR-2, which was significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except RMWR-09-7, JGM-901, SHRADDHA, RMWR-09-5, Pusa Jagannath, JMWR-13-1 and NC-1. Overall mean aphid population On the basis of average data of two year showed significant differences among different genotypes/varieties with regards to aphid population (Fig 1). Minimum aphid population (37.0 aphids/twig) was recorded on geontype NC-1, which was significantly less than rest of the geontypes, followed by JTC-1, Pusa bold, Varuna and YRT-3. Maximum aphid population (112.5 aphids/twig) was recorded on geontype NRCDR-2, which was significantly higher than rest of the all other geontypes followed by RMWR- 09-7, JGM-901, Pusa Jagannath and SHRADDHA.

58 Table 4.3: Pooled mean of population of aphid on different genotypes/varieties of mustard during and S.No. Genotypes/Varieties Number of aphid/10 cm apical twigs/plant Mean 1 Pusa bold 51.5 (1.65) 50.6 (1.67) 51.1 (1.66) 2 Varuna 49.5 (1.67) 48.7 (1.67) 49.1 (1.67) 3 Rohini 79.4 (1.88) 78.5 (1.88) 79.0 (1.88) 4 Kranti 70.2 (1.84) 69.3 (1.84) 69.7 (1.84) 5 Maya 71.3 (1.84) 70.4 (1.83) 70.9 (1.83) 6 Vasundhara 78.2 (1.89) 77.2 (1.88) 77.7 (1.88) 7 Swarnjyoti 92.0 (1.95) 90.5 (1.95) 91.3 (1.95) 8 RGN (1.95) 94.7 (1.96) 95.0 (1.96) 9 YRT (1.67) 48.6 (1.66) 49.0 (1.67) 10 JMWR (1.81) 71.7 (1.81) 72.1 (1.81) 11 L (1.81) 64.2 (1.80) 64.7 (1.81) 12 L (1.98) 95.3 (1.98) 95.7 (1.98) 13 NC (1.29) 36.6 (1.30) 37.0 (1.29) 14 SEJ (1.85) 73.7 (1.85) 74.1 (1.85) 15 JTC (1.65) 57.6 (1.63) 58.6 (1.64) 16 GSL (1.76) 60.9 (1.76) 61.1 (1.76) 17 JM (1.83) 69.8 (1.83) 70.2 (1.83) 18 JM (1.97) 94.9 (1.97) 95.2 (1.97) 19 JM (1.88) 75.6 (1.88) 76.2 (1.88) 20 JM (1.84) 69.7 (1.83) 70.2 (1.83) 21 RVM (1.86) 75.1 (1.86) 75.5 (1.86) 22 RVM (1.98) 95.1 (1.98) 95.6 (1.98) 23 RMM (1.93) 86.3 (1.93) 86.7 (1.93) 24 RMM (1.91) 81.8 (1.91) 82.3 (1.91) 25 RMM (1.92) 84.3 (1.92) 84.7 (1.92) 26 RMM (1.84) 69.4 (1.84) 69.8 (1.84) 27 RMM (1.87) 73.9 (1.86) 74.3 (1.86) 28 RMM (1.93) 90.4 (1.94) 90.7 (1.94) 29 RMM (1.71) 61.0 (1.75) 61.4 (1.73) 30 RMM (1.97) 94.7 (1.97) 95.1 (1.97) 31 RMWR (1.95) 89.0 (1.95) 89.0 (1.95) 32 RMWR (1.99) 98.2 (1.99) 98.4 (1.99) 33 RMWR (1.85) 72.6 (1.85) 73.0 (1.85) 34 RMWR (2.02) (2.01) (2.02) 35 JMWR (1.97) 97.4 (1.96) 98.4 (1.96)

59 36 JMM (1.94) 87.0 (1.93) 88.1 (1.94) 37 Pusa Jagannath (2.03) (1.99) (2.01) 38 NRCDR (2.05) (2.05) (2.05) 39 SHRADDHA (2.00) 99.8 (2.00) (2.00) 40 NRCHB (1.93) 84.5 (1.92) 85.2 (1.92) 41 JGM (2.02) (2.02) (2.02) 42 Pusa Mahak 86.4 (1.90) 85.5 (1.90) 86.0 (1.90) 43 Vardhan 77.9 (1.89) 76.7 (1.88) 77.3 (1.89) 44 Pusa Jaikisan 83.4 (1.91) 82.6 (1.90) 83.0 (1.91) 45 JMWR (1.94) 94.1 (1.94) 94.5 (1.94) 46 JMWR (1.83) 68.7 (1.82) 69.0 (1.83) 47 Divya (1.80) 65.1 (1.79) 65.5 (1.79) 48 B (1.76) 78.9 (1.76) 79.3 (1.76) 49 JD (1.72) 64.5 (1.72) 64.9 (1.72) 50 JMWR (1.99) 98.3 (1.99) 98.9 (1.99) SE(m)± (0.11) (0.10) (0.005) CD at 5% (0.32) (0.29) (0.015) * Figures in parenthesis are Log (x) transformed values

60 Pusa bold Varuna Rohini Kranti Maya Vasundhara Swarnjyoti RGN-73 YRT-3 JMWR L-4 L-6 NC-1 SEJ-2 JTC-1 GSL-1 JM-1 JM-2 JM-3 JM-4 RVM-1 RVM-2 RMM-09-1 RMM-09-2 RMM-09-3 RMM-09-4 RMM RMM RMM RMM-07-1 RMWR-09-4 RMWR-09-5 RMWR-09-6 RMWR-09-7 JMWR JMM-927 Pusa Jagannath NRCDR-2 SHRADDHA NRCHB-506 JGM-901 Pusa Mahak Vardhan Pusa Jaikisan JMWR-08-1 JMWR-08-2 Divya-33 B-85 JD-6 JMWR Number of aphid/10 twigs Fig 1: Average aphid population on different genotypes/varieties of mustard Genotypes/Varieties

61 4.1.2 Population of mummified aphid by D.rapae 4.1.2a Experiment conducted during Population of mummified aphid by D.rapae on different genotypes was recorded at weekly interval starting from and obtained data are presented in Table 4.4. At 94 days after sowing Data recorded on Mummified aphid population by D.rapae at 94 days after sowing showed significant differences among different genotypes. No aphid parasitoidtion was recorded in most of the genotypes/varieties except Maya,Vasundhara,RGN-73 and YRT-3. Minimum Mummified aphid population (0.3 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotype Pusa bold which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes, except Rohini, Kranti, JM-1, RMM-09-3, Pusa jajannath, JMWR-08-1, Divya-33 and JD-6. Whereas, maximum Mummified aphid population (0.7 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotype Varuna, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except Swarnjyoti, JMWR-908-1, JTC-1, RMM-07-1, NRCHB-506. At 101 days after sowing Data recorded on Mummified aphid population at 101 days after sowing showed significant differences among different genotypes with regards to Mummified aphidpopulation. Minimum Mummified aphid population (0.3 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes RGN-73, L-6 and SEJ-2, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except Pusa bold, Kranti, JMWR-08-1 and JD-6. On the other hand maximum Mummified aphid population (1.7 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes Varuna and JTC-1, which was significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except Rohini, Swarnjyoti, JMWR and RMM-07-1.

62 Table 4.4: Number of mummified aphid by Diaeretiella rapae on different genotypes/varieties of mustard during S.No. Genotypes/ Varieties Number of mummified aphid by D. rapae/10 cm apical twigs/plot plant 94 DAS* 101 DAS 108 DAS 115 DAS 122 DAS 129 DAS 1 Pusa bold 0.3 (0.88)*** 0.7 (1.05)*** 1.3 (1.34)*** 1.3 (1.34)*** 2.7 (1.77)*** 4.3 (2.06)** 2 Varuna 0.7 (1.05) 1.7 (1.46) 2.7 (1.77) 3.7 (2.04) 4.7 (2.27) 6.7 (2.56) 3 Rohini 0.3 (0.88) 1.3 (1.34) 2.3 (1.68) 2.7 (1.77) 3.7 (2.04) 5.3 (2.29) 4 Kranti 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 1.0 (1.22) 1.0 (1.22) 2.3 (1.68) 5.7 (2.26) 5 Maya 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 1.7 (1.46) 3.7 (1.87) 6 Vasundhara 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 4.7 (2.07) 5.7 (2.20) 7 Swarnjyoti 0.7 (1.05) 1.0 (1.22) 1.3 (1.34) 1.3 (1.34) 2.3 (1.68) 5.0 (2.15) 8 RGN (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 1.3 (1.27) 2.3 (1.47) 9 YRT (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 4.7 (2.13) 5.7 (2.26) 10 JMWR (1.05) 1.0 (1.22) 1.3 (1.34) 1.7 (1.46) 5.0 (2.11) 6.7 (2.45) 11 L (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 4.3 (2.06) 4.7 (2.00) 12 L (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 5.7 (2.20) 7.0 (2.45) 13 NC (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.7 (1.05) 1.7 (1.46) 2.3 (1.52) 14 SEJ (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 2.0 (1.56) 4.7 (2.18) 6.3 (2.40) 15 JTC (1.05) 1.7 (1.46) 2.0 (1.56) 2.0 (1.56) 3.7 (2.04) 4.3 (2.08) 16 GSL (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 1.3 (1.34) 4.0 (2.06) 5.0 (2.19) 17 JM (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 2.3 (1.64) 3.7 (1.87) 18 JM (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 1.0 (1.22) 2.0 (1.56) 4.0 (1.93) 19 JM (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 1.0 (1.17) 3.0 (1.81) 4.3 (2.02) 20 JM (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 1.7 (1.46) 4.7 (2.05) 21 RVM (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 2.3 (1.64) 3.3 (1.79) 22 RVM (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 1.0 (1.17) 3.3 (1.93) 4.3 (2.06) 23 RMM (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 3.0 (1.79) 4.7 (2.05) 24 RMM (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 4.7 (2.00) 5.7 (2.14) 25 RMM (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 1.0 (1.22) 6.0 (2.32) 7.0 (2.45)

63 Table 4.4: Continue.. S.No. Genotypes/ Varieties Number of mummified aphid by D. rapae/10 cm apical twigs/ plant 94 DAS* 101 DAS 108 DAS 115 DAS 122 DAS 129 DAS 26 RMM (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 3.0 (1.73) 4.3 (1.94) 27 RMM (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 3.0 (1.79) 4.0 (1.93) 28 RMM (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 4.0 (1.77) 5.0 (1.96) 29 RMM (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 1.0 (1.22) 3.3 (1.90) 4.3 (2.04) 30 RMM (1.05) 1.0 (1.22) 1.3 (1.34) 1.7 (1.46) 3.7 (2.00) 5.7 (2.30) 31 RMWR (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 2.7 (1.72) 5.0 (2.23) 32 RMWR (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 2.7 (1.72) 6.0 (2.44) 33 RMWR (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 4.3 (2.02) 13.7 (3.70) 34 RMWR (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 3.0 (1.79) 11.0 (3.31) 35 JMWR (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 4.0 (1.96) 11.0 (3.31) 36 JMM (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 4.0 (1.90) 9.7 (3.10) 37 Pusa Jagannath 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 3.3 (1.85) 7.3 (2.70) 38 NRCDR (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 1.0 (1.22) 4.0 (2.03) 5.7 (2.33) 39 SHRADDHA 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 3.0 (1.73) 7.3 (2.70) 40 NRCHB (1.05) 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 3.0 (1.79) 6.0 (2.44) 41 JGM (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 1.0 (1.22) 3.0 (1.84) 5.0 (2.23) 42 Pusa Mahak 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 3.3 (1.85) 7.0 (2.64) 43 Vardhan 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 1.0 (1.22) 2.7 (1.72) 5.0 (2.23) 44 Pusa Jaikisan 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 4.0 (1.77) 11.3 (3.36) 45 JMWR (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 1.3 (1.34) 1.7 (1.46) 5.3 (2.28) 10.0 (3.16) 46 JMWR (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 1.0 (1.22) 3.7 (1.97) 8.7 (2.94) 47 Divya (0.88) 0.3 (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 1.0 (1.22) 3.7 (1.91) 8.0 (2.82) 48 B (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 3.0 (1.73) 6.7 (2.58) 49 JD (0.88) 0.7 (1.05) 1.3 (1.34) 1.7 (1.46) 4.3 (2.12) 9.0 (3.00) 50 JMWR (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 4.0 (1.96) 9.0 (3.00) SE(m)± (0.09) (0.12) (0.13) (0.15) (0.25) (0.24) CD at 5% (0.26) (0.33) (0.36) (0.41) (NS) (0.68) * DAS Days after sowing and ** Figures in parenthesis are n transformed values, *** Figures in parenthesis are n 0. 5 transformed values

64 At 108 days after sowing Data recorded on Mummified aphid population at 108 days after sowing showed significant differences among different genotypes. Maximum population (0.3 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes RGN-73, YRT-3 and L-4, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except SEJ-2, GSL-1, JM-2, JM-3, RMM- 09-3, RMM-09-12, NRCDR-2, JGM-901, Vardhan, JMWR-08-2, RMM-07-1 and Kranti. Whereas, minimum population (2.7 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes Varuna, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except Rohi and JTC-1. At 115 days after sowing Data recorded at 115 days after sowing showed significant differences among different genotypes with regards to Mummified aphid population. Maximum population (3.7 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes Varuna, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except Rohini. Whereas, minimum population (0.3 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes Maya, Vasundhara, YRT-3 and L-4, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except RGN-73, L-6, NC-1, JM-1, RMWR-09-5, JMWR , Pusa jajannath, Kranti. At 122 days after sowing Data recorded at 122 days after sowing on population of Mummified aphid by D.rapae indicated no significant differences among different varieties. However, the population of mummified aphid by Mummified aphid on different varieties ranged from 1.3 to 6.0 per twig. At 129 days after sowing Data recorded at 129 days after sowing showed significant differences among different genotypes with regards to Mummified aphid population. Maximum population (13.7 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes RMWR-09-6, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except JMM-927, JMWR-08-1, RMWR-09-7, JMWR and Pusa Jajkisan. Whereas, minimum population (2.3 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes RGN-73, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except NC-1, RVM-1, Maya,, JM-1, RMM-

65 09-10, Pusa bold, JTC-1, JM-2, JM-3, RVM-2, RMM-09-4, RMM-09-12, L-4, JM-4, RMM-09-1, Swarnjyoti, RMM and RMM b Experiment conducted during Population of Mummified aphid by D.rapaeon different genotypes were recorded at weekly interval starting from and obtained data are presented in Table 4.5 At 91 days after sowing Data recorded on Mummified aphid population at 91 days after sowing also showed significant differences among different genotypes. Minimum Mummified aphid population (0.3 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes Kranti, RMM- 09-3, Pusa jajannath, JMWR-08-1 and Divya-33, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except Pusa bold, JD-6, JM-3, Varuna, Swarnjyoti and JMWR Whereas, maximum Mummified aphidpopulation (1.4 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes JTC-1, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except RMM At 98 days after sowing Data recorded on Mummified aphid population at 98 days after sowing also showed significant differences among different genotypes with regards to Mummified aphid population. Minimum Mummified aphid population (0.3 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes Pusa bold, Kranti, L-6, SEJ-2, JM-1, JM-2, JM-3, RMM-09-12, RMWR-09-6, Pusa jajannath, NRCDR-2, NRCHB-506, JGM-901, Vardhan, and JMWR-08-2, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except JD-6, JMWR-08-1, RGN-73, RVM-2, RMM-09-3, and GSL-1. On the other hand maximum Mummified aphid population (1.7 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes Varuna and JTC-1, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except Rohini, RMM-07-1, Swarnjyoti and JMWR

66 Table 4.5: Number of mummified aphid by Diaeretiella rapae on different genotypes/varieties of mustard during S.No. Genotypes/ Varieties Number of mummified aphid by D. rapae/10 cm apical twigs/ plant 91 DAS* 98 DAS 105 DAS 112 DAS 119 DAS 126 DAS 1 Pusa bold 0.4 (0.89)*** 0.3 (0.87)*** 0.9 (1.18)*** 1.2 (1.31)*** 2.3 (1.66)*** 4.2 (2.04)** 2 Varuna 0.6 (1.04) 1.3 (1.35) 2.6 (1.75) 3.6 (2.01) 4.3 (2.18) 6.6 (2.54) 3 Rohini 0.3 (0.88) 1.3 (1.33) 2.2 (1.65) 2.6 (1.75) 3.3 (1.94) 5.2 (2.27) 4 Kranti 0.3 (0.87) 0.3 (0.87) 0.9 (1.18) 0.9 (1.18) 1.9 (1.56) 5.6 (2.24) 5 Maya 0.3 (0.88) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 1.3 (1.32) 3.6 (1.84) 6 Vasundhara 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 4.3 (1.99) 5.6 (2.18) 7 Swarnjyoti 0.7 (1.05) 0.9 (1.20) 1.2 (1.31) 1.2 (1.31) 1.9 (1.56) 4.9 (2.13) 8 RGN (0.71) 0.6 (1.04) 0.3 (0.87) 0.6 (1.02) 1.0 (1.16) 2.2 (1.43) 9 YRT (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 0.3 (0.87) 4.3 (2.06) 5.6 (2.24) 10 JMWR (1.05) 0.9 (1.20) 1.2 (1.31) 1.6 (1.43) 5.3 (2.26) 6.6 (2.42) 11 L (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 0.3 (0.87) 3.3 (1.76) 4.6 (1.97) 12 L (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.87) 0.6 (1.02) 5.6 (2.26) 6.9 (2.42) 13 NC (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 1.2 (1.31) 2.2 (1.49) 14 SEJ (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 0.6 (1.02) 1.2 (1.31) 4.3 (2.10) 6.2 (2.38) 15 JTC (1.38) 1.7 (1.46) 1.9 (1.53) 2.6 (1.75) 3.3 (1.94) 4.2 (2.05) 16 GSL (0.71) 0.7 (1.07) 0.6 (1.02) 1.2 (1.31) 3.6 (1.98) 4.9 (2.16) 17 JM (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.87) 0.6 (1.02) 1.9 (1.53) 3.6 (1.84) 18 JM (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 0.6 (1.02) 0.9 (1.18) 1.6 (1.44) 3.9 (1.90) 19 JM (0.89) 0.3 (0.88) 0.6 (1.02) 0.9 (1.15) 2.6 (1.72) 4.2 (1.99) 20 JM (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 1.3 (1.32) 4.6 (2.02) 21 RVM (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 1.9 (1.53) 3.2 (1.76) 22 RVM (0.71) 0.7 (1.05) 0.3 (0.87) 0.9 (1.15) 2.9 (1.84) 4.2 (2.04) 23 RMM (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 0.3 (0.87) 2.3 (1.56) 4.6 (2.02) 24 RMM (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 4.6 (2.04) 5.6 (2.12) 25 RMM (0.87) 0.7 (1.05) 0.6 (1.04) 0.9 (1.18) 5.6 (2.26) 6.9 (2.42)

67 Table 4.5: Continue.. S.No. Genotypes/ Varieties Number of mummified aphid by D. rapae/10 cm apical twigs/ plant 91 DAS* 98 DAS 105 DAS 112 DAS 119 DAS 126 DAS 26 RMM (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 0.3 (0.87) 2.6 (1.64) 4.2 (1.91) 27 RMM (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 2.9 (1.81) 3.9 () RMM (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 3.9 (1.87) 4.9 (1.93) 29 RMM (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 0.6 (1.02) 0.9 (1.18) 2.9 (1.81) 4.2 (2.01) 30 RMM (1.28) 1.0 (1.24) 1.2 (1.31) 1.6 (1.43) 3.6 (2.01) 5.6 (2.27) 31 RMWR (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 2.6 (1.69) 4.9 (2.21) 32 RMWR (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 0.6 (1.02) 2.6 (1.69) 5.9 (2.42) 33 RMWR (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 0.3 (0.87) 0.3 (0.87) 4.2 (1.99) 12.6 (3.55) 34 RMWR (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 2.9 (1.75) 11.0 (3.31) 35 JMWR (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 0.6 (1.02) 3.9 (1.93) 11.0 (3.31) 36 JMM (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 3.9 (1.86) 9.6 (3.09) 37 Pusa Jagannath 0.3 (0.87) 0.3 (0.87) 0.3 (0.87) 0.6 (1.02) 3.2 (1.82) 7.2 (2.68) 38 NRCDR (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 0.6 (1.02) 0.9 (1.18) 3.9 (2.00) 5.6 (2.31) 39 SHRADDHA 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 2.9 (1.70) 7.2 (2.68) 40 NRCHB (0.87) 0.3 (0.87) 0.3 (0.87) 0.3 (0.87) 2.9 (1.75) 5.9 (2.42) 41 JGM (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 0.6 (1.02) 0.9 (1.18) 2.9 (1.81) 4.9 (2.21) 42 Pusa Mahak 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 0.3 (0.87) 3.2 (1.82) 6.9 (2.62) 43 Vardhan 0.3 (0.88) 0.3 (0.87) 0.6 (1.02) 0.9 (1.18) 2.4 (1.64) 4.9 (2.21) 44 Pusa Jaikisan 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 3.9 (1.76) 11.3 (3.36) 45 JMWR (0.87) 0.6 (1.02) 1.2 (1.31) 1.6 (1.43) 5.2 (2.26) 9.9 (3.15) 46 JMWR (0.71) 0.3 (0.88) 0.6 (1.02) 0.9 (1.18) 3.6 (1.94) 8.6 (2.93) 47 Divya (0.87) 0.3 (0.87) 0.6 (1.02) 0.9 (1.18) 3.6 (1.88) 7.9 (2.81) 48 B (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 2.9 (1.70) 6.6 (2.56) 49 JD (0.89) 0.6 (1.02) 1.2 (1.31) 1.6 (1.43) 4.2 (2.10) 8.9 (2.98) 50 JMWR (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.3 (0.87) 3.9 (1.93) 9.9 (3.14) SE(m)± (0.09) (0.11) (0.12) (0.13) (0.26) (0.24) CD at 5% (0.26) (0.31) (0.33) (0.37) (NS) (0.67) * DAS Days after sowing and ** Figures in parenthesis are n transformed values, *** Figures in parenthesis are n 0. 5 transformed values

68 At 105 days after sowing Data recorded on Mummified aphid population at 90 days after sowing showed significant differences among different genotypes. Maximum population (2.6 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes Varuna, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except Rohini and JTC-1. Whereas, minimum population (0.3 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes RGN-73, YRT-3, L-4, L-6, JM- 1, RVM-2, RMM-09-1, RMM-09-4, RMWR-09-5, RMWR-09-6, JMWR , Pusa jajannath, NRCHB-506, Pusa Mahak, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except SEJ-2, GSL-1, JM-2, JM-3, RMM-09-12, NRCDR-2, JGM-901, Vardhan, JMWR-08-2 Divya-33. At 112 days after sowing Data recorded at 112 days after sowing showed significant differences among different genotypes with regards to Mummified aphid population. Maximum population (3.6 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes Varuna, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except Rohini and JTC-1. On the other hand, minimum population (0.3 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes Maya, Vasundhara, YRT-3 and L-6, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except RGN-73, JM-1, RMWR-09-5, JMWR , Pusa jagannath, Kranti, JM-2, JM-3 and Divya-33. At 119 days after sowing Data recorded at 119 days after sowing on population of Mummified aphid by D.rapae indicated no significant differences among different varieties. However, the population of mummified aphid by D.rapae different varieties ranged from 1.0 to 5.6 per twig. At 126 days after sowing Data recorded at 126 days after sowing showed significant differences among different genotypes with regards to Mummified aphid population. Maximum population (12.6 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes RMWR-09-6, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except Pusa Jaikisan, RMWR-09-7,

69 JMWR , JMWR-08-1, JMWR-13-1, JMM-927, JD-6 and JMWR Whereas, minimum population (2.2 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotypes NC- 1 and RGN-73, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except RVM-1, Maya, JM-1, RMM-09-10, JM-2, Pusa bold, JTC c MEAN POPULATION OF Mummified aphid (Diaeretiella rapae) Population of mummified aphid by D.rapae on different varieties/genotypes of mustard has been judged based on pooled data during both the year and Mean of the data indicated significant difference among the different mustard genotypes. Data are presented in Table 4.6. Mean Mummified aphid population of On the basis of average data of six observations showed significant differences among different genotypes with regards to Mummified aphid population by D.rapae. Minimum Mummified aphid population (0.8 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on gentypes RGN-73 and NC-1, which found significantly less than rest of the all other genotypes except Maya, RVM-1, JM-4, RMM-09-11, RMM-09-10, RMM-09-4, JM-1, RMM-09-1, JM-2, RMWR-09-4, L-4, JM-3, RMM-09-2 and Vasundhara. Maximum Mummified aphid population (3.3 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was found on genotype Varuna, which was significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except JMWR-08-1, JMWR , JD-6, RMWR-09-6, Rohini, Puas Jaikisan, JMWR-908-1, JTC-1. Mean Mummified aphid population of On the basis of average data of six observations showed significant differences among different genotypes with regards to Mummified aphid population by D.rapae. Minimum Mummified aphid population (0.6 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on gentype NC-1, which found significantly less than rest of the all other genotypes except RGN-73, Maya, RVM-1, JM-4, JM-1, RMM-09-4, RMM-09-1, RMM-09-11, RMM , JM-2 and L-4. Maximum Mummified aphid population (3.2 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on genotype Varuna, which was significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except JMWR-08-1, RMWR-09-6, JD-6, JMWR , JMWR-908-1, Pusa Jaikisan, Rohini, JTC-1.

70 Table 4.6: Pooled mean number of mummified aphid by Diaeretiella rapae on different genotypes/varieties of mustard during and S.No. Genotypes/ Varieties Number of mummified aphid /10 cm apical twigs Mean 1 Pusa bold 1.8 (1.32)* 1.6 (1.24) 1.7 (1.28) 2 Varuna 3.3 (1.82) 3.2 (1.77) 3.2 (1.79) 3 Rohini 2.6 (1.61) 2.5 (1.58) 2.6 (1.59) 4 Kranti 1.8 (1.33) 1.7 (1.27) 1.7 (1.30) 5 Maya 0.9 (0.95) 0.9 (0.94) 0.9 (0.94) 6 Vasundhara 1.8 (1.22) 1.7 (1.19) 1.7 (1.21) 7 Swarnjyoti 1.9 (1.37) 1.8 (1.33) 1.9 (1.35) 8 RGN (0.85) 0.8 (0.85) 0.8 (0.85) 9 YRT (1.29) 1.7 (1.25) 1.8 (1.27) 10 JMWR (1.58) 2.7 (1.59) 2.7 (1.59) 11 L (1.19) 1.4 (1.10) 1.5 (1.14) 12 L (1.42) 2.3 (1.42) 2.3 (1.42) 13 NC (0.88) 0.6 (0.78) 0.7 (0.83) 14 SEJ (1.48) 2.1 (1.41) 2.2 (1.45) 15 JTC (1.54) 2.5 (1.58) 2.5 (1.56) 16 GSL (1.36) 1.8 (1.34) 1.9 (1.35) 17 JM (1.10) 1.1 (1.04) 1.2 (1.07) 18 JM (1.14) 1.2 (1.09) 1.3 (1.11) 19 JM (1.19) 1.5 (1.18) 1.5 (1.18) 20 JM (1.02) 1.0 (0.98) 1.1 (1.00) 21 RVM (0.98) 0.9 (0.94) 1.0 (0.96) 22 RVM (1.24) 1.5 (1.22) 1.5 (1.23) 23 RMM (1.12) 1.3 (1.05) 1.3 (1.09) 24 RMM (1.19) 1.7 (1.19) 1.8 (1.19) 25 RMM (1.51) 2.5 (1.49) 2.5 (1.50) 26 RMM (1.08) 1.2 (1.04) 1.3 (1.06) 27 RMM (1.06) 1.2 (1.06) 1.2 (1.06) 28 RMM (1.02) 1.5 (1.05) 1.5 (1.04) 29 RMM (1.25) 1.5 (1.21) 1.6 (1.23) 30 RMM (1.51) 2.4 (1.52) 2.3 (1.51) 31 RMWR (1.14) 1.3 (1.13) 1.3 (1.14) 32 RMWR (1.25) 1.6 (1.23) 1.6 (1.24) 33 RMWR (1.77) 3.0 (1.71) 3.1 (1.74) 34 RMWR (1.54) 2.4 (1.53) 2.4 (1.53) 35 JMWR (1.62) 2.6 (1.61) 2.6 (1.61) 36 JMM (1.48) 2.3 (1.47) 2.3 (1.47) 37 Pusa Jagannath 2.1 (1.41) 2.0 (1.40) 2.0 (1.41) 38 NRCDR (1.37) 1.9 (1.34) 1.9 (1.36) 39 SHRADDHA 1.8 (1.32) 1.7 (1.30) 1.8 (1.31) 40 NRCHB (1.31) 1.7 (1.28) 1.7 (1.30) 41 JGM (1.28) 1.6 (1.25) 1.6 (1.26) 42 Pusa Mahak 1.8 (1.34) 1.8 (1.32) 1.8 (1.33) 43 Vardhan 1.6 (1.25) 1.6 (1.23) 1.6 (1.24) 44 Pusa Jaikisan 2.6 (1.60) 2.6 (1.59) 2.6 (1.59) 45 JMWR (1.78) 3.1 (1.76) 3.2 (1.77) 46 JMWR (1.54) 2.3 (1.52) 2.4 (1.53) 47 Divya (1.52) 2.3 (1.50) 2.3 (1.51) 48 B (1.28) 1.6 (1.26) 1.6 (1.27) 49 JD (1.69) 2.8 (1.66) 2.9 (1.67) 50 JMWR (1.48) 2.4 (1.52) 2.3 (1.50) SE(m)± (0.13) (0.12) (0.015) CD at 5% (0.37) (0.34) (0.042) * Figures in parenthesis are n transformed values

71 Pusa bold Varuna Rohini Kranti Maya Vasundhara Swarnjyoti RGN-73 YRT-3 JMWR L-4 L-6 NC-1 SEJ-2 JTC-1 GSL-1 JM-1 JM-2 JM-3 JM-4 RVM-1 RVM-2 RMM-09-1 RMM-09-2 RMM-09-3 RMM-09-4 RMM RMM RMM RMM-07-1 RMWR-09-4 RMWR-09-5 RMWR-09-6 RMWR-09-7 JMWR JMM-927 Pusa Jagannath NRCDR-2 SHRADDHA NRCHB-506 JGM-901 Pusa Mahak Vardhan Pusa Jaikisan JMWR-08-1 JMWR-08-2 Divya-33 B-85 JD-6 JMWR-13-1 Population of Diaeretiella rapae Fig 2: Number of mummified aphid due to parasitoidation of Diaeretiella rapae on different genotypes/varieties of mustard Genotypes/Varieties

72 Overall mean population of Mummified aphid On the basis of average of two year data indicate significant differences among different varieties/genotypes with regards to Mummified aphid population by D.rapae (Fig 2). Minimum Mummified aphid population (0.7 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on geontype NC-1, which found significantly less than rest of the geontypes except RGN-73. Where as, maximum Mummified aphi d population (3.2 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded on geontype Varuna, which was significantly higher than rest of the geontype except JMWR Population of Coccinella septumpunctata 4.1.3a Experiment conducted during Population of adults Coccinella septumpunctata on different genotypes were recorded at weekly interval starting from and data are presented in Table 4.7. At 87 day after sowing Observations recorded at 87 day after sowing showed significant differences among different genotypes with regards to C. septumpunctata population. Minimum population (0.2 beetles/twig) was recorded on variety RMM-09-10, which was significantly less than rest of the all other genotypes except L-6, RMM-09-1, RMM-09-2, Kranti and RMM Whereas, maximum beetle population (0.7 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotype Divya-33, which was significantly higher than rest of the varieties except B-85 and JMWR At 94 days after sowing Data recorded on C. septumpunctata population at 94 days after sowing showed significant differences among different varieties. Minimum C. septumpunctata population (0.7 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotype RMM-09-10, which was significantly less than rest of the varieties except variety RVM-1, RMM-09-1, RMM-09-2, RMM and RMM Whereas, maximum beetle population (1.3 beetles/twig) was recorded on both variety RMM-09-3 and Divya-33, which found significantly higher than rest of the varieties except B-85, JMWR , RMM-09-4 and RMWR-09-6.

73 Table 4.7: Number of adults C. septumpunctata on different genotypes/varieties of mustard during S.No. Genotypes/ Varieties Number of C. septumpunctataon /10 cm apical twigs/ plant 87 DAS* 94 DAS 101 DAS 108 DAS 115 DAS 122 DAS 129 DAS 1 Pusa bold 0.5 (0.70)** 1.1 (1.06)** 3.4 (1.85)** 2.1 (1.44)** 1.7 (1.29)** 1.3 (1.15)** 1.5 (1.21)** 2 Varuna 0.4 (0.63) 0.9 (0.93) 3.3 (1.81) 1.7 (1.30) 1.4 (1.20) 1.2 (1.11) 1.4 (1.17) 3 Rohini 0.4 (0.60) 0.9 (0.93) 3.2 (1.79) 1.7 (1.30) 1.3 (1.15) 1.1 (1.03) 1.2 (1.08) 4 Kranti 0.3 (0.55) 0.8 (0.91) 3.2 (1.78) 1.8 (1.35) 1.5 (1.24) 1.2 (1.09) 1.2 (1.11) 5 Maya 0.5 (0.73) 1.0 (0.98) 3.3 (1.81) 1.7 (1.29) 1.4 (1.17) 1.1 (1.05) 1.2 (1.08) 6 Vasundhara 0.5 (0.70) 1.0 (0.98) 3.3 (1.82) 1.7 (1.30) 1.3 (1.13) 1.1 (1.05) 1.1 (1.05) 7 Swarnjyoti 0.5 (0.70) 0.9 (0.97) 3.3 (1.83) 2.0 (1.40) 1.5 (1.24) 1.2 (1.11) 1.3 (1.15) 8 RGN (0.70) 1.0 (1.00) 3.3 (1.82) 1.9 (1.38) 1.5 (1.21) 1.0 (1.02) 1.2 (1.09) 9 YRT (0.73) 0.9 (0.95) 3.4 (1.84) 2.0 (1.41) 1.6 (1.26) 1.2 (1.08) 1.3 (1.15) 10 JMWR (0.63) 0.9 (0.97) 3.2 (1.79) 1.8 (1.34) 1.3 (1.15) 1.0 (1.02) 2.7 (1.63) 11 L (0.63) 0.9 (0.97) 3.1 (1.75) 1.6 (1.25) 1.2 (1.08) 1.1 (1.03) 1.1 (1.06) 12 L (0.54) 0.8 (0.88) 3.1 (1.77) 1.5 (1.22) 1.1 (1.05) 1.0 (1.02) 1.1 (1.06) 13 NC (0.66) 0.9 (0.95) 3.2 (1.79) 1.8 (1.35) 1.3 (1.14) 1.1 (1.06) 1.2 (1.11) 14 SEJ (0.58) 0.9 (0.95) 3.2 (1.78) 1.7 (1.29) 1.4 (1.17) 1.2 (1.09) 1.4 (1.20) 15 JTC (0.70) 1.0 (0.98) 3.3 (1.83) 1.9 (1.38) 1.5 (1.22) 1.2 (1.10) 1.4 (1.18) 16 GSL (0.73) 1.0 (1.00) 3.4 (1.85) 2.0 (1.43) 1.6 (1.25) 1.1 (1.06) 1.2 (1.09) 17 JM (0.70) 1.0 (0.98) 3.3 (1.82) 1.9 (1.38) 1.6 (1.26) 1.2 (1.09) 1.4 (1.17) 18 JM (0.63) 0.9 (0.95) 3.4 (1.83) 1.8 (1.35) 1.5 (1.24) 1.2 (1.11) 1.4 (1.18) 19 JM (0.68) 0.9 (0.95) 3.2 (1.80) 1.9 (1.37) 1.6 (1.25) 1.3 (1.13) 1.6 (1.26) 20 JM (0.70) 0.9 (0.93) 3.2 (1.80) 1.8 (1.33) 1.4 (1.20) 1.2 (1.11) 1.5 (1.21) 21 RVM (0.58) 0.8 (0.88) 3.1 (1.77) 1.7 (1.32) 1.4 (1.17) 1.2 (1.08) 1.6 (1.28) 22 RVM (0.63) 0.9 (0.97) 3.2 (1.80) 1.8 (1.33) 1.4 (1.18) 1.2 (1.11) 1.4 (1.18) 23 RMM (0.54) 0.8 (0.88) 3.1 (1.76) 1.8 (1.33) 1.2 (1.11) 1.0 (1.02) 1.1 (1.05) 24 RMM (0.54) 0.8 (0.88) 3.4 (1.83) 1.5 (1.21) 1.2 (1.09) 1.1 (1.05) 1.1 (1.06) 25 RMM (0.82) 1.3 (1.13) 3.9 (1.97) 2.5 (1.57) 2.0 (1.43) 1.7 (1.29) 1.6 (1.28)

74 Table 4.7: Continue.. S.No. Genotypes/ Varieties Number of C. septumpunctataon 10 cm apical twigs/ plant 87 DAS* 94 DAS 101 DAS 108 DAS 115 DAS 122 DAS 129 DAS 26 RMM (0.75) 1.2 (1.08) 3.5 (1.87) 2.2 (1.48) 1.9 (1.38) 1.6 (1.25) 1.7 (1.30) 27 RMM (0.48) 0.7 (0.86) 3.1 (1.77) 1.6 (1.25) 1.3 (1.13) 1.2 (1.09) 1.4 (1.18) 28 RMM (0.58) 0.8 (0.89) 3.1 (1.75) 1.7 (1.32) 1.3 (1.13) 1.1 (1.06) 1.2 (1.11) 29 RMM (0.55) 0.8 (0.88) 3.2 (1.79) 1.5 (1.24) 1.3 (1.13) 1.1 (1.06) 1.5 (1.24) 30 RMM (0.70) 1.1 (1.06) 3.5 (1.88) 2.0 (1.43) 1.6 (1.25) 1.3 (1.14) 1.5 (1.22) 31 RMWR (0.68) 1.1 (1.06) 3.4 (1.85) 1.8 (1.35) 1.5 (1.21) 1.1 (1.05) 1.4 (1.17) 32 RMWR (0.73) 1.0 (1.02) 3.2 (1.80) 1.6 (1.26) 1.2 (1.11) 1.0 (1.02) 1.1 (1.05) 33 RMWR (0.71) 1.2 (1.08) 3.3 (1.83) 1.7 (1.32) 1.2 (1.09) 1.1 (1.03) 1.2 (1.08) 34 RMWR (0.75) 1.1 (1.06) 3.4 (1.85) 1.9 (1.37) 1.5 (1.21) 1.2 (1.11) 1.4 (1.17) 35 JMWR (0.80) 1.2 (1.09) 3.5 (1.86) 1.9 (1.39) 1.5 (1.21) 1.3 (1.14) 1.3 (1.15) 36 JMM (0.66) 1.0 (1.02) 3.3 (1.83) 1.7 (1.30) 1.3 (1.13) 1.2 (1.08) 1.3 (1.14) 37 Pusa Jagannath 0.5 (0.73) 1.1 (1.05) 3.2 (1.80) 1.6 (1.26) 1.2 (1.10) 1.1 (1.03) 1.2 (1.09) 38 NRCDR (0.70) 1.1 (1.03) 3.1 (1.77) 1.5 (1.21) 1.2 (1.09) 1.1 (1.05) 1.2 (1.09) 39 SHRADDHA 0.5 (0.71) 1.1 (1.06) 3.4 (1.85) 1.9 (1.37) 1.4 (1.20) 1.3 (1.14) 1.6 (1.26) 40 NRCHB (0.73) 1.2 (1.11) 3.5 (1.88) 1.8 (1.34) 1.6 (1.25) 1.2 (1.11) 2.0 (1.40) 41 JGM (0.73) 1.0 (1.02) 3.2 (1.79) 1.6 (1.26) 1.1 (1.05) 1.0 (1.02) 1.7 (1.30) 42 Pusa Mahak 0.5 (0.68) 1.1 (1.05) 3.2 (1.78) 1.5 (1.24) 1.1 (1.05) 1.1 (1.05) 1.2 (1.09) 43 Vardhan 0.5 (0.68) 1.1 (1.05) 3.2 (1.79) 1.6 (1.26) 1.1 (1.05) 0.9 (0.97) 1.0 (1.02) 44 Pusa Jaikisan 0.5 (0.68) 1.1 (1.03) 3.1 (1.76) 1.5 (1.24) 1.2 (1.09) 1.0 (1.00) 1.4 (1.18) 45 JMWR (0.77) 1.1 (1.05) 3.4 (1.85) 1.8 (1.35) 1.3 (1.14) 1.5 (1.22) 1.5 (1.21) 46 JMWR (0.73) 1.0 (1.00) 3.3 (1.81) 1.6 (1.26) 1.3 (1.15) 1.1 (1.05) 1.5 (1.22) 47 Divya (0.86) 1.3 (1.13) 4.1 (2.02) 2.0 (1.43) 1.6 (1.25) 1.1 (1.06) 1.4 (1.18) 48 B (0.80) 1.2 (1.10) 3.5 (1.88) 1.9 (1.38) 1.4 (1.18) 1.4 (1.17) 1.4 (1.17) 49 JD (0.73) 1.1 (1.03) 3.4 (1.85) 1.8 (1.33) 1.4 (1.20) 1.2 (1.11) 1.3 (1.13) 50 JMWR (0.66) 1.1 (1.03) 3.1 (1.77) 1.5 (1.24) 1.2 (1.11) 1.1 (1.05) 1.2 (1.11) SE(m)± (0.03) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.03) (0.03) CD at 5% (0.09) (0.06) (0.06) (0.05) (0.05) (0.07) (0.07) * DAS Days after sowing and ** Figures in parenthesis are n transformed values

75 At 101 days after sowing Observations recorded at 101 days after sowing showed significant difference among different genotypes. Minimum beetle population (3.1 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotypes L-4, RMM-09-11, RMM-09-1, Pusa jaikisan, L-6, RVM-1, RMM-09-10, NRCDR-2 and JMWR-13-1, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except genotypes Kranti, SEJ-2, Pusa Mahak, Rohini, JMWR-908-1, NC-1, RMM-09-12, JGM-901, Pusa JaIkisan, JM-3, RVM-2, RMWR-09-5, Pusa jagannath, Varuna and Maya. Whereas, maximum beetle population (4.1 beetles/twig) was recorded on variety Divya-33, which found significantly higher than rest of the all other genotypes except RMM At 108 day after sowing Observations recorded at 108 day after sowing showed significant differences among different genotypes with regards to C. septumpunctata population. Minimum population (1.5 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotypes RMM-09-2 and NRCDR-2, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except L-6, RMM-09-12, Pusa Mahak, Pusa Jaikisan, JMWR-13-1, L-4, RMM-09-10, RMWR-09-5, Pusa jagannath, JGM-901, Vardhan and JMWR Whereas, maximum beetle population (2.5 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotype RMM-09-3, which found significantly higher than rest of the all other genotypes. At 115 days after sowing Data recorded on C. septumpunctata population at 115 days after sowing showed significant differences among different genotypes. Minimum beetle population (1.1 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotypes L-6, JGM-901, Pusa Mahak and Vardhan, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except genotypes L- 4, RMM-09-2, RMWR-09-6, NRCDR-2, Pusa Jajkisan and Pusa jagannath. Whereas, maximum beetle population (2.0 beetles/twig) was recorded on both genotype RMM-09-3, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except RMM-09-4.

76 At 122 days after sowing Observations recorded at 122 days after sowing showed significant difference among different genotypes. Minimum beetle population (0.9 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotype Vardhan, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except genotypes Pusa Jaikisan, RGN-73, JMWR-908-1, L-6, RMM-09-1, RMWR-09-5, JGM- 901, Rohini, L-4, RMWR-09-6, Pusa jagannath. Whereas, maximum beetle population (1.7 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotype RMM-09-3, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except genotypes RMM-09-4 and JMWR At 129 days after sowing Data recorded on C. septumpunctata population at 129 days after sowing showed significant differences among different genotypes. Minimum beetle population (1.0 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotype Vardhan, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except genotypes Vasundhara, RMM-09-1, RMM-09-5, L-4, L-6, RMM-09-2, Rohini, Maya, RGN-73, GSL-1, Pusa jagannath, NRCDR-2 and Pusa Mahak. Whereas, maximum beetle population (2.7 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotype JMWR-908-1, which found significantly higher than rest of the all other genotypes c Experiment conducted during Adult population of Coccinella septumpunctata on different genotypes was recorded at weekly interval starting from and data are presented in Table 4.8. At 84 day after sowing Observations recorded at 84 day after sowing showed significant differences among different genotypes with regards to C. septumpunctata population. Minimum population (0.1 beetle/twig) was recorded on genotype RMM-09-10, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except L-6, RMM-09-1, RMM-09-2 and RMM Whereas, maximum population (0.6 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotype Divya-33, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except RMM-09-3, JMWR , B-85 and JMWR-08-1.

77 Table 4.8: Adult population of C. septumpunctataon different genotypes/varieties of mustard during S.No. Genotypes/ Varieties Number of C. septumpunctataon /10 cm apical twigs/ plant 84 DAS 91 DAS 98 DAS 105 DAS 112 DAS 119 DAS 126 DAS 1 Pusa bold 0.4 (0.63)** 1.1 (1.05)** 3.5 (1.86)** 2.0 (1.40)** 1.6 (1.25)** 1.2 (1.11)** 1.4 (1.17)** 2 Varuna 0.3 (0.54) 0.8 (0.88) 3.2 (1.78) 1.6 (1.26) 1.3 (1.15) 1.1 (1.06) 1.3 (1.13) 3 Rohini 0.3 (0.51) 0.8 (0.89) 3.1 (1.77) 1.6 (1.26) 1.2 (1.11) 1.0 (0.98) 1.1 (1.03) 4 Kranti 0.2 (0.45) 0.7 (0.86) 3.1 (1.76) 1.7 (1.32) 1.4 (1.20) 1.1 (1.05) 1.1 (1.06) 5 Maya 0.4 (0.66) 0.9 (0.93) 3.2 (1.78) 1.6 (1.25) 1.3 (1.13) 1.0 (1.00) 1.1 (1.03) 6 Vasundhara 0.4 (0.63) 0.9 (0.93) 3.2 (1.79) 1.6 (1.26) 1.2 (1.08) 1.0 (1.00) 1.0 (1.00) 7 Swarnjyoti 0.4 (0.63) 0.8 (0.91) 3.3 (1.81) 1.9 (1.37) 1.4 (1.20) 1.1 (1.06) 1.2 (1.11) 8 RGN (0.63) 0.9 (0.95) 3.1 (1.77) 1.8 (1.34) 1.4 (1.17) 0.9 (0.97) 1.1 (1.05) 9 YRT (0.66) 0.8 (0.91) 3.4 (1.83) 1.9 (1.38) 1.5 (1.22) 1.1 (1.03) 1.2 (1.11) 10 JMWR (0.54) 0.8 (0.91) 3.1 (1.77) 1.7 (1.30) 1.2 (1.11) 0.9 (0.97) 2.6 (1.59) 11 L (0.55) 0.8 (0.91) 3.0 (1.74) 1.5 (1.21) 1.1 (1.03) 1.0 (0.98) 1.0 (1.02) 12 L (0.44) 0.7 (0.82) 3.0 (1.74) 1.4 (1.18) 1.0 (1.00) 0.9 (0.97) 1.0 (1.02) 13 NC (0.58) 0.8 (0.89) 3.1 (1.77) 1.7 (1.32) 1.2 (1.09) 1.0 (1.02) 1.1 (1.06) 14 SEJ (0.48) 0.8 (0.91) 3.1 (1.77) 1.6 (1.25) 1.3 (1.13) 1.1 (1.05) 1.3 (1.15) 15 JTC (0.63) 0.9 (0.95) 3.2 (1.79) 1.8 (1.34) 1.4 (1.18) 1.1 (1.05) 1.3 (1.14) 16 GSL (0.66) 0.9 (0.97) 3.4 (1.83) 1.9 (1.39) 1.5 (1.21) 1.0 (1.02) 1.1 (1.05) 17 JM (0.65) 0.9 (0.95) 3.2 (1.78) 1.8 (1.34) 1.5 (1.22) 1.1 (1.05) 1.3 (1.13) 18 JM (0.58) 0.8 (0.91) 3.3 (1.81) 1.7 (1.32) 1.4 (1.20) 1.1 (1.06) 1.3 (1.14) 19 JM (0.60) 0.8 (0.89) 3.2 (1.78) 1.8 (1.33) 1.5 (1.21) 1.2 (1.08) 1.5 (1.22) 20 JM (0.63) 0.8 (0.88) 3.2 (1.79) 1.7 (1.29) 1.3 (1.15) 1.1 (1.06) 1.4 (1.20) 21 RVM (0.48) 0.7 (0.82) 3.0 (1.74) 1.6 (1.28) 1.3 (1.13) 1.1 (4.03) 1.5 (1.24) 22 RVM (0.54) 0.8 (0.91) 3.2 (1.79) 1.7 (1.29) 1.3 (1.14) 1.1 (1.06) 1.3 (1.14) 23 RMM (0.44) 0.7 (0.82) 3.1 (1.76) 1.7 (1.29) 1.1 (1.06) 0.9 (0.97) 1.0 (1.00) 24 RMM (0.44) 0.7 (0.84) 3.0 (1.74) 1.4 (1.17) 1.1 (1.05) 1.0 (1.00) 1.0 (1.02) 25 RMM (0.75) 1.2 (1.08) 4.1 (2.02) 2.4 (1.54) 1.9 (1.39) 1.6 (1.25) 1.5 (1.24)

78 Table 4.8: Continue.. S.No. Genotypes/ Varieties Number of C. septumpunctataon /10 cm apical twigs/ plant 84 DAS 91 DAS 98 DAS 105 DAS 112 DAS 119 DAS 126 DAS 26 RMM (0.68)** 1.1 (1.03)** 3.6 (1.89)** 2.1 (1.45)** 1.8 (1.34)** 1.5 (1.21)** 1.6 (1.26)** 27 RMM (0.36) 0.6 (0.80) 3.1 (1.76) 1.5 (1.21) 1.2 (1.08) 1.1 (1.05) 1.3 (1.14) 28 RMM (0.48) 0.7 (0.84) 3.0 (1.73) 1.6 (1.28) 1.2 (1.08) 1.0 (1.02) 1.1 (1.06) 29 RMM (0.45) 0.7 (0.86) 3.0 (1.74) 1.4 (1.20) 1.2 (1.08) 1.0 (1.02) 1.4 (1.20) 30 RMM (0.63) 1.0 (1.02) 3.5 (1.86) 1.9 (1.39) 1.5 (1.21) 1.2 (1.09) 1.4 (1.18) 31 RMWR (0.60) 1.0 (1.02) 3.3 (1.83) 1.7 (1.32) 1.4 (1.17) 1.0 (1.00) 1.3 (1.13) 32 RMWR (0.66) 0.9 (0.97) 3.1 (1.77) 1.5 (1.22) 1.1 (1.06) 0.9 (0.97) 1.0 (1.00) 33 RMWR (0.66) 1.1 (1.03) 3.2 (1.80) 1.6 (1.28) 1.1 (1.05) 1.0 (0.98) 1.1 (1.03) 34 RMWR (0.68) 1.0 (1.02) 3.3 (1.83) 1.8 (1.33) 1.4 (1.17) 1.1 (1.06) 1.3 (1.13) 35 JMWR (0.73) 1.1 (1.05) 3.4 (1.83) 1.8 (1.35) 1.4 (1.17) 1.2 (1.10) 1.2 (1.11) 36 JMM (0.58) 0.9 (0.97) 3.2 (1.80) 1.6 (1.26) 1.2 (1.08) 1.1 (1.03) 1.2 (1.09) 37 Pusa Jagannath 0.4 (0.66) 1.0 (1.00) 3.1 (1.77) 1.5 (1.22) 1.1 (1.05) 1.0 (0.98) 1.1 (1.05) 38 NRCDR (0.65) 1.0 (0.98) 3.1 (1.75) 1.4 (1.17) 1.1 (1.05) 1.0 (1.00) 1.1 (1.05) 39 SHRADDHA 0.4 (0.63) 1.0 (1.02) 3.3 (1.83) 1.8 (1.33) 1.3 (1.15) 1.2 (1.09) 1.5 (1.22) 40 NRCHB (0.66) 1.1 (1.06) 3.4 (1.85) 1.7 (1.30) 1.5 (1.21) 1.1 (1.06) 1.9 (1.37) 41 JGM (0.66) 1.0 (0.98) 3.2 (1.78) 1.5 (1.22) 1.0 (1.00) 0.9 (0.97) 1.6 (1.26) 42 Pusa Mahak 0.4 (0.60) 1.0 (1.00) 3.1 (1.75) 1.4 (1.20) 1.0 (1.02) 1.0 (1.00) 1.1 (1.05) 43 Vardhan 0.4 (0.60) 1.0 (1.00) 3.1 (1.76) 1.5 (1.22) 1.0 (1.00) 0.8 (0.91) 0.9 (0.97) 44 Pusa Jaikisan 0.4 (0.65) 1.0 (1.00) 3.0 (1.73) 1.4 (1.20) 1.1 (1.05) 0.9 (0.95) 1.3 (1.14) 45 JMWR (0.71) 1.1 (1.03) 3.3 (1.83) 1.7 (1.32) 1.2 (1.09) 1.4 (1.18) 1.4 (1.17) 46 JMWR (0.66) 0.9 (0.95) 3.2 (1.78) 1.5 (1.22) 1.2 (1.11) 1.0 (1.00) 1.4 (1.18) 47 Divya (0.80) 1.2 (1.08) 4.0 (2.01) 1.9 (1.39) 1.5 (1.21) 1.0 (1.02) 1.3 (1.14) 48 B (0.73) 1.1 (1.05) 3.4 (1.85) 1.8 (1.34) 1.3 (1.14) 1.3 (1.13) 1.3 (1.12) 49 JD (0.65) 1.0 (0.98) 3.3 (1.83) 1.7 (1.29) 1.3 (1.15) 1.1 (1.06) 1.2 (1.08) 50 JMWR (0.58) 1.0 (0.98) 3.1 (1.75) 1.4 (1.20) 1.1 (1.06) 1.0 (1.00) 1.1 (1.06) SE(m)± (0.04) (0.02) (0.01) (0.02) (0.02) (0.03) (0.03) CD at 5% (0.11) (0.07) (0.03) (0.05) (0.05) (0.07) (0.07) * DAS Days after sowing and ** Figures in parenthesis are n transformed values

79 At 91 days after sowing Data recorded on C. septumpunctata population at 91 days after sowing showed significant differences among different genotypes. Minimum beetle population (0.6 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotype RMM-09-10, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except L-6, RVM-1, RMM-09-1, RMM-09-2, RMM-09-11, Kranti and RMM Whereas, maximum beetle population (1.2 beetles/twig) was recorded on both genotypes RMM-09-3 and Divya-33, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except NRCHB-506, Pusa bold, JMWR , B-85, RMWR-09-6, JMWR-08-1, RMM-09-4, RMM-07-1, RMWR-09-4, RMWR-09-7 and SHRADDHA. At 98 days after sowing Observations recorded at 98 days after sowing also showed significant difference among different genotypes. Minimum beetle population (3.0 beetle/twig) was recorded on both the genotypes RMM and Pusa JaIkisan, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except L-4, L-6, RVM-1, RMM-09-2, RMM-09-12, NRCDR-2, Pusa Mahak, JMWR-13-1, RMM-09-1, Kranti, RMM and Vardhan. While, maximum beetle population (4.1 beetle/twig) was recorded on genotype RMM-09-3, which found significantly higher than rest of the all genotypes except Divya-33. At 105 day after sowing Observations recorded at 90 day after sowing showed significant differences among different genotypes with regards to C. septumpunctata population. Minimum population (1.4 beetles/twig) was recorded on both the genotype RMM-09-2 and NRCDR-2, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except L-6, RMM , Pusa Mahak, Pusa JaIkisan, JMWR-13-1, L-4, RMM-09-10, RMWR-09-5, Pusa Jagannath, JGM-901, Vardhan and JMWR Whereas, maximum beetle population (2.4 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotype RMM-09-3, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes. At 112 days after sowing Data recorded on C. septumpunctata population at 112 days after sowing also showed significant differences among different genotypes. Minimum beetle population

80 (1.0 beetle/twig) was recorded on genotypes L-6, JGM-901 and Vardhan, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except Puas mahak, L-4, RMM-09-2, RMM- 09-6, Pusa Jagannath, NRCDR-2 and Pusa JaIkisan. Whereas, maximum beetle population (1.9 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotype RMM-09-3, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except RMM At 119 days after sowing Observations recorded at 119 days after sowing also showed significant difference among different genotypes. Minimum beetle population (0.8 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotype Vardhan, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except Pusa jaikisan, RGN-73, JMWR-908-1, L-6, RMM-09-1, RMWR-09-5, JGM-901, Rohini, L-4, RMWR-09-6 and Pusa jagannath. Whereas, maximum beetle population (1.6 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotype RMM-09-3, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes except RMM-09-4 and JMWR At 126 days after sowing Data recorded on C. septumpunctata population at 126 days after sowing showed significant differences among different genotypes. Minimum beetle population (0.9 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotype Vardhan, which found significantly less than rest of the genotypes except Vasundhara, RMM-09-1, RMWR-09-5, L-4, L-6, RMM-09-2, Rohini, Maya and RMWR Whereas, maximum beetle population (2.6 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotype JMWR-908-1, which found significantly higher than rest of the genotypes c Mean population of Coccinella septumpunctata Population of C. septumpunctata on different varieties/genotypes of mustard has been adjudged based on pooled data during and Data are presented in Table 4.9.

81 Table 4.9: Pooled mean population of adults C. septumpunctataon different genotypes/varieties of mustard during and S.No. Genotypes/ Varieties Number of C. beetle/10 cm apical twigs/ plant Mean 1 Pusa bold 1.7 (1.29) 1.6 (1.26) 1.6 (1.27) 2 Varuna 1.5 (1.21) 1.4 (1.17) 1.4 (1.19) 3 Rohini 1.4 (1.18) 1.3 (1.14) 1.3 (1.16) 4 Kranti 1.4 (1.20) 1.3 (1.16) 1.4 (1.18) 5 Maya 1.4 (1.20) 1.3 (1.16) 1.4 (1.18) 6 Vasundhara 1.4 (1.19) 1.3 (1.15) 1.4 (1.17) 7 Swarnjyoti 1.5 (1.24) 1.5 (1.21) 1.5 (1.22) 8 RGN (1.22) 1.4 (1.17) 1.4 (1.20) 9 YRT (1.25) 1.5 (1.21) 1.5 (1.23) 10 JMWR (1.27) 1.5 (1.24) 1.6 (1.26) 11 L (1.15) 1.2 (1.11) 1.3 (1.13) 12 L (1.13) 1.2 (1.09) 1.2 (1.11) 13 NC (1.20) 1.3 (1.16) 1.4 (1.18) 14 SEJ (1.20) 1.4 (1.16) 1.4 (1.18) 15 JTC (1.24) 1.4 (1.20) 1.5 (1.22) 16 GSL (1.25) 1.5 (1.21) 1.5 (1.23) 17 JM (1.24) 1.5 (1.21) 1.5 (1.22) 18 JM (1.23) 1.4 (1.20) 1.5 (1.22) 19 JM (1.25) 1.5 (1.21) 1.5 (1.23) 20 JM (1.22) 1.4 (1.19) 1.5 (1.21) 21 RVM (1.20) 1.3 (1.16) 1.4 (1.18) 22 RVM (1.22) 1.4 (1.18) 1.4 (1.20) 23 RMM (1.15) 1.2 (1.11) 1.3 (1.13) 24 RMM (1.15) 1.2 (1.10) 1.3 (1.13) 25 RMM (1.40) 1.9 (1.37) 1.9 (1.39) 26 RMM (1.34) 1.7 (1.31) 1.8 (1.33) 27 RMM (1.17) 1.3 (1.13) 1.3 (1.15) 28 RMM (1.17) 1.3 (1.13) 1.3 (1.15) 29 RMM (1.18) 1.3 (1.14) 1.3 (1.16) 30 RMM (1.29) 1.6 (1.25) 1.6 (1.27) 31 RMWR (1.24) 1.4 (1.20) 1.5 (1.22) 32 RMWR (1.18) 1.3 (1.14) 1.3 (1.16) 33 RMWR (1.21) 1.4 (1.16) 1.4 (1.19) 34 RMWR (1.26) 1.5 (1.22) 1.5 (1.24)

82 35 JMWR (1.27) 1.5 (1.23) 1.6 (1.25) 36 JMM (1.21) 1.4 (1.17) 1.4 (1.19) 37 Pusa Jagannath 1.4 (1.19) 1.3 (1.15) 1.4 (1.17) 38 NRCDR (1.17) 1.3 (1.14) 1.3 (1.16) 39 SHRADDHA 1.6 (1.27) 1.5 (1.23) 1.6 (1.25) 40 NRCHB (1.30) 1.6 (1.26) 1.6 (1.28) 41 JGM (1.21) 1.4 (1.17) 1.4 (1.19) 42 Pusa Mahak 1.4 (1.17) 1.3 (1.13) 1.3 (1.15) 43 Vardhan 1.3 (1.16) 1.2 (1.12) 1.3 (1.14) 44 Pusa Jaikisan 1.4 (1.18) 1.3 (1.14) 1.4 (1.16) 45 JMWR (1.27) 1.5 (1.23) 1.6 (1.25) 46 JMWR (1.21) 1.4 (1.17) 1.4 (1.19) 47 Divya (1.32) 1.7 (1.29) 1.7 (1.30) 48 B (1.28) 1.5 (1.24) 1.6 (1.26) 49 JD (1.24) 1.4 (1.20) 1.5 (1.22) 50 JMWR (1.18) 1.3 (1.14) 1.3 (1.16) SE(m)± (0.009) (0.008) (0.002) CD at 5% (0.024) (0.022) (0.007) * Figures in parenthesis are n transformed values

83 Pusa bold Varuna Rohini Kranti Maya Vasundhara Swarnjyoti RGN-73 YRT-3 JMWR L-4 L-6 NC-1 SEJ-2 JTC-1 GSL-1 JM-1 JM-2 JM-3 JM-4 RVM-1 RVM-2 RMM-09-1 RMM-09-2 RMM-09-3 RMM-09-4 RMM RMM RMM RMM-07-1 RMWR-09-4 RMWR-09-5 RMWR-09-6 RMWR-09-7 JMWR JMM-927 Pusa Jagannath NRCDR-2 SHRADDHA NRCHB-506 JGM-901 Pusa Mahak Vardhan Pusa Jaikisan JMWR-08-1 JMWR-08-2 Divya-33 B-85 JD-6 JMWR-13-1 Number of adult beetles / 10 cm twigs Fig 3: C. septumpunctata population on different genotypes/varieties of mustard Genotypes/Varieties

84 Mean population C. septumpunctata of On the basis of average data of 7 obsevations showed significant differences among genotypes with regards to adult population C. septumpunctata. Minimum adults C.septumpunctata (1.3 beetles/twig) was recorded on gentype L-6, which was significantly less than adult population recorded rest of the genotypes except RMM-09-1 and RMM Maximum C. septumpunctata population (1.9 beetles/twig) was recorded on genotype RMM-09-3, which was significantly higher than rest of the genotypes followed by RMM-09-4, Divya-33 and NRCHB-506. Mean population C. septumpunctata of On the basis of average data of 7 obsevations showed significant differences among different genotypes with regards to adult population of C. septumpunctata. Minimum C. septumpunctata (1.2 beetles/twig) was recorded on L-6, which was significantly less than rest of the all other genotypes except RMM-09-1 and RMM Maximum C. septumpunctata population (1.9 beetles /twig) was recorded on genotype RMM-09-3, which was significantly higher than rest of the genotypes followed by RMM- 09-4, Divya-33, Pusa bold and NRCHB-506. Overall mean population of C. septumpunctata On the basis of average of two year data indicated significant differences among different varieties with regards to population of C. septumpunctata (Fig 3). Minimum C. septumpunctata population (1.2 beetles/twig) was recorded on L-6, which found significantly less than rest of the all other geontypes. Whereas, maximum C. septumpunctata population (1.9 beetles/twig) was on RMM-09-3, which was significantly higher than rest of the all other geontypes followed by RMM-09-4, Divya-33, Pusa bold and NRCHB-506.

85 4.2 EFFECT OF PLANT EXTRACT AGAINST MUSTARD APHID Effect of plant extract on aphid mortality under lab condition Effect of plant extracts on aphid was tested by releasing the aphids on treated leaves with different plant extracts in laboratory. Mean mortality of aphid on different treatments was recorded at 24, 48 and 72 hours after release and data are presented in Table 4.10.

86 Table 4.10: Per cent mortality of mustard aphid in different treatments after spray under lab condition during the year and S. No Plant extracts (at 5%) Neem leaves (Azadiracta indica) Parthenium leaves (Parthenium hysterophorus) Calotropis leaves (Calotropis gigantea) Datura leaves (Datura stramonium) Garlic leaves (Allium sativum) Lantana leaves (Lantana camera) Bougainvillea leaves (Bougainvillea spectabitis) Castor leaves (Ricinus communis) Custard apple leaves (Annona squamosa) 10 Untreated control Per cent mortality of mustard aphids 24 hours after treatment 48 hours after treatment 72 hours after treatment Mean Mean Mean 47.2 (43.39) 68.3 (55.77) 53.3 (46.94) 60.6 (51.10) 53.3 (46.90) 65.0 (53.71) 60.6 (51.10) 58.3 (49.80) 58.3 (49.80) 11.7 (19.97) 48.3 (44.03) 69.4 (56.44) 54.4 (47.57) 61.7 (51.75) 54.4 (47.55) 66.1 (54.40) 61.7 (51.76) 59.4 (50.43) 59.4 (50.46) 10.6 (18.94) 47.8 (43.71) 68.9 (56.10) 53.9 (47.25) 61.1 (51.42) 53.9 (47.22) 65.6 (54.04) 61.1 (51.43) 58.9 (50.12) 58.9 (50.13) 11.1 (19.46) 65.0 (53.78) 80.6 (63.96) 66.1 (54.52) 76.7 (61.33) 63.3 (52.76) 76.1 (60.76) 72.8 (58.54) 70.6 (57.17) 72.2 (58.19) 18.3 (25.33) 66.1 (54.47) 81.7 (64.82) 67.2 (55.18) 78.3 (62.57) 64.4 (53.43) 77.2 (61.49) 73.9 (59.29) 71.7 (57.83) 72.8 (58.54) 17.8 (24.87) 65.6 (54.12) 81.1 (64.39) 66.7 (54.85) 77.5 (61.77) 63.9 (53.09) 76.7 (61.11) 73.3 (58.91) 71.1 (57.50) 72.5 (58.36) 18.1 (25.11) 81.7 (64.83) 92.2 (73.93) 82.8 (65.54) 86.7 (68.99) 79.4 (63.21) 86.7 (68.75) 82.8 (65.48) 80.0 (63.50) 82.2 (65.07) 25.0 (29.96) 83.9 (66.55) 94.4 (76.49) 85.6 (67.80) 87.8 (69.52) 83.3 (66.09) 88.9 (70.52) 83.9 (66.52) 85.0 (67.25) 85.6 (67.76) 26.1 (30.62) 82.8 (65.66) 93.3 (75.15) 84.2 (66.65) 87.2 (69.11) 81.4 (64.62) 87.8 (69.59) 83.3 (65.97) 82.5 (65.31) 83.9 (66.38) 25.6 (30.30) S.E.(m)± (1.48) (1.68) (1.53) (1.65) (1.54) (1.50) (1.62) (1.51) (1.32) C.D. (at 5%) (4.43) (5.03) (4.59) (4.94) (4.62) (4.49) (4.85) (4.52) (3.94) * Figures in parenthesis are angular transformed values

87 Neem leaves Parthenium leaves Calotropis leaves Datura leaves Garlic leaves Lantana leaves Bouganinvilea leaves Castor leaves Custard apple leaves Untreated control Per cent mortality of mustard aphids Fig 4: Mean percent mortality of mustard aphid 72 hours after treatments under lab condition Treatments

88 Mortality at 24 hours after release During , data recorded on aphid mortality showed that all the plant extracts were effective significantly in producing the mrotality of aphid over control.signifncatly higher mortality (68.3%) was recorded in Parthenium than rest of the treatments except Lantana, Datura and Bougainvillea, among the extract minimum mortality (47.2%) was recorded in Neem leaves which was significantly less than rest of plant extracts except Calotropis and Garlic leaves extracts. During , the aphid mortality was also significantly higher in all the plant extract than control. Significantly higher mortality (69.4%) was recorded in Parthenium leaves extract, than rest of the treatments except Lantana, Datura and Bougainvillea leaves extract. Minimum and significantly less mortality (48.3%) was recorded in Neem leaves extract and it was significantly less than rest of plant extracts except Calotropis and Garlic leaves extracts. On the basis of average of two year data aphid mortality was significant differences among different plant extracts. Maximum mortality (68.9%) was recorded in Parthenium leaves, which was significantly higher than rest of the treatments except Lantana, Datura and Bougainvillea leaves extract. Whereas, minimum mortality (47.8%) was recorded in Neem leaves extract which was significantly lees than rest of plant extracts except Calotropis and Garlic leaves extracts. Mortality at 48 hours after release During , data recorded on aphid mortality showed that all the plant extracts were effective significantly in producing the mrotality of aphid over control. Signifncatly higher mortality (80.6%) was recorded in Parthenium leaf extract than rest of the treatment except Lantana and Datura leaf extract, whereas, minimum mortality (63.3%) was recorded in Garlic leaves extract which was significantly less than rest of plant extract except Neem, Castor and Calotropis.

89 During , the mean aphid mortality was also significantly higher in plant extracts than control. Significantly higher mortality (81.7%) was recorded in Parthenium leaves extracts, than rest of the treatment except Datura and Lantana leaves extracts, minimum mortality (64.4%) was recorded in Garlic leaves extracts was significantly less than rest of plant extracts except Neem, Calotropis and Castor. On the basis of average of two year data maximum aphid mortality (81.1%) was recorded in Parthenium leaves, which was significantly higher than rest of the treatments except Datura and Lantana leaves. Among the extracts minimum mortality (63.9%) was recorded in Garlic leaves extract which was significantly less than rest of plant extracts except Neem, Calotropis and Castor leaves extract. Mortality at 72 hours after release During , data recorded on aphid mortality showed that all the plant extracts were effective significantly in producing the mrotality of aphid over control. Signifncatly higher mortality (92.2%) was recorded in Parthenium leaves extract than rest of the treatment, Among the extract minimum mortality (79.4%) was recorded in Garlic leaves which was significantly less than rest of plant extract except Castor, Neem, Custard apple, Bougainvillea, and Calotropis leaves extract. During , the mean aphid mortality was also significantly higher in plant extracts than control. Significantly higher mortality (94.4%) was recorded in Parthenium leaves extract, than rest of the treatment. Among the extracts minimum mortality (83.3%) was recorded in Garlic leaves which was significantly less than rest of plant extracts except Bougainvillea, Neem, Castor, Custard apple, Calotropis, Datura, and Lantana leaves extracts. On the basis of average of two year data aphid mortality was significant differences among different plant extracts (Fig 4). Maximum mortality (93.3%) was recorded in Parthenium leaves, which found significantly higher than rest of the treatments, whereas, among the extracts minimum and significantly less

90 mortality (81.4%) was recorded in Garlic leaves which was significantly than rest of plant extracts except Castor, Neem, Bougainvillea, Custard apple and Calotropis leaves extracts EFFECT OF PLANT EXTRACT UNDER FIELD CONDITION Effect of plant extract against aphid a Experiment conducted during The efficacy of extracts was assessed on the basis of aphid population. Four sprays were given at 15 days interval. Data recorded on population of aphid in different treatments 24 hours, 3, 7 and 14 days after each spray presented in Table At 24 hours before spray Data recorded on aphid population at 24 hours before spray indicated uniform population in all the treatments; however it ranged from 23.3 to 35.3 aphids/10 cm twig. At 3 days after first spray Aphid population at three days after first spray showed that all the plant extracts were effective significantly over control in reducing the aphid population. Minimum aphid population (11.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Parthenium leaves, which was significantly less than rest of the treatments except Neem and Datura leaves extracts. Among the treated plots maximum population (21.3 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Bougainvillea which found sitgtnificantly higher than rest of treated plots except Calotropis, Custard apple, Garlic, Lantana and Castor extracts. At 7 days after first spray Data recorded at seven days after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum aphid population (46.3 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Custard apple, Lantana, Calotropis, Datura, Bougainvillea and Neem extracts. Whereas, maximum aphid population (70.3

91 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in untreated plots, which found significantly higher than rest of the treatments except Parthenium and Garlic extracts.

92 Table 4.11: Population of mustard aphid in different treatments before spray and after each spray under field condition during S. No Plant extracts (at 5%) Neem leaves (Azadiracta indica) Parthenium leaves (Parthenium hysterophorus) Calotropis leaves (Calotropis gigantea) Datura leaves (Datura stramonium) Garlic leaves (Allium sativum) Lantana leaves (Lantana camera) Bougainvillea leaves (Bougainvillea spectabitis) Castor leaves (Ricinus communis) Custard apple leaves (Annona squamosa) 10 Untreated control Before spray 28.3 (1.45)* 29.7 (1.47) 35.3 (1.55) 27.0 (1.43) 28.7 (1.46) 26.3 (1.42) 28.3 (1.45) 23.3 (1.37) 25.0 (1.40) 26.3 (1.42) Number of aphids/10 cm twig/ plant Days after first spray Days after second spray Days after third spray Days after fourth spray (1.07)* 11.7 (1.07) 21.3 (1.32) 15.0 (1.17) 18.7 (1.27) 18.3 (1.26) 21.3 (1.33) 18.3 (1.26) 20.0 (1.30) 35.7 (1.55) 56.3 (1.75)* 59.3 (1.77) 52.3 (1.72) 53.7 (1.73) 57.3 (1.76) 53.0 (1.72) 56.0 (1.75) 46.3 (1.67) 49.3 (1.69) 70.3 (1.84) (2.05)* (2.08) (2.02) (2.03) (2.06) (2.02) (2.05) 93.0 (1.97) 99.0 (2.00) (2.14) 89.0 (1.95)* 89.0 (1.95) (2.06) 90.7 (1.96) 99.7 (2.00) 92.3 (1.96) (2.01) 83.7 (1.92) 91.7 (1.96) (2.08) 79.0 (1.89)* 78.3 (1.89) (2.04) 80.7 (1.90) 89.7 (1.95) 82.3 (1.91) 91.0 (1.96) 73.7 (1.87) 81.7 (1.91) (2.10) 94.0 (1.97)* 93.3 (1.97) (2.10) 95.7 (1.98) (2.02) 97.3 (1.99) (2.03) 88.7 (1.95) 96.7 (1.99) (2.15) 74.0 (1.86)* 73.3 (1.87) (2.02) 75.7 (1.87) 84.3 (1.92) 77.3 (1.89) 86.0 (1.93) 68.7 (1.84) 76.7 (1.88) (2.19) 63.3 (1.79)* 62.7 (1.80) 95.0 (1.97) 65.0 (1.80) 73.7 (1.87) 66.7 (1.82) 75.3 (1.88) 58.0 (1.76) 66.0 (1.82) (2.21) 58.3 (1.75)* 57.7 (1.76) 90.0 (1.95) 60.0 (1.77) 68.7 (1.83) 61.7 (1.79) 70.3 (1.85) 53.0 (1.72) 60.7 (1.78) (1.89) 33.7 (1.48)* 29.7 (1.47) 65.3 (1.80) 35.3 (1.52) 44.0 (1.63) 37.0 (1.55) 45.7 (1.66) 28.3 (1.45) 36.0 (1.55) (2.17) 15.0 (0.90)** 10.3 (0.99) 46.0 (1.64) 16.0 (1.02) 24.7 (1.38) 17.7 (1.22) 26.3 (1.43) 9.0 (0.99) 16.7 (1.24) (2.02) S.E.(m)± (0.03) (0.04) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.04) (0.04) (0.12) (0.08) (0.22) (0.21) C.D. (at 5%) (NS) (0.13) (0.08) (0.08) (0.10) (0.10) (0.09) (0.11) (0.12) (NS) (0.24) (0.66) (0.63) Figures in parenthesis are * log (x) and ** log (x + 1) transformed values, respectively. 1.0 (0.20)** 0.0 (0.00) 19.7 (0.97) 1.0 (0.20) 2.7 (0.32) 0.0 (0.00) 0.7 (0.20) 0.0 (0.00) 0.0 (0.00) 78.3 (1.90)

93 At 14 days after first spray Data recorded at fourteen days after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum aphid population (93.0 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves extracts, which was significantly less than rest of the treatments except Custard apple, Lantana, Calotropis, Datura, Bougainvillea, and Neem extracts. Whereas, maximum aphid population (140.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in untreated plots, which was significantly higher than rest of the treatments except Parthenium and Garlic extracts. At 3 days after second spray Data recorded at three days after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum aphid population (83.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves extracts, which was significantly less than rest of the treatments except Neem, Parthenium, Datura, Custard apple, and Lantana leaves extracts. Whereas, maximum aphid population (120.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in untreated plots, which found significantly higher than rest of the treatments except Calotropis, Bougainvillea and Garlic extracts. At 7 days after second spray Data recorded at seven days after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum aphid population (73.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves extracts, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Parthenium, Neem and Datura extracts. Whereas, maximum aphid population (127.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in untreated plots which found sitgtnificantly higher than rest of the treatments except Calotropis leaves extracts. At 14 days after second spray Data recorded at fourteen days after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum aphid population (88.7 aphid/ twig) was recorded in Castor leaves, which found significantly less than rest of

94 the treatments except Parthenium, Neem, Datura, Custard apple, Lantana, Garlic and Bougainvillea extracts. Whereas, maximum aphid population (142.7 aphid/ twig) was recorded in untreated plots, which found significantly higher than rest of the treatments except Calotropis leaves extracts. At 3 days after third spray Aphid population at three days after third spray showed that all the plant extracts were effective significantly over control in reducing the aphid population. Minimum aphid population (68.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves, which was significantly less than rest of the treatments except Parthenium, Neem, Datura, Custard apple, Lantana, Garlic and Bougainvillea extracts. Among the treated plots maximum population (105.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Calotropis leaves extracts. At 7 days after third spray Data recorded at seven days after third spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum aphid population (58.0 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Parthenium, Neem, Datura, Custard apple, Lantana, Garlic, Bougainvillea and Calotropis extracts. Whereas, maximum aphid population (163.3 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in untreated plots. At 14 days after third spray Data recorded on aphid population at fourteen days after third spray indicate uniform population in all the treatments, how ever it ranged from 53.0 to aphid /10 cm apical twig. At 3 days after fourth spray Aphid population at three days after fourth spray showed that all the plant extracts were effective significantly over control in reducing the aphid population. Minimum aphid population (28.3 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Parthenium, Neem, Datura, Custard apple, Lantana, Garlic and Bougainvillea

95 extracts. Among the treated plots maximum population (65.3 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Calotropis leaves extract. At 7 days after fourth spray Data recorded at seven days after fourth spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum aphid population (9.0 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves, which was significantly less than rest of the treatments except Parthenium, Neem, Datura, Custard apple and Lantana, extracts. Whereas, maximum aphid population (102.3 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in untreated plots, which found significantly higher than rest of the treatments except Calotropis, Bougainvillea and Garlic extracts. At 14 days after fourth spray Aphid population at fourteen days after fourth spray showed that all the plant extracts were effective significantly over control in reducing the aphid population. Parthenium, Lantana, Castor and Custard apple extracts are very effective on aphid. Minimum aphid population (0.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Bougainvillea leaves, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Neem, Datura, Calotropis and Garlic extracts. Whereas, maximum population (78.3 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in untreated plots b Experiment conductced during The efficacy of extracts was assessed on the basis of aphid population. Data recorded on population of aphid in different treatments during frist, second, third and fourth sprays are presented in Table At 24 hours before spray Data recorde on aphid population at 24 hours before spray indicate uniform population in all the treatments; however it ranged from 25.7 to 37.7 aphid/ 10 cm apical twig At 3 days after first spray Aphid population at three days after first spray showed that all the plant extracts were effective significantly over control in reducing the aphid population.

96 Minimum aphid population (12.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Parthenium leaves, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Neem leaves extracts. Among the treated plots maximum population (23.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Calotropis which found sitgtnificantly higher than rest of treated plots except Bougainvillea, Custard apple, Garlic, Lantana and Castor leaves extracts At 7 days after first spray Data recorded at seven days after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum aphid population (51.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Custard apple, Lantana, Datura and Calotropis extracts. Whereas, maximum aphid population (87.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in untreated plots which found sitgtnificantly higher than rest of the treatment except Calotropis leaves extracts. At 14 days after first spray Data recorded at fourteen days after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum aphid population (103.0 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Custard apple, Lantana and Datura extracts. Whereas, maximum aphid population (150.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in untreated plots which found sitgtnificantly higher than rest of the treatments except Parrthenium and Calotropis extracts. At 3 days after second spray Data recorded at three days after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum aphid population (80.3 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Parthenium, Neem, Datura, Custard apple and Lantana extracts. Whereas, maximum aphid population (120.0 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in untreated plots, which found significantly higher than rest of the treatments except Calotropis, Bougainvillea and Garlic extracts.

97 Table 4.12: Population of mustard aphid in different treatments before spray and after each spray under field condition during S. No Plant extracts (at 5%) Neem leaves (Azadiracta indica) Parthenium leaves (Parthenium hysterophorus) Calotropis leaves (Calotropis gigantea) Datura leaves (Datura stramonium) Garlic leaves (Allium sativum) Lantana leaves (Lantana camera) Bougainvillea leaves (Bougainvillea spectabitis) Castor leaves (Ricinus communis) Custard apple leaves (Annona squamosa) 10 Untreated control Before spray 30.7 (1.48)* 32.3 (1.51) 37.7 (1.57) 29.3 (1.47) 31.0 (1.49) 28.7 (1.46) 30.3 (1.48) 25.7 (1.41) 27.0 (1.43) 28.7 (1.46) Number of aphids/10 cm twig/ plant Days after first spray Days after second spray Days after third spray Days after fourth spray (1.15)* 12.7 (1.10) 23.7 (1.37) 17.3 (1.23) 21.0 (1.32) 20.7 (1.31) 22.7 (1.36) 20.0 (1.30) 21.7 (1.34) 40.7 (1.61) 61.7 (1.79)* 64.7 (1.81) 75.7 (1.88) 59.0 (1.77) 62.7 (1.80) 58.0 (1.76) 61.3 (1.79) 51.7 (1.71) 54.7 (1.74) 87.7 (1.94) (2.09)* (2.11) (2.06) (2.07) (2.10) (2.06) (2.09) (2.01) (2.04) (2.18) 85.7 (1.92)* 85.0 (1.93) (2.06) 87.3 (1.94) 96.3 (1.98) 89.0 (1.95) 97.7 (1.99) 80.3 (1.90) 88.3 (1.94) (2.08) 74.0 (1.86)* 73.3 (1.87) (2.02) 75.7 (1.87) 84.7 (1.92) 80.7 (1.90) 86.0 (1.93) 68.7 (1.84) 75.7 (1.88) (2.13) 91.7 (1.96)* 91.0 (1.96) 90.0 (1.43) 93.3 (1.97) (2.01) 95.0 (1.98) (2.02) 86.3 (1.93) 94.3 (1.97) (2.19) 70.7 (1.84)* 70.3 (1.84) (2.00) 72.3 (1.85) 81.0 (1.91) 74.0 (1.87) 82.7 (1.92) 70.3 (1.84) (1.97) (2.20) 61.0 (1.77)* 60.3 (1.78) 92.7 (1.96) 62.7 (1.79) 71.3 (1.85) 64.3 (1.81) 73.0 (1.86) 55.7 (1.74) 63.7 (1.80) (2.22) 56.0 (1.73)* 55.3 (1.74) 87.7 (1.93) 57.7 (1.75) 66.3 (1.82) 59.3 (1.77) 68.0 (1.83) 50.7 (1.70) 58.3 (1.77) (2.21) 32.3 (1.46)* 28.3 (1.45) 64.0 (1.79) 34.0 (1.50) 42.7 (1.62) 35.7 (1.54) 44.3 (1.64) 27.0 (1.43) 34.7 (1.54) (2.15) 13.7 (0.87)** 5.0 (0.63) 22.9 (1.09) 5.4 (0.64) 12.3 (0.98) 8.2 (0.82) 18.2 (1.13) 4.8 (0.60) 12.1 (1.01) 69.2 (1.53) S.E.(m)± (0.02) (0.04) (0.03) (0.02) (0.03) (0.04) (0.22) (0.06) (0.04) (0.05) (0.08) (0.21) (0.23) C.D. (at 5%) (NS) (0.12) (0.08) (0.07) (0.10) (0.11) (NS) (0.17) (0.13) (0.14) (0.25) (NS) (0.69) Figures in parenthesis are * log (x) and ** log (x + 1) transformed values,. 1.3 (0.23)** 0.7 (0.20) 20.3 (0.98) 1.3 (0.23) 3.0 (0.33) 0.7 (0.20) 1.0 (0.26) 0.3 (0.10) 1.0 (0.26) 76.0 (1.88)

98 At 7 days after second spray Data recorded at seven days after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum aphid population (68.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Parthenium, Neem, Datura, Custard apple, Lantana, Garlic and Bougainvillea extracts. Whereas, maximum aphid population (134.3 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in untreated plots, which found significantly higher than rest of the treatments except Calotropis extracts. At 14 days after second spray Data recorded on aphid population at fourteen days after second spray indicate uniform population in all the treatments, however it ranged from 86.3 to aphid /10 cm apical twig. At 3 days after third spray Aphid populatin at three days after third spray showed that all the plant extract were effective significantly over control in reducing the aphid population. Minimum aphid population (70.0 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor and Parthenium leaves, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Neem, Datura, Lantana, Garlic, Bougainvillea, Custard apple and Calotropis leaves extracts. Whereas, maximum aphid population (158.3 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in untreated plots, which was significantly higher than rest of treated plots. At 7 days after third spray Aphid population at seven days after third spray showed that all the plant extracts were significantly effective over control in reducing the aphid population. Minimum aphid population (55.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Parthenium, Neem, Datura, Custard apple, Lantana, Garlic, Calotropis and Bougainvillea leaves extract. Maximum aphid population (166.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in untreated plots.

99 At 14 days after third spray Aphid population at fourteen days after third spray showed that all the plant extracts were effective significantly over control in reducing the aphid population. Minimum aphid population (50.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Parthenium, Neem, Datura, Custard apple, Lantana, Garlic and Bougainvillea extract. Maximum aphid population (163.3 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in untreated plots. At 3 days after fourth spray Aphid population at three days after fourth spray showed that all the plant extracts were effective significantly over control in reducing the aphid population. Minimum aphid population (27.0 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Parthenium, Neem, Datura, Custard apple, Lantana, Garlic and Bougainvillea extracts. Whereas, maximum aphid population (141.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in untreated plots, which found significantly higher than rest of the treatments. At 7 days after fourth spray Data recorded on aphid population at seven days after fourth spray indicate uniform population in all the treatments, however it ranged from 4.8 to 69.2 aphid /10 cm apical twig. At 14 days after fourth spray Aphid population at fourteen days after fourth spray showed that all the plant extracts were effective significantly over control in reducing the aphid population. Minimum aphid population (0.3 aphid / twig) was recorded in Castor leaves, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Parthenium, Lantana, Bougainvillea, Custard apple, Neem, Datura and Garlic extracts. Whereas, maximum aphid population (76.0 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded on untreated plots.

100 c MEAN POPULATION OF MUSTARD APHID On the basis of average of twelve observation recorded on population of mustard aphid in different extracts at three, seven and fourteen days after first, second, third and fourth sprays, they are presented in Tables Mean aphid population during Mean aphid population showed that all the plant extracts were effective significantly over control in reducing the aphid population. Minimum aphid population (51.7 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Parthenium, Neem, Custard apple, Datura, Lantana and Garlic extracts. Whereas, maximum aphid population (116.8 aphids/10 cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot which found sitgtnificantly higher than rest of the treatments. Mean aphid population during Mean aphid population showed that all the plant extracts were effective significantly over control in reducing the aphid population. Minimum aphid population (51.9 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Parthenium, Datura, Neem, Lantana, Custard apple, Garlic and Bougainvillea extracts. Whereas, maximum aphid population (125.2 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in untreated plots which found sitgtnificantly higher than rest of the treatments. Overall mean population of aphid Mean population of aphid recorded during and revealed that all the plant extracts were significantly effective over control in reducing the aphid population (Fig 5). Minimum mean aphid population (51.8 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in Castor leaves, which found significantly less than rest of the treatments except Parthenium, Neem, Datura, Custard apple, Lantana, Garlic and Bougainvillea extracts. Whereas, maximum aphid population (121.0

101 aphids/10 cm twig ) was recorded in untreated plots, which found sitgtnificantly higher than rest of the treatments. Table 4.13: Mean population of mustard aphid in different plant extracts under field condition during and S. No Plant extracts (at 5%) Neem leaves (Azadiracta indica) Parthenium leaves (Parthenium hysterophorus) Calotropis leaves (Calotropis gigantea) Datura leaves (Datura stramonium) Garlic leaves (Allium sativum) Lantana leaves (Lantana camera) Bougainvillea leaves (Bougainvillea spectabitis) Castor leaves (Ricinus communis) Custard apple leaves (Annona squamosa) Number of aphids/10 cm twig/ plant Pooled Mean 57.4 (1.75) 57.1 (1.75) 57.3 (1.75) 57.0 (1.76) 56.8 (1.75) 56.9 (1.76) 79.3 (1.90) 75.4 (1.87) 77.3 (1.88) 58.0 (1.76) 57.0 (1.75) 57.5 (1.75) 65.2 (1.81) 64.5 (1.81) 64.8 (1.81) 59.1 (1.77) 58.8 (1.77) 59.0 (1.77) 66.0 (1.82) 65.7 (1.82) 65.8 (1.82) 51.7 (1.71) 51.9 (1.72) 51.8 (1.71) 57.9 (1.76) 60.1 (1.78) 59.0 (1.77) 10 Untreated control (2.07) (2.10) (2.08) S.E.(m)± (0.04) (0.04) (0.04) C.D. (at 5%) (0.10) (0.11) (0.11) * Figures in parenthesis are Log (x) transformed values.

102 Population of aphids Fig 5: Population of aphid in different plant extracts under field condition Neem leaves Parthenium leaves Calotropis leaves Datura leaves Garlic leaves Lantana leaves Bouganinvilea leaves Castor leaves Custard apple leaves Untreated control Treatments

103 Effect of plant extract on population of mummified aphid by D.rapae under field condition a Experiment conducted during Data recorded on population of mummified aphid by Mummified aphid under different treatments at before spray and different days after first, second, third and fourth sprays are presented in Table At 24 hours before spray Observation recorded on number of mummified aphid by D.rapae before spray indicates uniform distribution of Mummified aphid in all the treatments which ranged from 2.0 to 3.0 Mummified aphid/10cm twig. At 3 days after first spray Data recorded on Mummified aphid population at three days after first spray indicate that all the plant extracts reduced the Mummified aphid population significantly over control except Custard apple and Bougainvillea leaves extracts. Calotropis leaves extract was highly toxic to Mummified aphid than all the other tested extract. At 7 days after first spray Data recorded on Mummified aphid population at seven days after first spray indicate that all the plant extracts reduced the Mummified aphid population significantly over control except Neem, Parthenium, Castor, Custard apple and Bougainvillea extracts. Calotropis extract showed highly toxic to Mummified aphid than all the tested extracts. At 14 days after first spray Observation recorded on number of mummified aphid by D.rapae at fourteen days after first spray indicates uniform distribution of Mummified aphid in all the treatments which ranged from 8.7 to 9.7 Mummified aphid/ 10 cm apical twigs.

104 Table 4.14: Population of mummified aphid by Diaeretiella rapae in different treatments before spray and after each spray under field condition during S. No Plant extracts (at 5%) Neem leaves (Azadiracta indica) Parthenium leaves (Parthenium hysterophorus) Calotropis leaves (Calotropis gigantea) Datura leaves (Datura stramonium) Garlic leaves (Allium sativum) Lantana leaves (Lantana camera) Bougainvillea leaves (Bougainvillea spectabitis) Castor leaves (Ricinus communis) Custard apple leaves (Annona squamosa) 10 Untreated control Before spray 3.0 (1.72)* 2.0 (1.41) 2.0 (1.41) 3.0 (1.72) 2.7 (1.61) 2.7 (1.62) 2.7 (1.62) 2.0 (1.41) 2.7 (1.62) 2.7 (1.55) * Figures in parenthesis are * X and ** X 0.5 transformed values Population of mummified aphid by Diaeretiella rapae /10 cm twig/ plant Days after first spray Days after second spray Days after third spray Days after fourth spray (1.22)** 1.0 (1.22) 0.3 (0.88) 1.0 (1.22) 1.0 (1.22) 0.7 (1.05) 2.7 (1.77) 1.0 (1.22) 2.3 (1.68) 2.7 (1.77) 4.0 (2.00) 4.0 (2.00) 3.0 (1.73) 3.5 (1.87) 3.5 (1.87) 3.5 (1.87) 4.7 (2.16) 4.0 (2.00) 4.7 (2.16) 4.7 (2.16) 9.7 (3.11) 8.7 (2.94) 8.7 (2.94) 9.7 (3.11) 9.7 (3.11) 9.7 (3.11) 9.7 (3.11) 8.7 (2.94) 9.3 (3.05) 9.0 (3.00) 4.7 (2.16) 4.7 (2.16) 2.7 (1.63) 4.7 (2.16) 4.7 (2.16) 4.7 (2.16) 8.7 (2.94) 4.7 (2.16) 8.1 (2.84) 9.3 (3.05) 5.7 (2.38) 5.7 (2.38) 3.7 (1.91) 4.7 (2.16) 5.7 (2.38) 4.7 (2.16) 9.8 (3.11) 4.3 (2.08) 9.2 (3.03) 10.7 (3.27) 11.0 (3.31) 12.0 (3.46) 6.0 (2.44) 7.0 (2.64) 10.0 (3.16) 9.0 (3.00) 15.0 (3.87) 8.0 (2.82) 14.5 (3.80) 16.0 (4.00) 10.0 (3.16) 11.0 (3.31) 4.0 (1.99) 5.0 (2.23) 9.0 (3.00) 8.0 (2.82) 17.0 (4.12) 7.0 (2.64) 16.0 (3.99) 18.0 (4.24) 11.0 (3.31) 12.0 (3.46) 3.0 (1.72) 4.0 (1.99) 7.0 (2.64) 6.0 (2.44) 18.0 (4.24) 5.0 (2.23) 17.0 (4.12) 20.0 (4.47) 13.0 (3.60) 14.0 (3.74) 4.0 (1.99) 5.0 (2.23) 9.0 (3.00) 7.0 (2.64) 20.0 (4.46) 6.0 (2.44) 19.0 (4.35) 22.0 (4.69) 12.0 (3.46) 13.0 (3.60) 3.0 (1.72) 4.0 (1.99) 8.0 (2.82) 6.0 (2.44) 17.0 (4.12) 5.0 (2.23) 15.0 (3.87) 17.0 (4.12) 10.0 (3.16) 11.0 (3.31) 3.0 (1.72) 3.0 (1.72) 7.0 (2.64) 5.0 (2.23) 15.0 (3.87) 4.0 (1.99) 13.0 (3.60) 15.0 (3.87) S.E.(m)± (0.17) (0.07) (0.06) (0.05) (0.08) (0.07) (0.08) (0.09) (0.11) (0.12) (0.09) (0.10) (0.12) C.D. (at 5%) (NS) (0.22) (0.19) (NS) (0.24) (0.22) (0.23) (0.26) (0.32) (0.36) (0.28) (0.30) (0.35) 9.0 (3.00) 10.0 (3.16) 2.0 (1.38) 2.0 (1.38) 6.0 (2.44) 4.0 (1.99) 14.0 (3.74) 3.0 (1.72) 12.0 (3.46) 14.0 (3.74)

105 At 3 days after second spray to 14 days after fourth spray Obsevation recorded from three days after second spray to fourteen days after fourth spray indicate that all the plant extracts reduced the Mummified aphid population significantly over control except Custard apple and Bougainvillea extracts. Calotropis extract showed highly toxic to Mummified aphid than all the tested extracts b Experiment conducted during Data recorded on population of mummified aphid by D.rapae under different treatments at before spray three, seven and fourteen days after each sprays are presented in Table At 24 hours before spray Observation recorded on population of mummified aphid by D.rapae before spray indicates uniform distribution of Mummified aphid in all the treatments which ranged from 1.7 to 2.7 Mummified aphid /10 cm apical twigs. At 3 days after first spray Data recorded on number of mummified aphid by D.rapae population at three days after first spray indicate that the all the plant extracts reduced the Mummified aphid population significantly over control except Custard apple and Bougainvillea extracts. Calotropis extract showed highly toxic to Mummified aphid than all the tested extracts. At 7 days after first spray Observation recorded on number of mummified aphid by D.rapae at seven days after first spray indicates uniform distribution of Mummified aphid in all the treatments which ranged from 4.7 to 5.7 Mummified aphid /10 cm apical twigs. At 14 days after first spray Observation recorded on number of mummified aphid by D.rapae at fourteen days after first spray indicates uniform distribution of Mummified aphid in all the treatments which ranged from 9.7 to 10.7 Mummified aphid /10 cm apical twigs.

106 Table 4.15: Population of mummified aphid by Diaeretiella rapae in different treatments before spray and after each spray under field condition during Population of mummified aphid by Diaeretiella rapae /10 cm twig/ plant S. No. Plant extracts (at 5%) Before spray Days after first spray Days after second spray Days after third spray Days after fourth spray Neem leaves 2.7 (Azadiracta indica) (1.63)* 0.7 (1.05)** 5.7 (2.38) 10.7 (3.27) 5.7 (2.38) 6.7 (2.58) 12.0 (3.46) 11.0 (3.31) 12.0 (3.46) 14.0 (3.74) 13.0 (3.60) 11.0 (3.31) 10.0 (3.16) 2 Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) leaves 1.7 (1.28) 0.7 (1.05) 4.7 (2.16) 9.7 (3.11) 5.7 (2.38) 6.7 (2.58) 13.0 (3.60) 12.0 (3.46) 13.0 (3.60) 15.0 (3.87) 14.0 (3.74) 12.0 (3.46) 11.0 (3.31) 3 Calotropis leaves (Calotropis gigantea) 1.7 (1.28) 0.6 (1.03) 4.7 (2.16) 9.7 (3.11) 3.7 (1.91) 4.7 (2.16) 7.0 (2.64) 5.0 (2.23) 4.0 (1.99) 5.0 (2.23) 4.0 (1.99) 4.0 (1.99) 3.0 (1.72) 4 Datura leaves (Datura stramonium) 2.7 (1.63) 0.7 (1.05) 5.7 (2.38) 10.7 (3.27) 5.7 (2.38) 5.7 (2.38) 8.0 (2.82) 6.0 (2.44) 5.0 (2.23) 6.0 (2.44) 5.0 (2.23) 4.0 (1.99) 3.0 (1.72) 5 Garlic leaves (Allium sativum) 2.7 (1.63) 0.7 (1.05) 5.7 (2.38) 10.7 (3.27) 5.7 (2.38) 6.7 (2.58) 11.0 (3.31) 10.0 (3.16) 8.0 (2.82) 10.0 (3.16) 9.0 (3.00) 8.0 (2.82) 7.0 (2.64) 6 Lantana leaves (Lantana camera) 2.7 (1.63) 0.7 (1.05) 5.7 (2.38) 10.7 (3.27) 5.7 (2.38) 5.7 (2.38) 10.0 (3.16) 9.0 (3.00) 7.0 (2.64) 8.0 (2.82) 7.0 (2.64) 6.0 (2.44) 5.0 (2.23) 7 Bougainvillea leaves (Bougainvillea spectabitis) 2.7 (1.63) 2.7 (1.77) 5.7 (2.38) 10.7 (3.27) 9.5 (3.08) 10.5 (3.23) 16.0 (4.00) 18.0 (4.23) 20.0 (4.46) 22.0 (4.68) 18.0 (4.24) 16.0 (4.00) 15.0 (3.87) 8 Castor leaves (Ricinus communis) 1.7 (1.28) 1.0 (1.22) 4.7 (2.16) 9.7 (3.11) 5.7 (2.38) 5.3 (2.31) 9.0 (3.00) 8.0 (2.82) 6.0 (2.44) 7.0 (2.64) 6.0 (2.44) 5.0 (2.23) 4.0 (1.99)

107 9 Custard apple leaves (Annona squamosa) 2.3 (1.52) 2.0 (1.58) 5.3 (2.31) 10.3 (3.21) 9.3 (3.04) 10.2 (3.18) 14.0 (3.74) 17.0 (4.09) 19.0 (4.34) 21.0 (4.57) 16.0 (4.00) 14.0 (3.74) 13.0 (3.60) 10 Untreated control 2.0 (1.38) 2.7 (1.77) 5.0 (2.23) 10.0 (3.16) 10.3 (3.21) 11.7 (3.41) 17.0 (4.12) 19.0 (4.36) 21.0 (4.58) 23.0 (4.80) 18.0 (4.24) 16.0 (4.00) 15.0 (3.87) S.E.(m)± (0.12) (0.13) (0.07) (0.05) (0.10) (0.08) (0.07) (0.15) (0.13) (0.13) (0.08) (0.09) (0.10) C.D. (at 5%) (NS) (0.38) (NS) (NS) (0.30) (0.25) (0.22) (0.44) (0.39) (0.39) (0.25) (0.27) (0.30) * Figures in parenthesis are * X and ** X 0.5 transformed values

108 At 3 days after second spray to 14 days after fourth spray Observation taken from three days after second spray to fourteen days after fourth spray indicated that all the plant extracts reduced the Mummified aphid population significantly over control except Custard apple and Bougainvillea extracts. Calotropis extract showed highly toxic to Mummified aphid than all the tested extracts c Effect of plant extracts on population of mummified aphid by D.rapae during and Both years pooled mean data replication wise complied on the population of mummified aphid by D.rapae in different plant extracts at three, seven and fourteen days after the first, second, third and fourth sprays are presented in Tables Mean Mummified aphid population during Mean Mummified aphid population during indicated that all the plant extracts reduced the Mummified aphid population significantly over control except Custard apple and Bougainvillea extracts. Calotropis extract showed highly toxic to Mummified aphid than all the tested extracts. Mean Mummified aphid population during Mean Mummified aphid population during indicated that all the plant extracts reduced the Mummified aphid population significantly over control except Custard apple and Bouganinivilea extracts. Calotropis extract showed highly toxic to Mummified aphid than all the tested extracts. Overall mean population of Mummified aphid On the basis of average of two year observations, Mummified aphid population on treated plots ranged from 4.1 to 13.0 as against 13.6 Mummified aphid/10cm twig in untreated plots indicate that all the plant extracts reduced the Mummified aphid population significantly over control except Custard apple and Bougainvillea extracts (Fig 6). Calotropis extract showed highly toxic to Mummified aphid than all the tested extracts.

109 Table 4.16: Population of mummified aphid by Diaeretiella rapae in different treatments under field condition during and S. No. Plant extracts (at 5%) Mean population of mummified aphid by D. rapae /10 cm twig/ plant Pooled Mean 1 Neem leaves (Azadiracta indica) 8.4 (2.90) 9.4 (3.06) 8.9 (2.98) 2 Parthenium leaves (Parthenium hysterophorus) 8.9 (2.98) 9.8 (3.13) 9.3 (3.06) 3 Calotropis leaves (Calotropis gigantea) 3.6 (1.89) 4.6 (2.14) 4.1 (2.02) 4 Datura leaves (Datura stramonium) 4.5 (2.11) 5.4 (2.33) 5.0 (2.22) 5 Garlic leaves (Allium sativum) 6.7 (2.59) 7.7 (2.77) 7.2 (2.68) 6 Lantana leaves (Lantana camera) 5.7 (2.38) 6.7 (2.58) 6.2 (2.48) 7 Bougainvillea leaves (Bougainvillea spectabitis) 12.6 (3.55) 13.7 (3.69) 13.1 (3.62) 8 Castor leaves (Ricinus communis) 5.1 (2.25) 5.9 (2.44) 5.5 (2.34) 9 Custard apple leaves (Annona squamosa) 11.7 (3.42) 12.6 (3.54) 12.1 (3.38)

110 10 Untreated control 13.2 (3.63) 14.1 (3.75) 13.6 (3.69) S.E.(m)± (0.07) (0.08) (0.08) C.D. (at 5%) (0.21) (0.25) (0.23) * Figures in parenthesis are X transformed values

111 Population of Diaeretiella rapae 14 Fig 6: Population of Mummified Aphid by Diaeretiella rapae in different treatments under field condition Neem leaves Parthenium leaves Calotropis leaves Datura leaves Garlic leaves Lantana leaves Bouganinvilea leaves Castor leaves Custard apple leaves Untreated control Plant extracts

112 EFFECT OF PLANT EXTRACTS ON POPULATION OF C. septumpunctata UNDER FIELD CONDITION: Data recorded on number of beetle under different treatments at before spray and after first, second, third and fourth sprays are presented in Table a Experiment conducted during At 24 hours before spray Observation recorded on number of C. septumpunctat abefore spray indicates uniform distribution of C. septumpunctata in all the treatments which ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 beetles /10 cm apical twigs. At 3 days after first spray At three days after first spray the C. septumpunctata population all the treated plots was significantly less than control which indicate that all the extracts were toxic to C. beetle. Calotropis extract showed highly toxic to C. septumpunctata than all the tested extracts. At 7 days after first spray Observation recorded on number of C. septumpunctata before spray indicated uniform distribution of C. septumpunctata in all the treatments which ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 beetles /10 cm apical twigs. At 14 days after first spray Data recorded on C. septumpunctata population at fourteen days after first spray indicate that all the plant extracts reduced the C. septumpunctata population significantly over control except Castor and Bougainvillea extracts. Calotropis extract showed highly toxic to C. septumpunctata than all the tested extracts.

113 Table 4.17: Population of C. septumpunctata in different treatments before spray and after each spray under field condition during S. No. Plant extracts (at 5%) Before spray Population of C. septumpunctata /10 cm twig/ plant Days after first spray Days after second spray Days after third spray Days after fourth spray Neem leaves 0.1 (Azadiracta indica) (0.36)* 0.2 (0.82)** 0.3 (0.51) 0.5 (0.70) 0.7 (0.84) 1.2 (1.09) 1.4 (1.18) 1.5 (1.22) 1.2 (1.09) 1.6 (1.26) 1.1 (1.05) 1.8 (1.34) 1.7 (1.30) 2 Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) leaves 0.1 (0.36) 0.2 (0.81) 0.3 (0.51) 0.5 (0.70) 0.8 (0.89) 1.3 (1.14) 1.6 (1.26) 1.6 (1.26) 1.4 (1.18) 1.8 (1.34) 1.3 (1.14) 1.9 (1.38) 1.8 (1.34) 3 Calotropis leaves (Calotropis gigantea) 0.3 (0.49) 0.1 (0.75) 0.2 (0.47) 0.4 (0.65) 0.4 (0.63) 0.3 (0.54) 0.5 (0.70) 0.4 (0.63) 0.3 (0.54) 0.3 (0.54) 0.2 (0.44) 0.5 (0.70) 0.4 (0.63) 4 Datura leaves (Datura stramonium) 0.3 (0.58) 0.1 (0.80) 0.3 (0.55) 0.8 (0.89) 0.6 (0.77) 0.7 (0.84) 0.7 (0.84) 0.8 (0.89) 0.6 (0.77) 0.8 (0.89) 0.3 (0.54) 1.0 (1.00) 0.9 (0.95) 5 Garlic (Allium sativum) leaves 0.2 (0.45) 0.2 (0.84) 0.3 (0.58) 0.6 (0.77) 0.6 (0.77) 1.2 (1.09) 1.2 (1.09) 1.4 (1.18) 1.2 (1.09) 1.5 (1.22) 1.0 (1.00) 1.6 (1.26) 1.5 (1.22) 6 Lantana leaves (Lantana camera) 0.2 (0.48) 0.2 (0.82) 0.4 (0.60) 0.7 (0.84) 0.6 (0.77) 1.2 (1.09) 1.0 (1.00) 1.2 (1.09) 1.0 (1.00) 1.3 (1.14) 0.8 (0.89) 1.4 (1.18) 1.3 (1.14) 7 Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabitis) leaves 0.1 (0.36) 0.2 (0.84) 0.4 (0.65) 0.8 (0.89) 1.0 (1.00) 1.5 (1.22) 2.0 (1.41) 2.0 (1.41) 1.9 (1.38) 2.5 (1.58) 1.8 (1.34) 2.3 (1.52) 2.2 (1.48) 8 Castor leaves (Ricinus communis) 0.3 (0.51) 0.2 (0.82) 0.4 (0.63) 0.6 (0.75) 0.7 (0.84) 0.9 (0.95) 0.9 (0.95) 1.0 (1.00) 0.8 (0.89) 1.1 (1.05) 0.6 (0.77) 1.2 (1.08) 1.1 (1.05)

114 9 Custard apple leaves (Annona squamosa) 0.1 (0.36) 0.2 (0.82) 0.3 (0.52) 0.5 (0.70) 0.9 (0.95) 1.4 (1.18) 1.8 (1.34) 1.8 (1.34) 1.6 (1.26) 2.0 (1.41) 1.5 (1.22) 2.0 (1.41) 1.9 (1.38) 10 Untreated control 0.3 (0.55) 0.3 (0.91) 0.5 (0.68) 0.9 (0.95) 2.0 (1.41) 3.0 (1.73) 5.0 (2.24) 3.0 (1.73) 4.0 (2.00) 5.0 (2.24) 3.4 (1.84) 2.5 (1.58) 3.0 (1.73) S.E.(m)± (0.08) (0.02) (0.06) (0.04) (0.007) (0.010) (0.008) (0.008) (0.011) (0.011) (0.02) (0.01) (0.01) C.D. (at 5%) (NS) (0.06) (NS) (0.11) (0.021) (0.029) (0.023) (0.024) (0.032) (0.032) (0.05) (0.03) (0.03) * Figures in parenthesis are * and ** transformed values X X 0.5

115 At 3 days after second spray to 14 days after fourth spray Observation taken from three days after second spray to fourteen days after fourth spray the C. septumpunctata population all the treated plots was significantly less than control which indicate that all the extracts were toxic to C. beetle. Calotropis extract showed highly toxic to C. septumpunctata than all the tested extracts b Experiment conducted during Data recorded on number of beetle under different treatments at before spray and after first, second, third and fourth sprays are presented in Table At 24 hours before spray Observation recorded on number of C. septumpunctata before spray indicated uniform distribution of C. septumpunctata in all the treatments which ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 beetles /10 cm apical twigs. At 3 days after first spray The C. septumpunctata population in all the treated plots was significantly less than control which indicated that all the extracts were toxic to C. septumpunctata. Calotropis extracts showed highly toxic to C. septumpunctata than all the tested extracts. At 7 days after first spray Data recorded on C. septumpunctata population at seven days after first spray indicate that all the plant extracts reduced the C. septumpunctata population significantly over control except Lantana, Datura, Castor and Bougainvillea extracts. Calotropis extract showed highly toxic to C. septumpunctata than all the tested extracts. At 14 days after first spray Data recorded on C. septumpunctata population at fourteen days after first spray indicate that all the plant extracts reduced the C. septumpunctata population significantly over control except Lantana, Castor, Datura and Bougainvillea extracts. Calotropis extract showed highly toxic to C. septumpunctata than all the tested extracts.

116 Table 4.18: Population of C. septumpunctata in different treatments before spray and after each spray under field condition during Population of C. septumpunctata /10 cm twig/ plant S. No. Plant extracts (at 5%) Before spray Days after first spray Days after second spray Days after third spray Days after fourth spray Neem leaves 0.1 (Azadiracta indica) (0.36)* 0.2 (0.86)** 0.3 (0.58) 0.6 (0.77) 0.8 (0.89) 1.3 (1.14) 1.5 (1.22) 1.6 (1.26) 1.3 (1.14) 1.7 (1.30) 1.2 (1.09) 1.9 (1.38) 1.8 (1.34) 2 Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) leaves 0.1 (0.36) 0.1 (0.79) 0.3 (0.58) 0.6 (0.77) 0.9 (0.95) 1.4 (1.18) 1.7 (1.29) 1.7 (1.30) 1.5 (1.22) 1.9 (1.38) 1.4 (1.18) 2.0 (1.41) 1.9 (1.38) 3 Calotropis leaves (Calotropis gigantea) 0.3 (0.52) 0.1 (0.75) 0.3 (0.50) 0.6 (0.74) 0.5 (0.70) 0.4 (0.63) 0.6 (0.77) 0.5 (0.70) 0.4 (0.63) 0.4 (0.63) 0.3 (0.54) 0.6 (0.77) 0.5 (0.70) 4 Datura leaves (Datura stramonium) 0.4 (0.55) 0.3 (0.88) 0.5 (0.68) 0.9 (0.95) 0.7 (0.84) 0.8 (0.89) 1.1 (1.04) 0.9 (0.95) 0.7 (0.84) 0.9 (0.95) 0.4 (0.63) 1.1 (1.05) 1.0 (1.00) 5 Garlic leaves (Allium sativum) 0.2 (0.41) 0.2 (0.82) 0.4 (0.60) 0.7 (0.84) 0.7 (0.84) 1.3 (1.14) 1.3 (1.14) 1.5 (1.22) 1.3 (1.14) 1.6 (1.26) 1.1 (1.05) 1.7 (1.30) 1.6 (1.26) 6 Lantana leaves (Lantana camera) 0.2 (0.44) 0.2 (0.84) 0.4 (0.63) 0.8 (0.89) 0.7 (0.84) 1.3 (1.14) 1.1 (1.05) 1.3 (1.14) 1.1 (1.05) 1.4 (1.18) 0.9 (0.95) 1.5 (1.22) 1.4 (1.18) 7 Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabitis) leaves 0.1 (0.36) 0.3 (0.88) 0.5 (0.70) 0.9 (0.95) 1.1 (1.05) 1.6 (1.26) 2.1 (1.45) 2.1 (1.45) 2.0 (1.41) 2.6 (1.61) 1.9 (1.38) 2.4 (1.55) 2.3 (1.52) 8 Castor leaves (Ricinus communis) 0.4 (0.53) 0.2 (0.86) 0.5 (0.70) 0.9 (92) 1.1 (1.05) 1.0 (1.00) 1.0 (1.00) 1.1 (1.05) 0.9 (0.95) 1.2 (1.09) 0.7 (0.84) 1.3 (1.12) 1.2 (1.09)

117 9 Custard apple leaves (Annona squamosa) 0.1 (0.36) 0.2 (0.86) 0.3 (0.58) 0.6 (0.77) 1.0 (1.00) 1.5 (1.22) 1.9 (1.38) 1.9 (1.38) 1.7 (1.30) 2.1 (1.45) 1.6 (1.26) 2.1 (1.45) 2.0 (1.41) 10 Untreated control 0.3 (0.52) 0.4 (0.93) 0.6 (0.75) 1.0 (1.00) 2.1 (1.45) 3.1 (1.75) 5.1 (2.26) 3.1 (1.76) 4.1 (2.02) 5.1 (2.26) 3.5 (1.87) 2.6 (1.61) 3.1 (1.76) S.E.(m)± (0.09) (0.01) (0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.008) (0.05) (0.007) (0.009) (0.009) (0.01) (0.007) (0.007) C.D. (at 5%) (NS) (0.03) (0.14) (0.15) (0.15) (0.023) (0.14) (0.021) (0.027) (0.028) (0.03) (0.022) (0.020) Figures in parenthesis are * and ** transformed values X X 0.5

118 At 3 days after second spray to 14 days after fourth spray Observation taken from three days after second spray to fourteen days after fourth spray the C. septumpunctata population all the treated plots was significantly less than control which indicate that all the extracts were toxic to C. septumpunctata. Calotropis extract showed higher toxic to C. septumpunctata than all the tested extracts c Effect of plant extracts on C. septumpunctata during and Both years pooled mean data replication wise complied on the number of beetle in different plant extracts at three, seven and fourteen days after the first, second, third and fourth sprays are presented in Tables Mean C. septumpunctata population of Data recorded on C. septumpunctata population during the C. septumpunctata population all the treated plots was significantly less than control which indicated that all the extracts were toxic to C. septumpunctata than. Calotropis extracts showed highly toxic to C. septumpunctata than all the tested extracts. Mean C. septumpunctata population of Data recorded on C. septumpunctata population during the C. septumpunctata population all the treated plots was significantly less than control which indicate that all the extracts were toxic to C. septumpunctata. Calotropis extracts showed highly toxic to C. septumpunctata than all the tested extracts. Overall mean population of C. septumpunctata On the basis of average of two year observations, C. septumpunctata population on treated plots ranged from 0.4 to 1.6 as against 2.7 beetles/twig in untreated plots (Fig 7). The C. septumpunctata population all the treated plots was significantly less than control which indicate that all the extracts were toxic to C. beetle. Calotropis extracts showed highly toxic to C. septumpunctata than all the tested extracts.

119 Table 4.19: Population of C. septumpunctata in different treatments under field condition during and S. No. Plant extracts (at 5%) Mean population of C. septumpunctata / 10 cm twig/ plant Pooled Mean 1 Neem (Azadiracta indica) leaves 1.1 (1.05) 1.2 (1.09) 1.1 (1.07) 2 Parthenium leaves (Parthenium hysterophorus) 1.2 (1.10) 1.3 (1.13) 1.2 (1.11) 3 Calotropis leaves (Calotropis gigantea) 0.3 (0.58) 0.4 (0.65) 0.4 (0.62) 4 Datura leaves stramonium) (Datura 0.6 (0.80) 0.8 (0.88) 0.7 (0.84) 5 Garlic (Allium sativum) leaves 1.0 (1.01) 1.1 (1.05) 1.1 (1.03) 6 Lantana (Lantana camera) leaves 0.9 (0.96) 1.0 (1.00) 1.0 (0.98) 7 Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabitis) leaves 1.6 (1.25) 1.6 (1.28) 1.6 (1.26) 8 Castor (Ricinus communis) leaves 0.8 (0.88) 0.9 (0.96) 0.9 (0.92) 9 Custard apple leaves (Annona squamosa) 1.3 (1.15) 1.4 (1.19) 1.4 (1.17) 10 Untreated control 2.7 (1.65) 2.8 (1.68) 2.8 (1.66) S.E.(m)± (0.006) (0.009) (0.008) C.D. (at 5%) (0.018) (0.028) (0.025) * Figures in parenthesis are transformed X value

120 Population of Coccinellid beetle 3 Fig 7: Population of C. septumpunctata in different treatments under field condition Neem leaves Parthenium leaves Calotropis leaves Datura leaves Garlic leaves Lantana Bouganinvilea leaves leaves Castor leaves Custard apple Untreated leaves control Treatments

121 d Mean seed yield of mustard during and Data recorded on seed yield per hectare showed significantly effect of different plant extracts on mustard during the year (Table 4.20). The highest yield of 720 kg ha -1 was recorded in Castor leaves, which was significantly higher than rest of the treatment except Parthenium leaves and Neem leaves. The lowest yield was recorded in untreated plot (330 kg ha -1 ), which found significantly less than rest of the all other treatment except Calotropis leaves and Bougainvillea leaves. Data recorded on seed yield per hectare showed significantly effect of different plant extracts on mustard during the year (Table 4.20). The highest yield of 730 kg ha -1 was recorded in Castor leaves, which was significantly higher than rest of the treatment except Parthenium leaves and Neem leaves. The lowest yield was recorded in untreated plot (310 kg ha -1 ), which found significantly less than rest of the all other treatment except Calotropis leaves. On the basis of average of two year recorded significant differences were observed among different plant extract on mustard (Table 4.20 and Fig 8). The highest yield of 725 kg ha -1 was recorded in Castor leaves, which was significantly higher than rest of the treatment except Parthenium leaves and Neem leaves, where recorded yield were 706 and 705 kg ha -1. The lowest yield was obtained by untreated plot (320 kg ha -1 ), which found significantly less than rest of the all other treatment except Calotropis leaves and Bougainvillea leaves showing 401 and 427 kg ha -1, respectively. Table 4.20: Mean seed yield of mustard variety during and S. No. Treatments Yield (kg/ha) Pooled mean 1 Neem (Azadiracta indica) leaves Parthenium leaves (Parthenium hysterophorus)

122 3 Calotropis (Calotropis gigantea) leaves Datura (Datura stramonium) leaves Garlic (Allium sativum) leaves Lantana (Lantana camera) leaves Bougainvillea leaves (Bougainvillea spectabitis) Castor (Ricinus communis) leaves Custard apple leaves (Annona squamosa) Untreated control S.E.(m)± C.D. (at 5%)

123 Seed yield (kg/ha) Fig 8: Seed yield of mustard Neem leaves Parthenium Calotropis leaves leaves Datura leaves Garlic leaves Lantana Bouganinvilea leaves Castor leaves Custard leaves apple Untreated leaves control Treatments

124 4.3 EFFECT OF INSECTICIDES ON APHID AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS OF MUSTARD Aphid population 4.3.1a Experiment conducted during Data recorded on population of aphid in different treatments at 24 hour before and 3, 7 and 14 days after the first, second and third sprays are presented in Tables At 24 hours before spray Population of aphid recorded at 24 hours before spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum aphid population (80.0 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5%, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated, but was at par with plots treated with Imidacloprid, Acephate, Acetamiprid and Dimethoate. Among the treated plots, the maximum aphid population (124.7 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Chilorantraniliprote, which was found significantly higher than the population in the plots treated, but was at par with untreated control, Diafenthiuron, Thiamethoxam, Oxydemeton-methyl, Dimethoate and Acetamiprid. At 3 days after first spray Observation recorded at three days after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to aphid population. Population of aphid in all the treated plots was significantly less (41.0 to 96.7 aphids/twig) then the untreated plots (127. aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (41.0 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5% and Thiamethoxam. Among the maximum aphid population (127.0 aphids/twig) was recorded in the untreated plots, which was found significantly higher than the population in the plots treated with Chilorantraniliprote and Diafenthiuron.

125 Table 4.21: Effect of different insecticides on population of mustard aphid in before spray and after first, second and third spray under field condition during the year S. No. Treatments Number of aphids/10 cm twig/ plant Before Days after first spray Days after second spray Days after third spray spray Acephate g a.i./ha 88.0 (1.94)* 67.8 (1.83) 35.2 (1.55) 55.5 (1.74) 29.2 (1.46) 10.0 (0.99) 20.0 (1.30) 10.0 (0.99) 5.2 (0.78)** 2.9 (0.58) 2 Dimethoate g a.i./ha 99.5 (2.00) 64.7 (1.81) 33.7 (1.53) 53.7 (1.73) 27.7 (1.44) 8.8 (0.95) 18.8 (1.28) 8.8 (0.95) 3.8 (0.68) 2.2 (0.50) 3 Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha (2.08) 96.7 (1.98) 48.8 (1.68) 68.5 (1.83) 35.7 (1.55) 16.2 (1.20) 26.2 (1.41) 16.2 (1.20) 11.2 (1.07) 8.4 (0.95) 4 Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha (2.02) 72.7 (1.86) 37.5 (1.57) 57.5 (1.76) 30.0 (1.48) 10.7 (1.03) 20.7 (1.31) 10.2 (1.00) 5.8 (0.83) 3.7 (0.67) 5 Acetamiprid 20 10g a.i./ha 99.3 (1.99) 68.3 (1.83) 35.0 (1.54) 55.0 (1.74) 28.7 (1.45) 9.5 (0.97) 19.5 (1.29) 9.5 (0.97) 4.8 (0.76) 2.8 (0.57) 6 Imidacloprid g a.i./ha 82.0 (1.91) 41.0 (1.61) 22.0 (1.34) 42.2 (1.62) 22.3 (1.35) 3.2 (0.50) 13.2 (1.12) 3.2 (0.49) 0.7 (0.22) 0.3 (0.11) 7 Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha (2.03) 64.2 (1.80) 33.3 (1.52) 53.3 (1.72) 27.3 (1.44) 8.7 (0.92) 18.7 (1.27) 8.7 (0.92) 4.0 (0.66) 2.3 (0.48)

126 8 Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha (2.06) 88.2 (1.94) 44.8 (1.65) 64.8 (1.81) 33.3 (1.52) 14.0 (1.14) 24.0 (1.38) 14.0 (1.14) 8.5 (0.96) 6.5 (0.86) 9 Neem leaves extract 5% 80.0 (1.90) 59.3 (1.77) 32.0 (1.50) 51.0 (1.71) 26.8 (1.43) 7.8 (0.89) 17.5 (1.24) 7.8 (0.89) 3.2 (0.62) 1.6 (0.41) 10 Untreated control (2.07) (2.10) (2.02) (2.10) (2.08) 92.5 (1.97) 93.7 (1.97) 75.3 (1.87) 66.0 (1.83) 61.7 (1.80) S.E.(m)± (0.04) (0.03) (0.03) (0.02) (0.02) (0.06) (0.03) (0.05) (0.07) (0.07) C.D. (at 5%) (0.11) (0.09) (0.09) (0.06) (0.05) (0.14) (0.07) (0.16) (0.20) (0.20) Figures in parenthesis are * Log (x) and ** Log (x+1) transformed values

127 At 7 days after first spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to aphid population recorded at seven days after first spray. Population of aphid in all the treated plots was significantly less (22.0 to 48.8 aphids/twig) than untreated plots (107.0 aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (22.0 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5% and Thiamethoxam. Among the maximum aphid population (107.0 aphids/twig) was recorded in the untreated control, which was found significantly higher than the population of the plots treated with Chilorantraniliprote and Diafenthiuron. At 14 days after first spray Aphid population recorded at fourteen days after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments. All the treatments were effective significantly in reducing the aphid population (42.2 to 68.5 aphids/twig) over untreated control (127.0 aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (42.2 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5% and Thiamethoxam. Among the maximum aphid population (127.0 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated control, which was found significantly higher than the population in the plots treated with Chilorantraniliprote and Diafenthiuron. At 3 days after second spray Observation recorded at three days after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to aphid population. Population of aphid in all the treated plots was significantly less (22.3 to 35.7 aphids/twig) than the untreated plots (119.5 aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (22.3 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5%, Dimethoate and Thiamethoxam. Among the maximum aphid population (119.5 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment followed by Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha. At 7 days after second spray

128 Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to aphid population recorded at seven days after second spray. Population of aphid in all the treated plots was significantly less (3.2 to 16.2 aphids/twig) than the untreated plots (92.5 aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (3.2 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5% and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum aphid population (92.5 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment followed by Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha. At 14 days after second spray Aphid population recorded at fourteen days after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments. All the treatments were effective significantly in reducing the aphid population (13.2 to 26.2 aphids/twig) over untreated control (93.7 aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (13.2 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5% and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum aphid population (93.7 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment followed by Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha. At 3 days after third spray Observation recorded at three days after third spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to aphid population. Population of aphid in all the treated plots was significantly less (3.2 to 16.2 aphids/twig) than the untreated plots (75.3 aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (3.2 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5% and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum aphid population (75.3 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment followed by Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha.

129 At 7 days after third spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to aphid population recorded at seven days after third spray. Population of aphid in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.7 to 11.2 aphids/twig) than the untreated plots (66.0 aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (0.7 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5% and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum aphid population (66.0 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment followed by Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha. At 14 days after third spray Aphid population recorded at fourteen days after third spray showed significant differences among different treatments. All the treatments were effective significantly in reducing the aphid population (0.3 to 8.4 aphids/twig) over untreated control (61.7 aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (0.3 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5% and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum aphid population (61.7 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment followed by Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha b Experiment conducted during Data recorded on population of aphid in different treatments during first, second and third sprays are presented in Table 4.22.

130 Table 4.22: Effect of different insecticides on population of mustard aphid in before spray and after first, second and third spray under field condition during the year S. No. Treatments Number of aphids/10 cm twig/ plant Before Days after first spray Days after second spray Days after third spray spray Acephate g a.i./ha 68.0 (1.83)* 57.8 (1.76) 25.2 (1.40) 50.2 (1.70) 24.7 (1.39) 15.0 (1.17) 30.0 (1.47) 15.0 (1.17) 4.9 (0.75) 2.8 (0.56) 2 Dimethoate g a.i./ha 79.5 (1.90) 54.3 (1.73) 23.7 (1.37) 48.7 (1.69) 23.5 (1.37) 13.8 (1.14) 28.8 (1.46) 14.2 (1.15) 3.6 (0.66) 2.1 (0.48) 3 Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha (2.00) 86.7 (1.93) 38.8 (1.58) 63.5 (1.80) 30.8 (1.48) 21.2 (1.32) 36.2 (1.56) 21.2 (1.32) 10.9 (1.06) 8.3 (0.95) 4 Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha 85.8 (1.93) 62.7 (1.79) 27.5 (1.44) 52.5 (1.72) 25.3 (1.40) 15.7 (1.19) 30.7 (1.49) 15.5 (1.19) 5.6 (0.82) 3.6 (0.66) 5 Acetamiprid 20 10g a.i./ha 80.7 (1.90) 58.3 (1.76) 25.2 (1.40) 50.0 (1.70) 24.2 (1.38) 14.5 (1.16) 29.5 (1.47) 14.7 (1.16) 4.6 (0.74) 2.7 (0.55) 6 Imidacloprid g a.i./ha 65.0 (1.81) 31.2 (1.49) 12.3 (1.08) 37.2 (1.57) 18.0 (1.26) 8.2 (0.91) 23.2 (1.36) 8.5 (0.93) 0.4 (0.14) 0.2 (0.08) 7 Thiamethoxam 25 25g a.i./ha 88.3 (1.94) 54.2 (1.73) 23.3 (1.36) 48.3 (1.68) 23.3 (1.36) 13.8 (1.14) 28.7 (1.46) 13.5 (1.12) 3.7 (0.64) 2.2 (0.46)

131 8 Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha 97.0 (1.98) 77.8 (1.89) 21.0 (1.32) 59.8 (1.78) 28.5 (1.46) 19.0 (1.27) 34.0 (1.53) 19.2 (1.28) 8.7 (0.97) 6.4 (0.85) 9 Neem leaves extract 5% 62.0 (1.79) 50.0 (1.70) 21.0 (1.32) 45.7 (1.66) 22.3 (1.35) 12.8 (1.11) 27.8 (1.44) 12.8 (1.11) 2.9 (0.58) 1.8 (0.44) 10 Untreated control 98.2 (1.99) (2.03) (2.07) (2.10) (2.13) (2.16) (2.05) 91.7 (1.96) 67.5 (1.83) 52.3 (1.73) S.E.(m)± (0.05) (0.03) (0.04) (0.02) (0.02) (0.03) (0.02) (0.03) (0.06) (0.07) C.D. (at 5%) (0.14) (0.10) (0.11) (0.06) (0.06) (0.09) (0.06) (0.08) (0.18) (0.20) * Figures in parenthesis are Log (x) transformed values

132 At 24 hours before first spray Population of aphid recorded at 24 hours before first spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum aphid population (62.0 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5%, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated, but was at par with plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, Acephate g a.i./ha, Dimethoate g a.i./ha, Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha. Among the treated plot, the maximum aphid population (104.7 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha, which was found significantly higher than the population in the plots treated, but was at par with untreated control, Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha, Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha, Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha, Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Acetamiprid g a.i./ha. At 3 days after first spray Observation recorded at three days after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to aphid population. Population of aphid in all the treated plots was significantly less (31.2 to 86.7 aphids/twig) then the untreated plots (108.2 aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (31.2 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5%, Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum aphid population ( aphids/twig) was recorded in the untreated plots, which was found significantly higher than the population in the plots treated, but was at par with Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha. At 7 days after first spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to aphid population recorded at seven days after first spray. Population of aphid in all the treated plots was significantly less (12.3 to 38.8 aphids/twig) than untreated plots (118.2 aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (12.3 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly

133 less than the population recorded in the plots treated with Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha, Neem leaves extract 5% and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum aphid population (118.2 aphids/twig) was recorded in the untreated control, which was found significantly higher than the population of the plots treated with Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Oxydemetonmethyl g a.i./ha. At 14 days after first spray Aphid population recorded at fourteen days after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments. All the treatments were effective significantly in reducing the aphid population (37.2 to 63.5 aphids/twig) over untreated control (127.2 aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (37.2 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5% and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum aphid population (127.2 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated control, which was found significantly higher than the population in the plots treated with Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha. At 3 days after second spray Observation recorded at three days after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to aphid population. Population of aphid in all the treated plots was significantly less (18.0 to 30.8 aphids/twig) than the untreated plots (136.5 aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (18.0 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5% and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum aphid population (136.5 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment followed by Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha. At 7 days after second spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to aphid population recorded at seven days after second spray. Population of aphid in all the

134 treated plots was significantly less (8.2 to 21.2 aphids/twig) than the untreated plots (147.3 aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (8.2 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5%, Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum aphid population (147.3 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment followed by Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha. At 14 days after second spray Aphid population recorded at fourteen days after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments. All the treatments were effective significantly in reducing the aphid population (23.2 to 36.2 aphids/twig) over untreated control (112.2 aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (23.2 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment with Neem leaves extract 5%, Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum aphid population (112.2 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment followed by Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha. At 3 days after third spray Observation recorded at three days after third spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to aphid population. Population of aphid in all the treated plots was significantly less (8.5 to 21.2 aphids/twig) than the untreated plots (91.7 aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (8.5 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5% and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum aphid population (91.7 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment followed by Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha.

135 At 7 days after third spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to aphid population recorded at seven days after third spray. Population of aphid in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.4 to 10.9 aphids/twig) than the untreated plots (67.5 aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (0.4 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5% and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum aphid population (67.5 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment followed by Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha. At 14 days after third spray Aphid population recorded at fourteen days after third spray showed significant differences among different treatments. All the treatments were effective significantly in reducing the aphid population (0.2 to 8.3 aphids/twig) over untreated control (52.3 aphids/twig). Minimum aphid population (0.2 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the plots treated with Neem leaves extract 5% and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum aphid population (52.3 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment followed by Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha c Different insecticides against mustard aphid during and Data recorded on mean population of aphid in different treatments during both the year and are presented in Table 4.23.

136 Table 4.23: Pooled mean of mustard aphid in different insecticides under field condition during both the year and S. No. Treatments Number of aphids/10 cm twig/ plant Pooled Mean 1 Acephate g a.i./ha 26.2 (1.42) 25.1 (1.40) 25.6 (1.41) 2 Dimethoate g a.i./ha 24.7 (1.39) 23.6 (1.37) 24.2 (1.38) 3 Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha 36.4 (1.56) 35.3 (1.54) 35.8 (1.55) 4 Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha 27.6 (1.44) 26.6 (1.42) 27.1 (1.43) 5 Acetamiprid g a.i./ha 25.9 (1.41) 24.8 (1.39) 25.4 (1.40) 6 Imidacloprid g a.i./ha 16.4 (1.21) 15.5 (1.19) 15.9 (1.20) 7 Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha 24.5 (1.38) 23.5 (1.36) 24.0 (1.37) 8 Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha 33.1 (1.52) 30.5 (1.48) 31.8 (1.50) 9 Neem leaves extract 5% 42.0 (1.62) 38.0 (1.58) 40.0 (1.60) 10 Untreated control 96.6 (1.98) (2.03) (2.01) S.E.(m)± (0.03) (0.03) (0.01) C.D. (at 5%) (0.08) (0.08) (0.04) * Figures in parenthesis are Log (x) transformed values

137 Acephate g a.i./ha Dimethoate g a.i./ha Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha Acetamiprid g a.i./ha Imidacloprid g a.i./ha Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha Neem leaves extract 5% Untreated control Population of aphids Fig 9: Population of mustard aphid in different treatments Treatments

138 Mean aphid population of On the basis of average of replicated wise data recorded significant differences among different treatments with regards to aphid population. Minimum mean population of aphid (16.4 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the rest of the treatment followed by Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha and Dimethoate g a.i./ha. Among the treated plot, the maximum mean aphid population (96.6 aphids/twig) was recorded in the untreated control, which was found significantly higher than the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%, Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha. Mean aphid population of On the basis of average of replicated wise data recorded significant differences among different treatments with regards to aphid population. Minimum mean aphid population (15.5 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the rest of the treatment followed by Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha and Dimethoate g a.i./ha. Among the maximum mean aphid population (106.8 aphids/twig) was recorded in the untreated plots, which was found significantly higher than the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%, Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha. Overall mean population of aphid On the basis of average of two year data indicate significant differences among different treatments with regards to aphid population (Fig 9). Minimum mean aphid population (15.9 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the rest of the treatment followed by Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha and Dimethoate g a.i./ha. Among the maximum mean aphid population (101.7 aphids/twig) was recorded in the untreated plots, which was found significantly higher than the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%, Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha.

139 4.3.2 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INSECTICIDES ON POPULATION OF Diaeretiella rapae (Mummified aphid) 4.3.2a Experiment conducted during Data recorded on population of mummified aphids formed by Diaeretiella rapae in different treatments at 24 hour before and 3, 7 and 14 days after first, second and third sprays are presented in Tables At 24 hours before spray Population of mummified aphid by D.rapae recorded at 24 hour before spraying showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum population (10.2 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with untreated control, Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha, Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha, Acephate g a.i./ha, Neem leaves extract 5%, Imidacloprid g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha. Among the treated plots, the maximum population (14.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in Acetamiprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. At 3 days after first spray Observation recorded at three days after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to Mummified aphid population. Its population in all the treated plots was significantly less (5.7 to 11.5 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) than the untreated plots (17.3 Mummified aphids/10cm twig). Minimum Mummified aphid population (5.7 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha,. Among the maximum Mummified aphid population (17.3 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%.

140 Table 4.24: Effect of different insecticides on population of mummified aphid by Diaeretiella rapae in before spray and after first, second and third spray under field condition during the year S. No. Treatments Population of mummified aphid by Diaeretiella rapae /10 cm twig/ plant Before Days after first spray Days after second spray Days after third spray spray Acephate g a.i./ha 11.2 (3.35)* 9.7 (3.12)* 6.7 (2.59)* 10.7 (3.28)* 7.7 (2.78)* 5.7 (2.39)* 7.2 (2.68)* 5.2 (2.27)* 3.2 (1.91)** 2.2 (1.63)** 2 Dimethoate g a.i./ha 10.2 (3.19) 5.7 (2.39) 2.7 (1.65) 6.7 (2.59) 3.7 (1.93) 1.8 (1.33) 3.2 (1.79) 1.3 (1.12) 0.2 (0.83) 0.0 (0.73) 3 Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha 10.8 (3.29) 7.8 (2.79) 4.8 (2.19) 8.8 (2.97) 5.8 (2.41) 3.8 (1.95) 5.3 (2.30) 3.3 (1.81) 1.4 (1.37) 0.8 (1.12) 4 Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha 11.0 (3.31) 7.4 (2.72) 4.5 (2.10) 8.5 (2.91) 5.5 (2.33) 3.5 (1.85) 5.0 (2.22) 3.0 (1.71) 1.2 (1.27) 0.5 (0.99) 5 Acetamiprid 20 10g a.i./ha 14.0 (3.74) 11.5 (3.39) 8.5 (2.91) 12.5 (3.53) 9.5 (3.08) 7.5 (2.74) 9.0 (3.00) 7.0 (2.64) 5.0 (2.34) 4.0 (2.12) 6 Imidacloprid g a.i./ha 11.4 (3.38) 6.4 (2.53) 3.4 (1.84) 7.3 (2.71) 4.3 (2.08) 2.4 (1.53) 3.9 (1.96) 1.9 (1.35) 0.5 (0.98) 0.1 (0.80) 7 Thiamethoxam 25 25g a.i./ha 12.1 (3.47) 8.1 (2.85) 5.1 (2.25) 9.1 (3.02) 6.1 (2.47) 4.1 (2.02) 5.6 (2.36) 3.6 (1.89) 1.9 (1.51) 1.3 (1.30)

141 8 Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha 11.7 (3.42) 9.7 (3.12) 6.7 (2.59) 10.7 (3.27) 7.7 (2.78) 5.7 (2.39) 7.2 (2.68) 5.2 (2.27) 3.2 (1.90) 2.3 (1.65) 9 Neem leaves extract 5% 11.4 (3.37) 10.2 (3.19) 7.4 (2.71) 11.4 (3.37) 8.4 (2.89) 6.4 (2.52) 7.9 (2.81) 5.9 (2.43) 3.9 (2.09) 2.9 (1.84) 10 Untreated control 10.7 (3.27) 17.3 (4.16) 20.1 (4.48) 27.0 (5.20) 28.7 (5.36) 27.0 (5.20) 22.0 (4.69) 17.0 (4.13) 12.0 (3.54) 7.0 (2.74) S.E.(m)± (0.086) (0.086) (0.11) (0.08) (0.10) (0.12) (0.10) (0.13) (0.14) (0.13) C.D. (at 5%) (0.259) (0.257) (0.33) (0.25) (0.30) (0.36) (0.30) (0.38) (0.41) (0.39) Figures in parenthesis are * X and ** X 0.5 transformed values

142 At 7 days after first spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to Mummified aphid population recorded at seven days after first spray. Population of mummified aphid by D.rapae in all the treated plots was significantly less (2.7 to 8.5 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) than the untreated plots (20.1 Mummified aphids/10cm twig). Minimum Mummified aphid population (2.7 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Mummified aphid population (20.1 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%. At 14 days after first spray Mummified aphid population recorded at fourteen days after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Population of mummified aphid by D.rapae in all the treated plots was significantly less than (6.7 to 12.5 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) the untreated plots (27. Mummified aphids /twig). Minimum Mummified aphid population (6.7 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Mummified aphid population (27.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment followed by Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%. At 3 days after second spray Observations recorded at three days after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to Mummified aphid population. Population of mummified aphid by D.rapae in all the treated plots was significantly less (3.7 to 9.5 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) than the untreated plots (28.7 Mummified aphids/10cm twig). Minimum Mummified aphid population (3.7

143 Mummified aphids/10cm twigs) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Mummified aphid population (28.7 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acetamiprid 20 10g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%. At 7 days after second spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to Mummified aphid population recorded at seven days after second spray. Population of mummified aphid by D.rapae in all the treated plots was significantly less (1.8 to 7.5 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) than the untreated plots (27.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig). Minimum Mummified aphid population (1.8 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Mummified aphid population (27.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%. At 14 days after second spray Mummified aphid population recorded at fourteen days after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Population of such aphids in all the treated plots was significantly less (3.2 to 9.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) than the untreated plots (22.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig). Minimum population (3.2 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Mummified aphid population (22.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twigs) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%.

144 At 3 days after third spray Observations recorded at three days after third spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to Mummified aphid population. Population of mummified aphid by D.rapae in all the treated plots was significantly less (1.3 to 7.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) than the untreated plots (17.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig). Minimum Mummified aphid population (1.3 Mummified aphids/10cm twigs) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Mummified aphid population (17.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%. At 7 days after third spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to Mummified aphid population recorded at seven days after third spray. Population of mummified aphid by D.rapae in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.2 to 5.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) than the untreated plots (12.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig). Minimum Mummified aphid population (0.2 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Mummified aphid population (12.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%. At 14 days after third spray Mummified aphid population recorded at fourteen days after third spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Population of such aphids in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.0 to 4.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) than the untreated plots (7.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig). Minimum population (0.1 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid 17.8

145 20 g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Mummified aphid population (7.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twigs) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5% b Experiment conducted during Data recorded on population of mummified aphids formed by D.rapae in different treatments at 24 hour before and three, seven and fourteen days after first, second and third sprays are presented in Tables At 24 hours before first spray Population of mummified aphid by D.rapae recorded at 24 hour before spraying showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum population (12.2 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha, untreated control, Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha, Acephate g a.i./ha, Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, Neem leaves extract 5% and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha. Among the treated plots, the maximum population (16.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in Acetamiprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment followed by Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. At 3 days after first spray Observation recorded at three days after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to Mummified aphid population. Its population in all the treated plots was significantly less (6.7 to 12.5 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) than the untreated plots (19.3 Mummified aphids/10cm twig). Minimum Mummified aphid population (6.7 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha,. Among the maximum Mummified aphid

146 population (19.3 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%. At 7 days after first spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to Mummified aphid population recorded at sevendays after first spray. Population of mummified aphid by D.rapae in all the treated plots was significantly less (3.7 to 9.5 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) than the untreated plots (22.1 Mummified aphids/10cm twig). Minimum Mummified aphid population (3.7 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Mummified aphid population (22.1 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%. At 14 days after first spray Mummified aphid population recorded at fourteen days after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Population of mummified aphid by D.rapae all the treated plots was significantly less than (8.7 to 14.5 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) the untreated plots (28.9 Mummified aphids/10cm twig). Minimum Mummified aphid population (8.7 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Mummified aphid population (28.9 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment followed by Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%.

147 Table 4.25: Effect of different insecticides on population of mummified aphid by Diaeretiella rapae in before spray and after first, second and third spray under field condition during the year S. No. Treatments Population of mummified aphid by Diaeretiella rapae /10 cm twig/ plant Before Days after first spray Days after second spray Days after third spray spray Acephate g a.i./ha 13.2 (3.63)* 10.7 (3.28) 7.7 (2.78) 12.8 (3.58) 8.7 (0.94)** 6.7 (2.59) 9.2 (3.03) 6.2 (2.48) 4.3 (2.06) 3.1 (1.77) 2 Dimethoate g a.i./ha 12.2 (3.49) 6.7 (2.59) 3.7 (1.93) 8.7 (2.95) 4.7 (0.67) 2.8 (1.66) 5.3 (2.29) 2.3 (1.50) 1.2 (1.09) 1.0 (1.02) 3 Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha 12.7 (3.56) 8.8 (2.97) 5.8 (2.41) 10.8 (3.29) 6.8 (0.83) 4.8 (2.19) 7.3 (2.70) 4.3 (2.07) 2.4 (1.55) 1.8 (1.32) 4 Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha 13.0 (3.60) 8.5 (2.91) 5.5 (2.33) 10.5 (3.23) 6.5 (0.81) 4.5 (2.10) 7.0 (2.63) 4.0 (1.98) 2.2 (1.46) 1.6 (1.27) 5 Acetamiprid 20 10g a.i./ha 16.0 (4.00) 12.5 (3.53) 9.5 (3.08) 14.5 (3.81) 10.5 (1.02) 8.5 (2.91) 11.0 (3.32) 8.0 (2.83) 6.0 (2.45) 5.0 (2.23) 6 Imidacloprid g a.i./ha 13.4 (3.66) 7.4 (2.72) 4.4 (2.09) 9.3 (3.05) 5.3 (0.72) 3.4 (1.83) 5.9 (2.42) 2.9 (1.68) 1.5 (1.21) 1.1 (1.06) 7 Thiamethoxam 25 25g a.i./ha 14.1 (3.75) 9.1 (3.02) 6.1 (2.47) 11.1 (3.33) 7.1 (0.85) 5.1 (2.25) 7.6 (2.76) 4.6 (2.14) 2.9 (1.67) 2.2 (1.45)

148 8 Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha 13.7 (3.70) 10.7 (3.27) 7.7 (2.78) 12.8 (3.58) 8.7 (0.94) 6.7 (2.57) 9.2 (3.03) 6.2 (2.48) 4.2 (2.03) 3.3 (1.79) 9 Neem leaves extract 5% 13.4 (3.66) 11.4 (3.37) 8.4 (2.89) 13.2 (3.63) 9.4 (0.97) 7.4 (2.71) 9.9 (3.15) 6.9 (2.63) 4.9 (2.21) 3.9 (1.97) 10 Untreated control 12.7 (3.56) 19.3 (4.39) 22.1 (4.70) 28.9 (5.38) 31.0 (1.49) 29.0 (5.39) 24.0 (4.90) 18.0 (4.25) 13.0 (3.61) 8.0 (2.83) S.E.(m)± (0.08) (0.08) (0.10) (0.08) (0.03) (0.11) (0.09) (0.11) (0.12) (0.11) C.D. (at 5%) (0.24) (0.25) (0.30) (0.23) (0.09) (0.33) (0.27) (0.33) (0.37) (0.34) * Figures in parenthesis are* and ** Log (x) transformed values X

149 At 3 days after second spray Observations recorded at three days after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to Mummified aphid population. Population of mummified aphid by D.rapae in all the treated plots was significantly less (4.7 to 10.5 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) than the untreated plots (31.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig). Minimum Mummified aphid population (4.7 Mummified aphids/10cm twigs) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Mummified aphid population (31.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%. At 7 days after second spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to Mummified aphid population recorded at seven days after second spray. Population of mummified aphid by D.rapae in all the treated plots was significantly less (2.8 to 8.5 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) than the untreated plots (29.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig). Minimum Mummified aphid population (2.8 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Mummified aphid population (29.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%. At 14 days after second spray Mummified aphid population recorded at fourteen days after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Population of such aphids in all the treated plots was significantly less (5.3 to 11.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) than the untreated plots (24.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig). Minimum population (5.3 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate 30

150 300 g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Mummified aphid population (24.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twigs) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%. At 3 days after third spray Observations recorded at three days after third spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to Mummified aphid population. Population of mummified aphid by D.rapae in all the treated plots was significantly less (2.3 to 8.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) than the untreated plots (18.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig). Minimum Mummified aphid population (2.3 Mummified aphids/10cm twigs) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Mummified aphid population (18.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%. At 7 days after third spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to Mummified aphid population recorded at seven days after third spray. Population of mummified aphid by D.rapae in all the treated plots was significantly less (1.2 to 6.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) than the untreated plots (13.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig). Minimum Mummified aphid population (1.2 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha and Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Mummified aphid population (13.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%.

151 At 14 days after third spray Mummified aphid population recorded at fourteen days after third spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Population of such aphids in all the treated plots was significantly less (1.0 to 5.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) than the untreated plots (8.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig). Minimum population (1.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha and Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 250 ml/ha. Among the maximum Mummified aphid population (8.0 Mummified aphids/10cm twigs) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acetamiprid g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5% c Effect of different insecticides on population of mummified aphid by D.rapae Pooled mean data recorded on population of mummified aphids formed by D.rapae in different treatments at three, seven and fourteen days after first, second and third sprays are presented in Tables Mean population of mummified aphid by D.rapae of On the basis of average of replicated wise data recorded significant differences among different treatments with regards to population of Mummified aphid. Minimum mean population of mummified aphid by D.rapae (2.8 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha,. Among the maximum mean population of mummified aphid by D.rapae (19.8 Mummified aphids/10cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acetamiprid g a.i./ha. Mean population of mummified aphid by D.rapae On the basis of average of replicated wise data recorded significant differences among different treatments with regards to population of Mummified aphid. Minimum

152 mean population of mummified aphid by Mummified aphid(4.1 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum mean population of mummified aphid by Mummified aphid(21.5 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acetamiprid g a.i./ha. Overall mean of mummified aphid by D.rapae On the basis of average of two year data indicate significant differences among different treatments with regards to population of mummified aphid by D.rapae (Fig 10). Minimum mean population of mummified aphid by D.rapae (3.4 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum mean population of mummified aphid by D.rapae (20.7 Mummified aphid/10cm twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acetamiprid g a.i./ha Effect of different insecticides on population of Coccinella septempunctata Table 4.26: Pooled mean mummified aphid by Diaeretiella rapae in different insecticides under field condition during both the year and S. No. Treatments Population of mummified aphid by D. rapae / 10 cm twig/ plant Pooled Mean 1 Acephate g a.i./ha 6.5 (2.54) 7.7 (2.78) 7.1 (2.66)

153 2 Dimethoate g a.i./ha 2.8 (1.68) 4.1 (2.01) 3.4 (1.85) 3 Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha 4.6 (2.15) 5.9 (2.42) 5.3 (2.29) 4 Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha 4.3 (2.07) 5.6 (2.35) 4.9 (2.22) 5 Acetamiprid g a.i./ha 8.3 (2.88) 9.5 (3.08) 8.9 (2.98) 6 Imidacloprid g a.i./ha 3.4 (1.83) 4.6 (2.14) 4.0 (1.99) 7 Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha 5.0 (2.23) 6.2 (2.48) 5.6 (2.36) 8 Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha 6.5 (2.54) 7.7 (2.77) 7.1 (2.66) 9 Neem leaves extract 5% 9.0 (3.00) 11.0 (3.31) 10.0 (3.16) 10 Untreated control 19.8 (4.45) 21.5 (4.64) 20.7 (4.54) S.E.(m)± (0.10) (0.09) (0.10) C.D. (at 5%) (0.30) (0.27) (0.29) * Figures in parenthesis are transformed values X

154 Acephate g a.i./ha Dimethoate g a.i./ha Chilorantraniliprot e 18.5% 50 Oxydemetonmethyl 25 Acetamiprid g a.i./ha Imidacloprid g a.i./ha Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha Neem leaves extract 5% Untreated control Population of D. rapae 25 Fig 10: Population of mummified aphid by Diaeretiella rapae in different treatments Treatments

155 4.3.3a Experiment conducted during Data recorded on the population of the predatory beetles (Coccinella septempunctata) in different treatments at 24 hour before and three, seven and fourteen days after the first, second and third sprays are presented in Tables At 24 hours before first spray Population of beetles recorded at 24 hour before spray was similar in all the plots. However, it ranged from 0.8 to 0.9 beetles/10 cm apical twig. At 3 days after first spray Observations recorded at three days after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to beetle population. Population of the beetle in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.3 to 0.7 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (2.0 beetles/twig). Minimum beetle population (0.3 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population (2.0 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acephate g a.i./ha, Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%. At 7 days after first spray Significant differences in beetle papulation were observed in different treatments recorded at seven days after first spray. Population of beetle in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.2 to 0.8 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (3.0 beetles/twig). Minimum beetle population (0.2 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population (3.0 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acephate g a.i./ha, Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%.

156 At 14 days after first spray Beetle population recorded at fourteen days after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Population of beetle in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.5 to 1.8 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (5.0 beetles/twig). Minimum beetle population (0.5 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population (5.0 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Acephate g a.i./ha, Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha and Neem leaves extract 5%. At 3 days after second spray Population of beetles recorded at three days after second spraying showed significant differences among different treatments. Population of beetles in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.3 to 1.5 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (4.5 beetles/twig). Minimum beetle population (0.3 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population (4.5 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%.

157 Table 4.27: Effect of different insecticides on population of C. septumpunctata in before spray and after first, second and third spray under field condition during the year S. No. Treatments Population of C. septumpunctata /10 cm twig/ plant Before Days after first spray Days after second spray Days after third spray spray Acephate g a.i./ha 0.8 (0.89)* 0.7 (0.84) 0.6 (0.77) 0.9 (0.95) 0.7 (0.84) 0.6 (0.77) 0.8 (0.88) 0.7 (0.82) 1.0 (0.98) 0.7 (0.86) 2 Dimethoate g a.i./ha 0.9 (0.95) 0.4 (0.63) 0.3 (0.54) 0.6 (0.79) 0.4 (0.65) 0.3 (0.52) 0.5 (0.70) 0.4 (0.62) 0.7 (0.83) 0.5 (0.70) 3 Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha 0.9 (0.95) 0.6 (0.77) 0.5 (0.70) 0.8 (0.89) 0.6 (0.77) 0.5 (0.68) 0.7 (0.83) 0.6 (0.77) 0.9 (0.94) 0.8 (0.87) 4 Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha 0.8 (0.89) 0.5 (0.70) 0.4 (0.63) 0.7 (0.84) 0.5 (0.70) 0.4 (0.63) 0.6 (0.77) 0.5 (0.70) 0.8 (0.89) 0.6 (0.75) 5 Acetamiprid 20 10g a.i./ha 0.8 (0.89) 0.6 (0.77) 0.5 (0.70) 0.8 (0.89) 0.6 (0.77) 0.5 (0.73) 0.7 (0.84) 0.6 (0.80) 0.9 (0.97) 0.7 (0.86) 6 Imidacloprid g a.i./ha 0.8 (0.89) 0.3 (0.54) 0.2 (0.44) 0.5 (0.70) 0.3 (0.54) 0.2 (0.44) 0.4 (0.65) 0.3 (0.54) 0.6 (0.77) 0.4 (0.66) 7 Thiamethoxam 25 25g a.i./ha 0.8 (0.89) 0.4 (0.63) 0.3 (0.54) 0.6 (0.77) 0.4 (0.63) 0.3 (0.58) 0.4 (0.66) 0.4 (0.66) 0.7 (0.86) 0.6 (0.75)

158 8 Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha 0.9 (0.95) 0.7 (0.84) 0.6 (0.77) 0.9 (0.95) 0.7 (0.84) 0.6 (0.77) 0.8 (0.87) 0.7 (0.81) 1.0 (0.98) 0.8 (0.87) 9 Neem leaves extract 5% 0.8 (0.89) 0.7 (0.86) 0.8 (0.89) 1.8 (1.34) 1.5 (1.12) 1.3 (1.14) 1.5 (1.22) 1.3 (1.14) 1.6 (1.25) 1.4 (1.17) 10 Untreated control 0.8 (0.89) 2.0 (1.40) 3.0 (1.73) 5.0 (2.34) 4.5 (2.12) 4.0 (2.00) 3.0 (1.73) 2.4 (1.54) 2.7 (1.63) 3.0 (1.72) S.E.(m)± (0.03) (0.04) (0.05) (0.04) (0.04) (0.06) (0.05) (0.05) (0.04) (0.05) C.D. (at 5%) (NS) (0.12) (0.14) (0.11) (0.13) (0.17) (0.15) (0.16) (0.12) (0.14) * Figures in parenthesis are transformed values X

159 At 7 days after second spray Observations recorded at seven days after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to beetle population. Population of beetle in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.2 to 1.3 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (4.0 beetles/twig). Minimum beetle population (0.2 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population (4.0 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%. At 14 days after second spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to beetle population recorded at fourteen days after second spray. Population of beetles in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.4 to 1.5 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (3.0 beetles/twig). Minimum beetle population (0.4 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population (3.0 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%. At 3 days after third spray Beetle population recorded at three days after third spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Population of beetles in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.3 to 1.3 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (2.4 beetles/twig). Minimum beetle population (0.3 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha and Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population

160 (2.4 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%. At 7 days after third spray Observations recorded at seven days after third spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to beetle population. Population of beetle in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.6 to 1.6 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (2.7 beetles/twig). Minimum beetle population (0.6 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha and Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population (2.7 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%. At 14 days after third spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to beetle population recorded at fourteen days after third spray. Population of beetles in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.4 to 1.4 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (3.0 beetles/twig). Minimum beetle population (0.4 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha and Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population (3.0 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% b Experiment conducted during Data recorded on the population of the predatory beetles (Coccinella septempunctata) in different treatments at 24 hour before and three, seven and fourteen days after the first, second and third sprays are presented in Tables 4.28.

161 At 24 hours before first spray Population of beetles recorded at 24 hour before spray was similar in all the plots. However, it ranged from 0.6 to 0.7 beetles/10 cm apical twig. At 3 days after first spray Observations recorded at three days after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to beetle population. Population of the beetle in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.1 to 0.6 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (1.8 beetles/twig). Minimum beetle population (0.1 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population (1.8 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%, Acephate g a.i./ha and Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha. At 7 days after first spray Significant differences in beetle papulation were observed in different treatments recorded at seven days after first spray. None of the genotype of mustard found free from the C. septumpunctata. Population of beetle in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.1 to 0.6 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (2.7 beetles/twig). Minimum population of beetle (0.1 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population (2.7 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%.

162 Table 4.28: Effect of different insecticides on population of C. septumpunctata in before spray and after first, second and third spray under field condition during the year S. No. Treatments Population of C. septumpunctata /10 cm twig/ plant Before Days after first spray Days after second spray Days after third spray spray Acephate g a.i./ha 0.6 (0.76)* 0.5 (1.00)** 0.4 (0.96)** 0.7 (0.81)* 0.6 (0.77)* 0.5 (1.00)** 0.9 (0.93)* 0.9 (0.93)* 1.1 (1.06)* 0.9 (0.97)* 2 Dimethoate g a.i./ha 0.6 (0.77) 0.4 (0.95) 0.1 (0.77) 0.4 (0.65) 0.3 (0.57) 0.2 (0.85) 0.6 (0.77) 0.6 (0.74) 0.9 (0.93) 0.7 (0.83) 3 Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha 0.7 (0.84) 0.4 (0.93) 0.3 (0.89) 0.6 (0.77) 0.5 (0.70) 0.4 (0.93) 0.8 (0.91) 0.8 (0.87) 1.1 (1.03) 1.0 (1.00) 4 Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha 0.6 (0.80) 0.3 (0.89) 0.2 (0.84) 0.5 (0.73) 0.4 (0.60) 0.3 (0.89) 0.7 (0.84) 0.7 (0.84) 1.0 (1.00) 0.8 (0.89) 5 Acetamiprid 20 10g a.i./ha 0.6 (0.77) 0.4 (0.95) 0.3 (0.89) 0.6 (0.74) 0.5 (0.70) 0.4 (0.97) 0.8 (0.91) 0.8 (0.91) 1.1 (1.05) 1.0 (0.98) 6 Imidacloprid g a.i./ha 0.6 (0.77) 0.1 (0.77) 0.0 (0.73) 0.3 (0.50) 0.2 (0.47) 0.1 (0.77) 0.5 (0.70) 0.6 (0.75) 0.9 (0.93) 0.6 (0.77) 7 Thiamethoxam 25 25g a.i./ha 0.6 (0.77) 0.2 (0.84) 0.1 (0.77) 0.4 (0.63) 0.3 (0.54) 0.2 (0.86) 0.6 (0.80) 0.6 (0.77) 1.0 (0.98) 0.8 (0.88)

163 8 Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha 0.7 (0.84) 0.5 (1.00) 0.4 (0.95) 0.6 (0.79) 0.6 (0.77) 0.5 (1.00) 0.9 (0.95) 0.9 (0.93) 1.2 (1.09) 1.0 (0.98) 9 Neem leaves extract 5% 0.6 (0.75) 0.6 (1.03) 0.6 (1.05) 1.6 (1.26) 1.4 (1.17) 1.2 (1.30) 1.6 (1.26) 1.5 (1.22) 1.8 (1.33) 1.6 (1.25) 10 Untreated control 0.6 (0.79) 1.8 (1.52) 2.7 (1.79) 4.8 (2.18) 4.4 (2.09) 3.9 (2.11) 3.1 (1.77) 2.6 (1.60) 2.9 (1.69) 3.2 (1.78) S.E.(m)± (0.04) (0.03) (0.03) (0.05) (0.05) (0.04) (0.04) (0.04) (0.04) (0.04) C.D. (at 5%) (NS) (0.10) (0.10) (0.16) (0.15) (0.11) (0.12) (0.12) (0.12) (0.12) Figures in parenthesis are * X and ** X 0.5 transformed values

164 At 14 days after first spray Beetle population recorded at fourteen days after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Population of beetle in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.3 to 1.6 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (4.8 beetles/twig). Minimum beetle population (0.3 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha and Dimethoate g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population (4.8 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%. At 3 days after second spray Population of beetles recorded at three days after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Population of beetles in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.2 to 1.4 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (4.4 beetles/twig). Minimum beetle population (0.2 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha, Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population (4.4 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%. At 7 days after second spray Observations recorded at seven days after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to beetle population. Population of beetle in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.1 to 1.2 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (3.9 beetles/twig). Minimum beetle population (0.1 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population (3.9 beetles/twig) was recorded in

165 untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%. At 14 days after second spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to beetle population recorded at fourteen days after second spray. Population of beetles in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.5 to 1.6 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (3.1 beetles/twig). Minimum beetle population (0.5 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population (3.1 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%. At 3 days after third spray Beetle population recorded at three days after third spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Population of beetles in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.6 to 1.5 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (2.6 beetles/twig). Minimum beetle population (0.6 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha and Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population (2.6 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%. At 7 days after third spray Observations recorded at seven days after third spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to beetle population. Population of beetle in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.9 to 1.8 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (2.9 beetles/twig). Minimum beetle population (0.9 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the

166 rest of the treatment, but was at par with Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha, Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha, Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha and Acetamiprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population (2.9 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%. At 14 days after third spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to beetle population recorded at fourteen days after third spray. Population of beetles in all the treated plots was significantly less (0.6 to 1.6 beetles/twig) than the untreated plots (3.2 beetles/twig). Minimum beetle population (0.6 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle population (3.2 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% c Effect of different insecticides on population of Coccinella septempunctata during and Both years pooled mean data complied on the population of the predatory beetles (Coccinella septempunctata) in different treatments at three, seven and fourteen days after the first, second and third sprays are presented in Tables Mean population of C. septumpunctataof On the basis of average of replicated wise data recorded significant differences among different treatments with regards to population of C. beetle. Minimum mean population of beetle (0.36 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum mean population of beetle (3.27 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%.

167 Mean population of C. septumpunctata of On the basis of average of replicated wise data recorded significant differences among different treatments with regards to population of C. beetle. Minimum mean population of beetle (0.36 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum mean population of beetle (3.26 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%. Overall mean population of C. septumpunctata On the basis of average of two year data indicate significant differences among different treatments with regards to population of C. septumpunctata(fig 11). Minimum mean population of C. septumpunctata(0.36 beetles/twig) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum mean population of C. septumpunctata(3.26 beetles/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the population recorded in the rest of the treatment followed by Neem leaves extract 5%. Table 4.29: Pooled mean of C. septumpunctata in different insecticides on under field condition during both the year and S. No. Treatments Population of C. septumpunctata / 10 cm twig/ plant Pooled Mean 1 Acephate g a.i./ha 0.74 (0.86) 0.72 (0.85) 0.73 (0.85) 2 Dimethoate g a.i./ha 0.46 (0.67) 0.47 (0.68) 0.47 (0.68)

168 3 Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha 0.66 (0.81) 0.64 (0.80) 0.65 (0.80) 4 Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha 0.55 (0.74) 0.54 (0.74) 0.55 (0.74) 5 Acetamiprid g a.i./ha 0.67 (0.82) 0.66 (0.81) 0.66 (0.81) 6 Imidacloprid g a.i./ha 0.36 (0.60) 0.36 (0.60) 0.36 (0.60) 7 Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha 0.47 (0.68) 0.47 (0.68) 0.47 (0.68) 8 Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha 0.74 (0.86) 0.73 (0.85) 0.74 (0.86) 9 Neem leaves extract 5% 1.32 (1.15) 1.31 (1.14) 1.31 (1.15) 10 Untreated control 3.27 (1.81) 3.26 (1.80) 3.26 (1.81) S.E.(m)± (0.04) (0.04) (0.04) C.D. (at 5%) (0.13) (0.12) (0.12) *Figures in parenthesis are X transformed values

169 Acephate g a.i./ha Dimethoate g a.i./ha Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha Acetamiprid g a.i./ha Imidacloprid g a.i./ha Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha Neem leaves extract 5% Untreated control Population of C. beetle Fig 11: Population of C. septumpunctata 3.26 on different treatments Treatments

170 4.3.4 Mean seed yield of mustard during and Data recorded on seed yield per hectare showed significantly effect of different treatment on mustard yield during the year (Table 4.30). The highest yield of 1265 kg ha -1 was recorded in Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was significantly higher than rest of the treatment except treated with Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha and Acetamiprid g a.i./ha. The lowest yield of 352 kg ha -1 was recorded in untreated plot, which was significantly less than recorded in rest of the all treatments, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha. Data recorded on seed yield per hectare showed significantly effect of different treatment on mustard during the year (Table 4.30). The highest yield of 1270 kg ha -1 was recorded in Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was significantly higher than rest of the treatment except Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha and Acetamiprid g a.i./ha. The lowest yield of 379 kg ha -1 was recorded in untreated plot, which found significantly less than rest of the all other treatment followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha. On the basis of average of two year data inidicate significant differences among different treatment on mustard (Table 4.30 and Fig 12). The highest yield of 1267 kg ha -1 was recorded in Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, which was significantly higher than rest of the treatment except Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha and Acetamiprid g a.i./ha, where recorded yield was 1234 and 1146 kg ha -1, respectively. The lowest yield of 366 kg per ha was obtained by untreated plot, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha showing 697 and 733 kg ha -1.

171 Table 4.30: Mean seed yield of mustard during both the years and S. No. Treatments Yield (kg/ha) Pooled mean 1 Acephate g a.i./ha Dimethoate g a.i./ha Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha Acetamiprid g a.i./ha Imidacloprid g a.i./ha Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha Neem leaves extract 5% Untreated control S.E.(m)± C.D. (at 5%)

172 Acephate g a.i./ha Dimethoate g a.i./ha Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g Oxydemetonmethyl 25 Acetamiprid g a.i./ha Imidacloprid g a.i./ha Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha Neem leaves extract 5% Untreated control Yield (kg/ha) Fig 12: Seed yield of mustard Treatments

173 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INSECTICIDES ON HONEY BEE VISIT IN MUSTARD CROP 4.3.5a Experiment conducted during Data recorded on the Honey bee visit in mustard crop in different treatments at 24 hour before and 24, 48 and 72 hours after the first, second and third sprays are presented in Tables At 24 hours before first spray Honey bees visit recorded at 24 hours before spray was similar in all the plots. However, it ranged from 29.7 to 32.0 Honey bees/ m 2 /3 minutes. At 24 hours after first spray Observations recorded at 24 hours after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to Honey bee visit. Minimum Honey bees visit (2.7 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bee visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (28.3 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Neem leaves extract 5%. At 48 hours after first spray Significant differences in Honey bees visit were observed in different treatments recorded at 48 hours after first spray. Minimum Honey bees visit (5.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Imidacloprid g a.i./ha and Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (31.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acephate g a.i./ha. At 72 hours after first spray

174 Honey bees visit recorded at 72 hours after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum Honey bees visit (6.3 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (33.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acephate g a.i./ha.

175 Table 4.31: Effect of different treatments on Honey bee visit in mustard crop after first, second and third spray during the year Honey bees visit in one meter squares area in 3 min./plot S. No. Treatments First spray Second spray Third spray Before Before Before 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs spray spray spray 1 Acephate g a.i./ha 30.3 (1.48)* 14.7 (1.17) 18.3 (1.27) 20.3 (1.31) 35.7 (1.55) 17.0 (1.23) 19.7 (1.29) 21.7 (1.33) 18.0 (4.24) 7.3 (2.71) 9.7 (3.11) 10.7 (3.27) 2 Dimethoate g a.i./ha 30.3 (1.48) 2.7 (0.42) 5.0 (0.70) 6.3 (0.80) 35.7 (1.55) 5.0 (0.69) 6.3 (0.80) 7.7 (0.88) 19.0 (4.36) 3.3 (1.82) 4.7 (2.16) 6.0 (2.45) 3 Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha 31.3 (1.50) 9.0 (0.95) 11.3 (1.05) 13.0 (1.11) 36.7 (1.56) 11.3 (1.05) 12.7 (1.10) 14.3 (1.16) 18.0 (4.24) 4.3 (2.08) 6.0 (2.45) 6.7 (2.58) 4 Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha 30.3 (1.48) 5.3 (0.73) 6.3 (0.80) 8.3 (0.92) 35.7 (1.55) 7.7 (0.88) 7.7 (0.88) 9.3 (0.97) 16.0 (4.00) 1.3 (1.14) 2.7 (1.62) 3.7 (1.91) 5 Acetamiprid 20 10g a.i./ha 30.0 (1.48) 9.7 (0.98) 11.7 (1.07) 14.7 (1.17) 35.3 (1.55) 12.0 (1.08) 13.0 (1.11) 16.0 (1.20) 18.0 (4.24) 5.3 (2.31) 7.0 (2.64) 7.7 (2.77) 6 Imidacloprid g a.i./ha 32.0 (1.50) 3.0 (0.48) 6.0 (0.78) 7.0 (0.84) 37.3 (1.57) 5.3 (0.73) 7.3 (0.86) 8.7 (0.93) 20.0 (4.47) 3.3 (1.82) 5.0 (2.23) 6.3 (2.52) 7 Thiamethoxam 25 25g a.i./ha 31.0 (1.49) 4.3 (0.63) 6.7 (0.83) 10.0 (1.00) 36.3 (1.56) 6.7 (0.82) 8.0 (0.90) 11.3 (1.05) 20.0 (4.47) 3.3 (1.82) 5.7 (2.38) 6.7 (2.58)

176 8 Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha 30.3 (1.48) 10.7 (1.03) 13.0 (1.11) 15.0 (1.18) 35.7 (1.55) 13.0 (1.11) 14.3 (1.16) 17.0 (1.23) 16.0 (4.00) 4.3 (2.08) 5.7 (2.38) 7.7 (2.77) 9 Neem leaves extract 5% 30.3 (1.48) 21.0 (1.32) 24.3 (1.39) 27.3 (1.43) 35.3 (1.55) 23.3 (1.37) 25.7 (1.41) 28.7 (1.46) 17.0 (4.12) 10.3 (3.21) 13.7 (3.70) 15.0 (3.87) 10 Untreated control 29.7 (1.47) 28.3 (1.45) 31.0 (1.49) 33.0 (1.52) 33.7 (1.53) 32.3 (1.51) 32.7 (1.51) 35.3 (1.55) 16.0 (4.00) 16.3 (4.04) 16.0 (4.00) 17.0 (4.12) S.E.(m)± (0.01) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.01) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.003) (0.03) (0.05) (0.04) C.D. (at 5%) (NS) (0.07) (0.06) (0.05) (NS) (0.06) (0.05) (0.05) (0.010) (0.08) (0.13) (0.13) *Figures in parenthesis are * X and **Log (x) transformed values

177 At 24 hours before second spray Honey bees visit recorded at 24 hours before second spray was similar in all the plots. However, it ranged from 33.7 to 37.3 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes. At 24 hours after second spray Honey bees visit recorded at 24 hours after second spraying showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum Honey bees visit (5.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (32.3 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acephate g a.i./ha. At 48 hours after second spray Observations recorded at 48 hours after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to Honey bees visit. Minimum Honey bees visit (6.3 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha and Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (32.7 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acephate g a.i./ha. At 72 hours after second spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to Honey bees visit recorded at 72 hours after second spray. Minimum Honey bees visit (7.7 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (35.3 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey

178 bees visit in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acephate g a.i./ha. At 24 hours before third spray Honey bees visit recorded at 24 hours before third spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum Honey bees visit (16.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Oxydemeton-methyl %, Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha and untreated plot, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (20.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in Imidacloprid g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit in the rest of the treatment. At 24 hours after third spray Honey bees visit recorded at 24 hours after third spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum Honey bees visit (1.3 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (16.3 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit in the rest of the treatment. At 48 hours after third spray Observations recorded at 48 hours after third spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to Honey bees visit. Minimum Honey bees visit (2.7 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed Dimethoate g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (16.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5%.

179 At 72 hours after third spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to Honey bees visit recorded at 72 hours after third spray. Minimum Honey bees visit (3.7 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Oxydemetonmethyl g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Dimethoate g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (17.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acephate g a.i./ha b Experiment conducted during Data recorded on the Honey bee visit in mustard crop in different treatments at 24 hours before and 24, 48 and 72 hours after the first, second and third sprays are presented in Tables At 24 hours before first spray Honey bee visit recorded at 24 hour before spray was similar in all the plots. However, it ranged from 27.7 to 30.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 min. At 24 hours after first spray Observations recorded at 24 hours after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to Honey bees visit. Minimum Honey bees visit (2.3 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (28.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acephate g a.i./ha.

180 Table 4.32: Effect of different treatments on Honey bee visit in mustard crop after first, second and third spray during the year Honey bees visit in one meter squares area in 3 min./plot S. No. Treatments First spray Second spray Third spray Before Before Before 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs spray spray spray 1 Acephate g a.i./ha 28.3 (5.32)* 14.3 (1.16) 17.3 (1.24) 19.3 (1.29) 32.7 (1.51) 16.0 (1.20) 18.7 (1.27) 20.7 (1.31) 19.0 (4.36) 9.0 (3.00) 10.7 (3.27) 11.7 (3.41) 2 Dimethoate g a.i./ha 28.3 (5.32) 2.3 (0.36) 4.0 (0.60) 5.3 (0.73) 32.7 (1.51) 4.0 (0.59) 5.3 (0.73) 6.7 (0.83) 20.0 (4.47) 5.0 (2.23) 6.3 (2.51) 7.0 (2.64) 3 Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha 29.3 (5.42) 8.7 (0.93) 10.3 (1.01) 12.0 (1.08) 33.7 (1.53) 10.3 (1.01) 11.7 (1.07) 13.0 (1.11) 19.0 (4.36) 6.0 (2.45) 7.0 (2.64) 7.7 (2.77) 4 Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha 28.3 (5.32) 5.0 (0.69) 5.3 (0.73) 7.3 (0.87) 32.7 (1.51) 6.7 (0.83) 6.7 (0.83) 8.3 (0.92) 17.0 (4.12) 3.0 (1.71) 4.0 (1.99) 4.7 (2.16) 5 Acetamiprid 20 10g a.i./ha 28.0 (5.29) 9.3 (0.97) 10.7 (1.03) 13.7 (1.14) 32.3 (1.51) 11.0 (1.04) 12.0 (1.08) 15.0 (1.18) 19.0 (4.36) 7.0 (2.64) 8.0 (2.83) 8.7 (2.94) 6 Imidacloprid g a.i./ha 30.0 (5.48) 2.7 (0.42) 5.0 (0.69) 6.0 (0.08) 34.3 (1.53) 4.3 (0.63) 6.3 (0.80) 7.7 (0.88) 21.0 (4.58) 5.0 (2.23) 6.0 (2.45) 7.3 (2.71) 7 Thiamethoxam 25 25g a.i./ha 29.0 (5.39) 4.0 (0.60) 5.7 (0.75) 9.0 (0.95) 33.3 (1.52) 5.7 (0.75) 7.0 (0.84) 10.3 (1.01) 21.0 (4.58) 5.0 (2.23) 7.0 (2.64) 7.7 (2.77)

181 8 Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha 28.3 (5.32) 10.3 (1.01) 12.0 (1.08) 14.7 (1.16) 32.7 (1.52) 12.0 (1.08) 13.3 (1.12) 16.0 (1.20) 17.0 (4.12) 6.0 (2.45) 7.3 (2.70) 8.7 (2.94) 9 Neem leaves extract 5% 28.3 (5.33) 20.7 (1.31) 23.3 (1.37) 26.3 (1.42) 32.3 (1.51) 22.3 (1.35) 24.7 (1.39) 27.7 (1.44) 18.0 (4.24) 12.0 (3.46) 15.0 (3.87) 16.0 (4.00) 10 Untreated control 27.7 (5.26) 28.0 (1.45) 30.0 (1.48) 32.0 (1.51) 30.7 (1.48) 31.3 (1.49) 31.7 (1.50) 34.3 (1.54) 17.0 (4.12) 18.0 (4.24) 17.3 (4.16) 18.0 (4.24) S.E.(m)± (0.07) (0.03) (0.02) (0.02) (0.01) (0.03) (0.02) (0.02) (0.003) (0.03) (0.05) (0.04) C.D. (at 5%) (NS) (0.08) (0.07) (0.06) (NS) (0.08) (0.06) (0.05) (0.008) (0.09) (0.14) (0.12) *Figures in parenthesis are * X and **Log (x) transformed valu

182 At 48 hours after first spray Significant differences in Honey bees visit were observed in different treatments recorded at 48 hours after first spray. Minimum Honey bees visit (4.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (30.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acephate g a.i./ha. At 72 hours after first spray Honey bees visit recorded at 72 hours after first spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum Honey bees visit (5.3 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum beetle Honey bees visit (32.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acephate g a.i./ha. At 24 hours before second spray Honey bee visit recorded at 24 hour before spray was similar in all the plots. However, it ranged from 30.7 to 34.3 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 min. At 24 hours after second spray Honey bees visit recorded at 24 hours after second spraying showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum Honey bees visit (4.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (31.3 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees

183 visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acephate g a.i./ha. At 48 hours after second spray Observations recorded at 48 hours after second spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to Honey bees visit. Minimum Honey bees visit (5.3 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Imidacloprid g a.i./ha, Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (31.7 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acephate g a.i./ha. At 72 hours after second spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to Honey bees visit recorded at 72 hours after second spray. Minimum Honey bees visit (6.7 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (34.3 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acephate g a.i./ha. At 24 hours before third spray Honey bees visit recorded at 24 hours before third spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum Honey bees visit (17.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha, Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha and untreated plot, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (21.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in Imidacloprid g a.i./ha and Thiamethoxam 25

184 25 g a.i./ha, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit in the rest of the treatment. At 24 hours after third spray Honey bees visit recorded at 24 hours after third spray showed significant differences among different treatments. Minimum Honey bees visit (3.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (18.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit in the rest of the treatment. At 48 hours after third spray Observations recorded at 48 hours after third spray showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to Honey bees visit. Minimum Honey bees visit (4.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (17.3 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acephate g a.i./ha. At 72 hours after third spray Significant differences were observed in different treatments with regards to Honey bees visit recorded at 72 hours after third spray. Minimum Honey bees visit (4.7 Honey bees/m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Oxydemetonmethyl g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Dimethoate g a.i./ha and Imidacloprid g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (18.0 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acephate g a.i./ha.

185 4.3.5c EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INSECTICIDES ON HONEY BEE VISIT IN MUSTARD CROP DURING AND Both years pooled mean data complied on the Honey bee visit in mustard crop in different treatments are presented in Tables (i) Mean Honey bee visit in mustard crop during the year On the basis of average of replicated wise data recorded significant differences among different treatment with regards to Honey bees visit. Minimum Honey bees visit (12.00 Honey bees/ m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Oxydemetonmethyl g a.i./ha. Among the maximum mean Honey bees visit (29.21 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acephate g a.i./ha. (ii) Mean Honey bee visit in mustard crop during the year On the basis of average of replicated wise data recorded significant differences among different treatment with regards to Honey bees visit. Minimum Honey bees visit (11.55 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (28.73 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acephate g a.i./ha. (iii)

186 Table 4.33: Pooled mean of Honey bee visit in mustard crop during both the year and S. No. Treatments Honey bees visit in 1 m 2 area in 3 min. / plot Pooled Mean 1 Acephate g a.i./ha (4.50) (4.45) (4.48) 2 Dimethoate g a.i./ha (3.46) (3.40) (3.43) 3 Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g a.i./ha (3.98) (3.92) (3.95) 4 Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha (3.49) (3.42) (3.46) 5 Acetamiprid g a.i./ha (4.05) (3.98) (4.02) 6 Imidacloprid g a.i./ha (3.58) (3.51) (3.55) 7 Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha (3.69) (3.63) (3.66) 8 Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha (4.08) (4.03) (4.05) 9 Neem leaves extract 5% (4.97) (4.93) (4.95) 10 Untreated control (5.40) (5.36) (5.38) S.E.(m)± (0.024) (0.024) (0.024) C.D. (at 5%) (0.072) (0.073) (0.072) *Figures in parenthesis are X transformed values.

187 Acephate g a.i./ha Dimethoate g a.i./ha Chilorantraniliprote 18.5% 50 g Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha Acetamiprid g a.i./ha Imidacloprid g a.i./ha Thiamethoxam g a.i./ha Diafenthiuron g a.i./ha Neem leaves extract 5% Untreated control Honey bees visit 30 Fig 13: Honey bee visit in mustard crop Treatments

188 (iii) Overall mean Honey bee visit in mustard crop during the year and On the basis of average of two year data indicate significant differences among different treatment with regards to Honey bees visit (Fig 13). Minimum Honey bees visit (11.77 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in plots treated with Dimethoate g a.i./ha, which was found significantly less than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment, but was at par with Oxydemeton-methyl g a.i./ha. Among the maximum Honey bees visit (28.97 Honey bees/1 m 2 /3 minutes) was recorded in untreated plot, which was found significantly higher than the Honey bees visit recorded in the rest of the treatment followed by Neem leaves extract 5% and Acephate g a.i./ha. 4.4 EFFECT OF EXPOSURE PERIOD FOR APHID INFESTATION 4.4.1a Experiment conducted during Under field condition Data recorded on population of aphid in different treatments presented in Tables Aphid initiation Population of aphid in different plots was uniformly distributed at the time of initiation of aphid infestation. Statistical analysis was not done on aphid population recorded upto 42 days after aphid initiation because all the treatments were not applied till that time. At 49 days after aphid initiation Observation recorded at 49 days after aphid initiation showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to aphid population. Minimum population (4.0 aphids/twig) was recorded in the plots receiving Protection with insecticide from initiation of aphid infestation, which was significantly less than the population recorded in rest of the treatments. Maximum population (92.0 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was significantly higher than the population in rest of the treatments except plots received protection with insecticide after five week of aphid infestation.

189 At 56 days after aphid initiation Significant differences were also observed in different treatments with regards to aphid population recorded at 56 days after aphid initiation. Minimum population (0.67 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots receiving protection with insecticide from initiation of aphid infestation, which was found significantly less than the population recorded in rest of the treatments. Whereas, maximum aphid population (52.33 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated plots, which was significantly higher than the population in rest of the treatments except in plots receiving protection with insecticide at five week after aphid initiation.

190 Table 4.34: Effect of exposure period for aphid infestation on aphid population during the year S. No. Treatments Aphid population at Average of 8 Before observation 7 DAI 14 DAI 21 DAI 28 DAI 35 DAI 42 DAI 49 DAI 56 DAI spray means 1 Protection with insecticide from initiation of aphid infestation (0.67)* 0.67 (0.16)* 8.67 (0.93) 2 Protection with insecticide after one week of aphid infestation (1.05) 4.67 (0.68) (1.09) 3 Protection with insecticide after two week of aphid infestation (1.06) 4.67 (0.74) (1.47) 4 Protection with insecticide after three week of aphid infestation (1.39) (1.01) (1.69) 5 Protection with insecticide after four week of aphid infestation (1.57) (1.05) (1.86) 6 Protection with insecticide after five week of aphid infestation (1.96) (1.67) (2.01) 7 Protection with insecticide after six week of aphid infestation (1.64) (1.35) (1.98) 8 Protection with neem leaves extract from initiation of aphid infestation (1.43) (1.15) (1.44) 9 Protection with water spray from initiation of aphid infestation (1.69) (1.40) (1.73)

191 10 Untreated control (1.97) (1.73) (2.05) S.E.(m)± (0.05) (0.088) (0.028) C.D. (at 5%) (0.15) (0.262) (0.084) Figures in parenthesis are * Lox (x+1) transformed values

192 Mean aphid population during On the basis of average of eight observations significant differences were observed among different treatments with regards to aphid population. Minimum aphid population (8.67 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots receiving protection with insecticide from initiation of aphid population which was significantly less than the population on rest of the treatments. Whereas, maximum aphid population (111.0 aphids/twig) was recording in the untreated plots which was significantly higher than the the population n rest of the treatments except in plots receiving protection with insecticide six week after aphid infestation b Experiment conducted during Data recorded on population of aphid in different treatments are presented in Table Aphid initiation Population of aphid in different plots were uniformly distributed at the time of initiation of aphid infestation. Statistical analysis were not done on aphid population recorded upto 42 days after aphid initiation because their were some treatment similar to each other At 49 days after aphid initiation Observation recorded at 49 days after aphid initiation showed significant differences among different treatments with regards to aphid infestation. Minimum population (5.33 aphids/twig) was recorded in the plots receiving Protection with insecticide from initiation of aphid infestation, which was significantly less than the population recorded in rest of the treatments. Maximum population (110.0 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was significantly higher than the population in the rest of treatments except plots receiving protection with insecticide five week after aphid infestation. At 56 days after aphid initiation Significant differences were also observed in different treatments with regards to aphid population recorded at 56 days after aphid initiation. Minimum population (1.0 aphids/twig) was recorded in the plots receiving protection with insecticide from initiation of aphid infestation, which was significantly less than the population

193 recorded in rest of the treatments. Whereas, maximum aphid population (70.0 aphids/twig) was recorded in untreated plot, which was significantly higher than the population in rest of the treatments in plots receiving protection with insecticide at five week after aphid infestation.

194 Table 4.35: Effect of exposure period for aphid infestation on aphid population during the year S. No. Treatments Aphid infestation on aphid population at Average of 8 Before observation 7 DAI 14 DAI 21 DAI 28 DAI 35 DAI 42 DAI 49 DAI 56 DAI spray means 1 Protection with insecticide from initiation of aphid infestation (0.72)* 1.00 (0.26)** 9.67 (0.98) 2 Protection with insecticide after one week of aphid infestation (1.03) 4.33 (0.72) (1.16) 3 Protection with insecticide after two week of aphid infestation (1.09) 6.00 (0.84) (1.50) 4 Protection with insecticide after three week of aphid infestation (1.53) (1.18) (1.75) 5 Protection with insecticide after four week of aphid infestation (1.53) (1.12) (1.85) 6 Protection with insecticide after five week of aphid infestation (1.94) (1.64) (1.99) 7 Protection with insecticide after six week of aphid infestation (1.72) (1.43) (2.01) 8 Protection with neem leaves extract from initiation of aphid infestation (1.34) (1.08) (1.39)

195 Protection with water spray from initiation of aphid infestation (1.71) 10 Untreated control (2.04) (1.41) (1.85) (1.69) (2.06) S.E.(m)± (0.033) (0.06) (0.019) C.D. (at 5%) (0.099) (0.18) (0.057) Figures in parenthesis are * Lox (x) and **Lox (x+1) transformed val

196 Mean aphid population during On the basis of average of eight observations significant differences were observed among different treatments with regards to aphid population. Minimum aphid population (9.67 aphids/twig) was recorded in plots receiving protection with insecticide from initiation of aphid population it was significantly less than the population of aphids on rest of the treatments. Whereas, maximum aphid population (116.2 aphids/twig) was recording in the untreated plots which was significantly higher than the the population recorded on rest of the treatments, except in plots receiving protection with insecticide at six week after aphid infestation c MEAN APHID POPULATIONS (Average of two years) On the basis of average of two years significant differences were observed among different treatments with regards to aphid population (Table 4.36 and Fig 14). Minimum mean population (9.17 aphids/twig) was recorded in protection with insecticide from initiation of aphid population, which was significantly less than the rest of the treatment followed by Protection with insecticide after one week of aphid initiation.the maximum mean aphid population ( aphids/twig) was recorded in the untreated plots, which was found significantly higher than the rest of the treatment except protection with insecticide after five week of aphid initiation. Table 4.36: Population of aphid under different exposure period during and S. No. Treatments Aphid under different exposure period Mean 1 Protection with insecticide from initiation of aphid infestation 8.67 (0.93)* 9.67 (0.98)* 9.17 (0.96)* 2 Protection with insecticide after one week of aphid infestation (1.09) (1.16) (1.13) 3 Protection with insecticide after two week of aphid infestation (1.47) (1.50) (1.49)

197 4 Protection with insecticide after three week of aphid infestation (1.69) (1.75) (1.72) 5 Protection with insecticide after four week of aphid infestation (1.86) (1.85) (1.86) 6 Protection with insecticide after five week of aphid infestation (2.01) (1.99) (2.00) 7 Protection with insecticide after six week of aphid infestation (1.98) (2.01) (1.99) 8 Protection with neem leaves extract from initiation of aphid infestation (1.44) (1.39) (1.42) 9 Protection with water spray from initiation of aphid infestation (1.73) (1.69) (1.71) 10 Untreated control (2.05) (2.06) (2.06) S.E.(m)± (0.028) (0.019) (0.016) C.D. (at 5%) (0.084) (0.057) (0.048) *Figures in parenthesis are Log (x) transformed values 4.4.1d Mean seed yield Data recorded on seed yield showed significantly effect of different treatment on mustard during the year (Table 4.37). The highest yield of 1267 kg per ha was recorded in protection with insecticide from initiation of aphid infestation and it was significantly higher than rest of the treatments except protection with insecticide after one week of aphid initiation. The lowest yield of 292 kg per ha was recorded in untreated plot, which was significantly less than rest of the treatment except protection with insecticide after six week, five week and four week at the aphid infestation.

198 Data recorded on seed yield showed significantly effect of different treatment on mustard during the year (Table 4.37). The highest yield of 1273 kg per ha was recorded in plots protected with insecticide from initiation of aphid infestation which was significantly higher than rest of the treatment except protection with insecticide after one week of aphid infestation. The lowest yield of 288 kg per ha was recorded in untreated plot, which found significantly less than rest of the all other treatment except protection with insecticide after six week of aphid population, protection with insecticide after five week of aphid population and protection with insecticide after four week of aphid population. On the basis of average of two years data significant differences existed among different treatments (Fig 15). The highest yield of 1270 kg per ha was recorded in Protection with insecticide from initiation of aphid infestation, which was significantly higher than rest of the treatment except Protection with insecticide after one week of aphid infestation, where recorded yield was 1263 kg per ha, respectively. The lowest yield of 290 kg per ha was obtained by untreated plot, which found significantly less than rest of the all other treatment except Protection with insecticide after six week of aphid infestation, Protection with insecticide after five week of aphid population and Protection with insecticide after four week of aphid infestation. Table 4.37: Mean seed yield of mustard variety during both the years and S. No. Treatments Yield (kg/ha) Pooled mean 1 Protection with insecticide from initiation of aphid infestation Protection with insecticide after one week of aphid infestation Protection with insecticide after

199 two week of aphid infestation 4 Protection with insecticide after three week of aphid infestation Protection with insecticide after four week of aphid infestation Protection with insecticide after five week of aphid infestation Protection with insecticide after six week of aphid infestation Protection with neem leaves extract from initiation of aphid infestation Protection with water spray from initiation of aphid infestation Untreated control S.E.(m)± C.D. (at 5%)

200 Yield (kg/ha) Fig 15: Seed yield of mustard Protection Protection with insecticide Protection with Protection insecticide from with initiation insecticide Protection with after insecticide one Protection after with Protection insecticide two after with Protection three insecticide with after insecticide four with Protection after neem five after leaves with six week Untreated water extract spray from control from of aphid week infestation of week aphid of infestation week aphid of infestation week aphid of infestation week aphid of infestation aphid of aphid initiation infestation infestation initiation of aphid of infestation aphid infestation Treatments