MANAGEMENT OF OKRA SHOOT AND FRUIT BORER, EARIAS VITTELLA (FABRICIUS) USING CHEMICAL AND BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES FOR DIFFERENT OKRA VARIETIES

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1 IRJALS (2013) Vol. 02. Issue 01. Article No Full length Original Research Paper MANAGEMENT OF OKRA SHOOT AND FRUIT BORER, EARIAS VITTELLA (FABRICIUS) USING CHEMICAL AND BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES FOR DIFFERENT OKRA VARIETIES M. M. Rahman1*, M. M. Uddin2, M. Shahjahan3 1,2,3 Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *Corresponding author s mahbub.r.bau@gmail.com Article History Received: Accepted: Available online: Keywords: Arka Anamika, BARI-1, Local variety, Management, Okra shoot and fruit borer ABSTRACT To evaluate the effectiveness of selected insecticides and a botanical extract in management of okra shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella an experiment was conducted in the field Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during January to May Effectiveness of two synthetic insecticides (Kinalux 25 EC and Ecofuran 5 G) and a botanical (Neem leaf extract) were evaluated to control okra shoot and fruit borer. The attack was comparatively low in the plants treated with plant extract, while it was minimum in plants treated with synthetic insecticides. Among botanical and synthetic insecticides, maximum shoot was damaged (17.29% %) in Neem leaf extract treatment, while minimum shoot was damaged (11.11% %) in the application of Ecofuran 5G and 13.58% % shoot was damaged in Kinalux 25 EC treatment. Again, maximum fruit damage was found (10.05% %) for the spraying of Neem leaf extract, while minimum fruit infestation (5.76% %) was found in Ecofuran 5 G treated plants. Intermediate fruit infestation (8.39% 14.21%) was found for the spraying of Kinalux 25 EC. The efficient associations were BARI-1+Ecofuran 5 G application, Arka Anamika + Ecofuran 5 G application, Arka Anamika + Kinalux 25 EC application and locally cultivated variety + Ecofuran 5 G application having minimum shoot and fruit infestation 11.11% and 4.36% to 11.67%, respectively. Citation: Rahman M. M., Uddin M. M. and Shahjahan M., Management of okra shoot and fruit borer, Earias Vittella (Fabricius) using chemical and botanical insecticides for different okra varieties. IRJALS 2(1): p Rahman, M. M. et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Common Attribution 3.0 License. 1.0 Introduction Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is an important summer vegetable in Bangladesh. It is also known as lady s finger and locally called Dharos or vendi or gumbo. It contains large quantities of carbohydrate, protein and vitamin C [1]. Okra is a nutritious vegetable which plays an important role to meet the demand of vegetables of the country when vegetable are scanty in the market [2]. Okra mucilage is suitable for medicinal and industrial application. About 38,508 metric tons of okra is produced from 9786 hectares of land per year in Bangladesh, and its average yield is about 3.93 t ha -1 [3]. The yield is very low as compared to the yield t ha-1 of other developed countries of the world [4]. The main IRJALS (ISSN: ) Vol. 2 Issue Rahman, M.M. et al. 1

2 causes of poor production are the attack of various pests and lack of knowledge about cultural practices [5]. Okra is susceptible to the attack of various insects from seedling to fruiting stage such as okra shoot and fruit borer Earias vittella, okra jassid, cut worm, white fly, aphids etc. Among these okra shoot and fruit borer (OSFB), Earias vittella is the most serious pest which cause direct damage to tender shoots and fruits. It is reported that about 69% losses in marketable yield due to attack of this insect pest [6] [7]. The adult female of okra shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella lays eggs individually on leaves, floral buds and on tender fruits. Small brown caterpillars bore into the top shoot and feeds inside the shoot before fruit formation. The shoot wilt and dry as a result the damaged plant develop branches. Later on caterpillars bore into the fruits and feed inside as a result the infested plant bears smaller and deformed pods. A larva attacks a number of stems and pods one after another. Damaged plant tissues serve as entrance for disease causing microorganisms such as fungi. Conventionally farmers are using various types of synthetic chemical insecticides to control okra shoot and fruit borer. But due to the unconscious and unjustified use of synthetic pesticides create several problems in agro-ecosystem such as direct toxicity to beneficial insects, fishes, and man [8]. Therefore, it is now urgently need to use safe and effective biodegradable pesticides with less toxic effects on non-target organisms. The biologically active natural plant products may play a significant role in this regard. Botanical insecticides are broad spectrum in pest management and many are safe to apply, unique in action and can easily be processed and used. In Bangladesh traditional botanical products for control are being used by the farmers since long before. Among the recognized pesticidal plants, the neem tree, Azadirachta indica proved its unique source for numerous active ingredients of insecticidal properties. Neem ingredients affect insects in various ways including repellent, antifeedant, toxic, growth regulatory effects and effect on facundity. However, neem-based products were proved as medium to broad spectrum insecticides against various field and store pests [9]. Although Earias vittella is a major pest of okra, till today no attempt has been made to select the right insecticide to control this pest in Bangladesh. Besides, botanical was not yet used to control okra shoot and fruit borer in our country. Therefore, the experiment was conducted to find out the efficient way of management of okra shoot and fruit borer using both chemical and botanical insecticides. 2.0 Literature review It was concluded that neem cake extract was found to be highly effective followed by neem oil and Endosulfan against Earias vittella [10]. It was reported that, all insecticidal treatments significantly reduced the percentage fruit borer infestation on okra, both on a number and weight basis compared to the untreated control. Cypermethrin recorded the lowest fruit borer infestation (4.24%). Among the neem products [5% neem seed kernel extract, Achook, Nimbecidine, Rakshak, Bioneem (0.03 and 0.15 EC), Nimbitor (ZA-199), Neemgold and Neemark], 0.5% Achook was the best in reducing fruit borer infestation [11]. Joint action potential of neem Azadirachta indica (N) in combination with sweet-flag, Acorus calamus (S) and pungam, Pongamia glabra, P. pinnata (P) at 1:1:1 (NSP I), 2:1:1 (NSP II) and 3:1:1 (NSP III) ratios (v/v) for antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects on E. vittella showed reduced food intake by insects in all the treatments compared to the control. NSP I (60EC) at 0.3% has gave 80 per cent feeding protection over control against third instar larvae of E. vitella [12] It was reported, significantly better control of the fruit borer and leafroller were obtained with the application of cypermethrim, profenophos and profenophos + cypermethrin [13]. Investigators observed that, All treatments were effective in reducing fruit damage and increasing yields. Endosulfan (0.05%) gave the lowest per cent fruit damage (2.92%) as well as the highest fruit yield (average of kg ha -1 ) and benefit cost ratio (1.00:9.26) carbaryl (0.10%) monocrotophos (0.05%), quinalphos (0.03%), dimethoate (0.05%), chlorpyrifos (0.04%), and triazophos (0.03%) in controlling okra shoot and fruit borer [14]. It was found that, spraying carbosulfan at 15 days intervals showed the lowest fruit damage ( %) and the highest fruit yield ( q ha -1 ), followed by 2 sprays of carbosulfan alternated with IRJALS (ISSN: ) Vol. 2 Issue Rahman, M.M. et al. 2

3 chlorpyrifos ( % and q ha -1 ), and 2 sprays of carbosulfan alternated with azaditrachtin ( % and q ha -1 ) [15]. Research showed that, Fenfen 0.5 ml L -1 of water gave the best performance resulting the lowest per cent of shoot infestation (3.95%) and fruit infestation at early, mid and late reproductive stages (1.09%, 1.61%, 4.11% respectively) by number and provided the highest yield (12.97 t ha-1). Decis 2.5 1ml L -1 also gave statistically similar results for different parameters tested. However, Fenfen 20EC appeared to be superior in controlling shoot and fruit borer of okra over control plots and other chemical insecticides tested in this experiment [16]. Investigators observed the efficacy of 2 applications of permethrin 50 EC, malathion 50 EC, dimethoate 30 EC and carbaryl 50 WP was studied against the noctuids Earias vittella and E. insulana on okra in Uttar Pradesh, India, during kharif Malathion at 1000 ml ha -1 gave significant control after both treatments, while carbaryl controlled the pests only after the 2nd application and the other insecticides were ineffective [17]. It was reported that the lowest okra fruit damage was obtained with chlorpyriphos 20 EC (18.86%), cypermethrin 3 + quinalphos 20 EC (19.97%). Chlorpyriphos 20 EC recorded the lowest percentage of damaged seeds (2.05%), but was on a par with the insecticidal treatments except alpha-cypermethrin and fipronil %. The number of borer holes per fruit was lowest for chlorpyriphos 20 EC (1.17), cypermethrin 3 + quinalphos 20 EC (1.19), chlorpyriphos 16 + alpha-cypermethrin 1 EC (1.20) and endosulfan 35 EC (1.22) [18]. Endosulfan at 0.25 kg ai ha 1 and Spicturin at 0.5 L ha 1 alternatively sprayed at 6 AM and 4 PM when the infestation exceeded ETL (5.3% wt basis) after 92 days of carbofuran 3 G soil treatment was found most effective in lowering the incidence (6.83% fruit weight basis) as well as the larval population (104.3 per 100 fruits) of okra shoot and fruit borer. This treatment gave the maximum yield of okra (112.7 q ha 1 ) as well as the maximum return per rupee investment [19]. 3.0 Methodology The research work was conducted in the Entomology Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University; Mymensingh located at N latitude and E longitudes at a mean elevation of 7.9 to 9.1 m above the sea level. The soil of the experimental area was under Brahmaputra alluvial tract with sandy loam soil and texture having good irrigation and drainage facilities. The ph of the soil was 5.5 to 6.8 [20] and N-0.12%, P 2O %, K 2O-1.05% and Ca-0.62% [21]. The experimental area was under subtropical climate, which is characterized by high temperature, high humidity and heavy precipitation with occasional gusty winds in kharif season (April September) and scanty rainfall associated with moderately low temperature during the rabi season (October March). Land was prepared with spading for 3 times. Clods were broken down with hammer and the soil was then brought into desirable fine tilth. The stubbles of the crops and uprooted weeds were removed from the field and the land was properly leveled. Recommended dose of fertilizers were applied during final land preparation. Seeds of three different varieties (BARI-1, Arka Anamika and a Local variety) were collected from seed dealer of Mymensingh town. Neem leaves were collected from the Bangladesh Agricultural University campus. These leaves were extracted in water maintaining the ratio of 1:5 i.e. 1 kg neem leaf in 5 L of water. Neem leaves were chopped and dept into water overnight and then boiled. The extract was then collected by filtering with the help of fine cloth. The prepared extract was 8 L ha -1. (Neem Foundation; Mumbai, India). Two chemical insecticides namely Ecofuran and Kinalux were collected from the pesticide dealer at Mymensing town. Kinalux was diluted by adding water and 0.2% insecticide solution was sprayed on the infested plants with the help of compressed air sprayer. Spraying was done at 3.00 pm to avoid bright sun and drift caused by strong wing. The spraying was done in three times at 10 days intervals. To get the complete coverage of the plants, spraying was done uniformly on the entire plant with special care to cover the lower surface of the leaves. Again, Ecofuran 5 G was 15 Kg ha -1, i.e. 300 gm of Ecofuran was taken for the experimental plots and applied through broadcasting method. According to the field layout, seeds were sown in the experimental plots as 27 seeds Plot -1 (three seeds per pit and 9 pits per plot) with cm spacing. Necessary cultural operations such as supplementary irrigation, gap-filling, thinning, weeding, fertilizer application etc. were done when needed. The effect of IRJALS (ISSN: ) Vol. 2 Issue Rahman, M.M. et al. 3

4 different treatments on okra shoot and fruit borer was determined by counting the percentage shoot and fruit infestation. Data on shoot infestation was taken by counting infested and uninfested shoots from each plot and expressed by using the following formula. hoo infes a ion er of infes ed shoo o al n er of shoo Data on fruit infestation was taken by counting damaged and undamaged fruits from each plot. Percentage fruit infestation was calculated by using following formula. r i infes a ion er of da aged fr i s o al n er of fr i 4.0 Results and Discussion 4.01 Efficacy of Neem leaf extracts and chemical insecticides considering shoot damage Significant variations were found in the per cent shoot damage under various treatments in comparison with control. At the earlier stage, the mean percentage of shoot damage under control, Neem leaf extract, Kinalux and Ecofuran applications were 25.93%, 18.52%, 13.58%, and 12.35%, respectively (Table 1). The highest shoot damage was noticed under control condition (25.93%) whereas the Ecofuran application provided maximum efficacy having the lowest shoot damage (12.35%) followed by shoot damage (13.58%) was found in case of Kinalux treated plants. Therefore, the efficacy level of treatments with control condition was Ecofuran > Kinalux > Neem leaf extract > Control condition. Statistically, control condition is significantly different from all treatments and among various treatments Neem leaf extract was significantly different from Kinalux and Ecofuran but Kinalux and Ecofuran were statistically similar to each other. After seven days of second application the mean percentage of shoot damage under control, Neem leaf extract, Kinalux and Ecofuran were 23.46%, 17.29%, 16.05% and 11.11% respectively (Table 1). The highest shoot damage was found under control condition and the lowest shoot damage was observed in case of Ecofuran applications. The efficacy level of treatments with control condition were Ecofuran > Kinalux > Neem leaf extract > Control condition. There was a significant difference between control condition and all other treatments. Again Neem leaf extract showed significant difference from Ecofuran but Kinalux, Neem leaf extract and Ecofuran were statistically different. At the later stage the mean percentage of shoot damage under control, Neem leaf extract, Kinalux and Ecofuran are 24.69%, 19.76%, 13.58%, and 12.35% respectively (Table 1). The maximum shoot damage occurred under control condition (24.69%), where the lowest shoot damage (12.35%) was found under Ecofuran application. Therefore, the efficacy level of treatments with control will be in the following order Ecofuran > Kinalux > Neem leaf extract > Control. Statistically, control condition was significantly different from all treatments and Neem leaf extract was significantly different from Kinalux and Ecofuran but Kinalux and Ecofuran insecticides were statistically similar to each other. Table 01: Percentage of shoot damage by okra shoot and fruit borer at different days after treatments Different treatment % damage at 7 days % damage at 7days % damage at 7 days after 1 st application after 2 nd application after 3 rd application Control a a a Neem leaf extract b b b Kinalux 25 EC c bc c Ecofuran 5 G c c c IRJALS (ISSN: ) Vol. 2 Issue Rahman, M.M. et al. 4

5 LSD Means followed by similar letters are not significantly different (at 5% level of probability) Efficacy of Neem leaf extract and chemical insecticides considering fruit damages The percentages of damaged fruit of okra by okra shoot and fruit borer was counted under different treatments and presented in Table 2. Significant variation was found in the collected data under different treatments in comparison with control. The mean percentage of damage under control condition, neem leaf extract, Kinalux and Ecofuran after seven days of first insecticides spraying were 14.38%, 10.08%, 8.39% and 7.38% respectively (Table 2). The maximum fruit damage was found under control condition (14.38%) and minimum (7.38%) fruit damage was observed when the plants were treated with Ecofuran. The rank of efficacy of treatments were Ecofuran > Kinalux > Neem leaf extract > Control. Control was found significantly different from all other treatments. Again Ecofuran is significantly different from neem leaf extract and Kinalux but Kinalux have no any significant difference with the efficacy of neem leaf extract. The mean percentage of fruit damage at 7 days after 2 nd application of treatments were 18.04%, 14.98%, 14.21% and 10.75%, respectively under control, neem leaf extract, Kinalux and Ecofuran applications (Table 2). Here again the maximum (18.04%) fruit damage was observed on the control plants whereas the minimum fruit damage was found after application of Ecofuran. The efficacy level of treatments with control condition were Ecofuran > Kinalux > Neem leaf extract > control condition. The efficacy of Ecofuran was significantly different from Neem leaf extract and liquid insecticide but there was no significant difference between the efficacy of Kinalux and Neem leaf extract. The mean percentages of fruit damage under control and at 7 days after 3 rd application of Neem leaf extract, Kinalux and Ecofuran were 18.80%, 13.18%, 8.26%, and 5.76%, respectively (Table 2). The maximum fruit damage occurred under control condition (18.80%) whereas the lowest fruit damage (5.76%) was observed after application of Ecofuran. Therefore, Ecofuran was the most effective to control shoot and fruit borer. The efficacy of Kinalux was more or less similar to the efficacy of Neem leaf extract to control okra shoot and fruit borer. The rank of efficacy level of treatments were Ecofuran > Kinalux > Neem leaf extract > control condition. The efficacy of granular Ecofuran and liquid Kinalux were significantly different from control and Neem leaf extract. But there was no significant difference between the efficacy of Ecofuran and liquid Kinalux. Table 02: Percentage of fruit damage by okra shoot and fruit borer at different days after treatments Treatment % damage at 7 days % damage at 7 days % damage at 7 days after 1 st application after 2 nd application after 3 rd application Control a a a Neem leaf extract b ab b Kinalux 25 EC 8.39 bc b 8.26 c Ecofuran 5 G 7.38 c c 5.76 c LSD Means followed by similar letters are not significantly different (at 5% level of probability) Interactions between Varieties and Treatments to Control Okra Shoot and Fruit Borer, E. vittella To find out the effective control measure for okra shoot and fruit borer, the data were recorded under various interactions among three varieties such as BARI-1(V 1), Arka Anamika (V 2), and local variety (V 3) and four treatments such as control (T 1), Neem leaf extract (T 2), Kinalux 25 EC (T 3) and Ecofuran 5 G (T 4) IRJALS (ISSN: ) Vol. 2 Issue Rahman, M.M. et al. 5

6 4.3.1 Interactions considering shoot damages At the initial stage the maximum shoot damage occurred at the interaction of V 1T 1 (33.33%) indicates that the BARI-1 variety under control condition was the most susceptible to okra shoot and fruit borer, whereas the lowest infestation occurred under V 2 T 3, V 2T 4 and V 3 T 4 (11.11%). It was also revealed that Arka Anamika under Kinalux and Ecofuran and local variety under Ecofuran were the desirable associations in controlling okra shoot and fruit borer. Based on shoot damage the rank of order was V 1T 1> V 3 T 1> V 1T 2> V 2 T 1, V 3 T 2> V 1T 3, V 1T 4, V 2 T 2, V 3 T 3> V 2 T 3, V 2 T 4, V 3 T 4 (Table 3). At seven days after second application of treatments, V 1T 1 (BARI-1 under control condition) association showed the most vulnerability (29.63%) to the okra shoot and fruit borer (Table 3). The most effective associations between variety and treatment were V 1T 4, V 2 T 3, V 2 T 4 and V 3 T 4 with minimum level of shoot damage (11.11%) indicating that BARI-1 under Ecofuran, Arka Anamika under Kinalux and Ecofuran and local variety under Ecofuran were the efficient associations in controlling okra shoot and fruit borer. Therefore, the rank of order based on shoot damage was V 1T 1> V 1T 3, V 3 T 1> V 1T 2, V 2 T 1, V 3 T 2> V 2 T 2, V 3 T 3> V 1T 4, V 2 T 3, V 2 T 4, V 3 T 4 (Table 3). At the later stage the mean percentage of shoot damage under different associations between variety and treatment represented the most desirable association to control okra shoot and fruit borer were V 1T 4, V 2 T 3 and V 2 T 4 with minimum level of shoot damage (11.11%) i.e. BARI-1 under Ecofuran application and Arka Anamika under Kinalux and Ecofuran applications were the most desirable associations to control okra shoot and fruit borer. Again V 3 T 1 association showed the maximum (29.63%) shoot damage i.e. Arka Anamika under control treatment was the most susceptible association to the okra shoot and fruit borer at that particular stage of okra plants. The rank of order based on shoot damage was V 3 T 1> V 1T 1 > V 1T 2, V 3 T 2> V 2 T 1> V 1T 3, V 2 T 2, V 3 T 3, V 3 T 4> V 1T 4, V 2 T 3, V 2 T 4 (Table 3). Table 03: Percentage of shoot damage by okra shoot and fruit borer in different interactions of varieties and treatments Interactions % damage at 7 days after 1 st application of treatments % damage at 7 days after 2 nd application of treatments % damage at 7 days after 3 rd application of treatments V 1T a a ab V 1T bc bc abc V 1T cd ab cd V 1T cd c d V 2 T bcd bc bcd V 2 T cd bc cd V 2 T d c d V 2 T d c d V 3 T ab ab a V 3 T bcd bc abc V 3 T cd bc cd V 3 T d c cd LSD IRJALS (ISSN: ) Vol. 2 Issue Rahman, M.M. et al. 6

7 Means followed by similar letters are not significantly different (at 5% level of probability). Here, V 1= BARI-1 T 1= Control condition V 2=Arka Anamika T 2= Neem leaf extract V 3=Local variety T 3= Liquid insecticide T 4= Granular insecticide Interactions considering fruit damages At the initial stage, it was found that the maximum fruit damage (16.75%) caused by okra shoot and fruit borer was at the association of V 3 T 1 (local variety under control condition) and the minimum fruit damage (6.25%) occurred under V 3 T 3 and V 3 T 4 i.e. the local variety treated with Kinalux and Ecofuran gave the desirable associations to control okra shoot and fruit borer. The rank of order based on fruit damage was V 3 T 1> V 1T 1> V 2 T 1> V 1T 2, V 1T 3> V 2 T 2 > V 1T 4, V 3 T 2> V 2 T 3, V 2 T 4>V 3 T 3, V 3 T 4 (Table 4). At 7 days after 2 nd application the mean percentage of fruit damage under different associations between varieties and treatments showed that the maximum fruit damage occurred under the association of V 1T 1 (21.67%) and the minimum fruit damage (10.15%) occurred under the associations of V 2 T 4. So, Arka Anamika under Ecofuran was the most effective in controlling okra shoot and fruit borer. The rank of order based on fruit damage was V 1T 1 >V 3 T 1 > V 1T 2, V 3 T 2> V 1T 3 >V 3 T 3> V 2 T 3> V 1T 4> V 2 T 1, V 2 T 2 > V 3 T 4 >V 2 T 4 (Table 4). At the later stage, V 3 T 1 showed the most vulnerable association as here maximum fruit damage (25.01%) occurred and minimum fruit damage (4.36%) occurred under the association of V 2 T 3 and V 2 T 4 i.e. Arka Anamika under Kinalux and Ecofuran was the desirable association in controlling okra shoot and fruit borer at later stage of okra. The rank of order based on fruit damage was V 3 T 1 >V 1T 1 > V 3 T 2 >V 1T 2 > V 2 T 2 >V 3 T 3> V 2 T 1 >V 1T 3 > V 1T 4, V 3 T 4 > V 2 T 3, V 2 T 4 (Table 4). Table 06: Percentage of fruit damages by okra shoot and fruit borer in different interactions of varieties and treatments Interactions % damage 7 days after % damage 7 days after % damage 7 days after 1 st application 2 nd application 3 rd application V 1T ab a b V 1T bc abc bc V 1T bc bcd cde V 1T bcd cd 6.67 de V 2 T ab cd bc V 2 T bcd cd cd V 2 T cd cd 4.36 e V 2 T cd d 4.36 e V 3 T a ab a V 3 T bcd abc bc V 3 T d cd cde V 3 T d d 6.25 de LSD IRJALS (ISSN: ) Vol. 2 Issue Rahman, M.M. et al. 7

8 Means followed by similar letters are not significantly different (at 5% level of probability). Here, V 1= BARI-1 T 1= Control condition V 2=Arka Anamika T 2= Neem leaf extract V 3=Local variety T 3= Liquid insecticide T 4= Granular insecticide The attack okra shoot and fruit borer on okra varieties was found comparatively low in the plans treated with Neem leaf extract, while it was minimum in plants treated with synthetic insecticides (Ecofuran and Kinalux). Among chemical insecticides, the granular insecticide (Ecofuran) was found most effective in controlling okra shoot and fruit borer and liquid insecticide (Kinalux) also found satisfactorily effective to control okra shoot and fruit borer. These experimental results also satisfy the findings of [22]. According to them the lowest infestation of okra shoot and fruit borer was found under the treatment of chemical insecticides, granular (Carbofuran 3 G) and liquid (Endosulfan 35 EC). Again, the BARI-1 and locally cultivated variety under Ecofuran and Arka Anamika under Kinalux and Ecofuran were the most desirable associations in controlling okra shoot and fruit borer. 5.0 References [1] Adeboye, O. C. and Oputa, C. O Effects of galex on growth and fruit nutrient composition of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) Int. J. Agric. 18(1, 2): 1-9. [2] Ahmed, K.U Pal-Phul O Shak-Shabji (In Bengali) 5th ed. Mrs Mumtaj Kamal. Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp: 400. [3] BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) Ministry of Planning, Government of Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. Yearbook of Agric. Statistics of Bangladesh. Dhaka. [4] Thomson, H. C. and Kelly, W. C (3 rd ed.) Vegetable crops. Mcgraw Hill Co. New York. P [5] Islam, M. S Off-season performance of okra for vegetable and seed production. M.S. Thesis. Institute of Postgraduate Studies in Agriculture, Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh. P. 2 [6] Rawat R. R. and Sahu H. R Estimation of losses in growth and yield of okra due to Empoasca devastans Dist. and Earias spp. Indian J. Entomol. 35: [7] Radake S. G. and Undirwade R. S Seasonal abundance and insecticidal control of shoot and fruit borer, Earias spp. on okra, Abelomoschus esculentus (L.). Indian J. Entomol. 43 : [8] Goodland R., Watson C. and Ledec Biocides bring poisoning and pollution to third world. The Bangladesh observer, 16 th and 17 th January, 1985 [9] Schmutterer H Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 35: [10] Thara S. and Kingsly S Antifeedant effect of neem on bhendi pest Earias vittella (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae). J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monitor. 11(2): [11] Ambekar J. S., Pawar A. S. and Sakhare M. V Bio-efficacy of neem formulations and synthetic insecticides against okra fruit borer. J. Maharashtra Agric. Uni. 25: [12] Rao N. S., Rajendran R. and Raguraman S Antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects of neem in combination with sweet-flag and pungam extracts on okra shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella (Fab.). J. Entomol. Res.26(3): [13] Misra H. P., Dash D.D. and Mahapatra D Efficacy of some insecticides against okra fruit borer, Earias spp. and leafroller, Sylepta derogata Fab. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci. 10(1): [14] Manjanaik C., Herle P. S. and Seetharamu G. K Chemical control of okra fruit borer, Earias bittula (F) in coastal zone of Karnataka. Environ. Ecol. 20(3): [15] Sahoo, S. K. and Pal P. K Effect of alternate use of pesticides on shoot and fruit borers of okra. Environ. Ecol. 21(4): [16] Yasmin, S Evaluation of some chemical insecticides in controlling shoot borer and fruit of okra. M.S. thesis, Department of Entomology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e- Banglanagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. [17] Konar, A. and Rai, L Efficacy of some insecticides against shoot and fruit borer Earias vittella Fab. and Earias insulana (Boisd.) of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). Environ. Ecol. 8 (1): IRJALS (ISSN: ) Vol. 2 Issue Rahman, M.M. et al. 8

9 [18] Papal S. A. and Bharpoda T. M Evaluation of different insecticides against shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella (Fabricius) on okra grown for seed purpose. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 22 (3): [19] Gupta S. C. and Misra A. K Management of okra shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella Fabr. Bio- Rational Insecticides Pesticide Res. J. 18(1): [20] Ahmad K. U Bangladesh agriculture and field crops. Published by Mumtaj Kamal, Farm Gate, Dhaka, P. 3 [21] Islam M. A Soil fertility investigation in East Pakistan. Agriculture department, Govt. of East Pakistan. [22] Gupta S. C. and Misra A. K Management of okra shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella Fabr. Bio- Rational Insecticides Pesticide Res. J. 18(1): IRJALS (ISSN: ) Vol. 2 Issue Rahman, M.M. et al. 9