Studies of catharanthus roseus extract on the life cycle characteristic of paederus fuscipes

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1 ISSN: Impact Factor: RJIF Volume 2; Issue 5; September 2017; Page No Studies of catharanthus roseus extract on the life cycle characteristic of paederus fuscipes * 1 Sudhakar Gupta, 2 Harpreet Singh, 3 Monika Gupta 1 Department of Zoology, Suraj Education Group, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India 2 Department of Zoology, Career Point University, Kota, Rajasthan, India 3 Department of Chemistry, Suraj Education Group, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India Abstract The immature stages of P. fuscipes reared on T. granarium, which was treated with 1% and 5% ethanol leaf extract of C. roseus revealed a decline in their survival (l x) in comparison to controls. Similarly, the highest mortality (32.2%) was recorded in the L 2 stage followed by egg (26%). The life expectancy (e x values) were also identical to those of controls and in this case too, the values declined from 2.70 days in eggs to 0.5 days in case of adults. The dry weights of individuals treated with 1% ethanol extract, declined only in adults (0.66 mg; P/_0.05) that is significantly lower than those of controls. In case of 5% treatment however significantly lower dry weights were recorded in L 2 (0.28 mg; P/_0.05), pupae (0.52 mg; P/_0.01) and adult (0.50 mg; P/_0.01) vise-vis controls. The growth-rate increased up to pupae at 1% treatment and L 2 at 5% treatment, beyond which it declined and became negative in adults. A negative growth rate in adults occurred on account of minimal feeding. The egg laying observed was significantly lower in P. fuscipes reared on T. granarium treated with 5% ethanol leaf extract (8 th day=02.33, 10 th day=1.66 and 12 th day=1.00; P/_0.01) in comparison to controls and no eggs were recorded on the 14 th and 16 th day. In the present study the C. roseus leaves reduced the fecundity of P. fuscipes females perhaps through inhibition of feeding. Now Catharanthus roseus may be a new safer, eco-friendly insecticide for the control of P. fuscipes. Keywords: Paederus fuscipes, Developmental Stages, Oviposition and Catharanthus roseus 1. Introduction The largest groups of beetles with a number of species distributed throughout the world wide belong to (Staphyilinidae) family (Grebennikov and Newton, 2009) [1]. Paederus fuscipes commonly known as ''Rove beetle', is one of member of this huge family. P. fuscipes inhabits in moist areas such as river banks and the edges of freshwater lakes, streams, dung, marshes, nest of vertebrate, carrion and cropped areas preferably in maize, berseen and rice fields (Frank and Kanamitsu, 1987 and Bong et al., 2012) [2, 3] as the larvae are highly susceptible to desiccation ( Bong et al., (2013b) [4]. It is also useful insect in agricultural fields being a major polyphagous predator of several agricultural pests, populations in aggro-ecosystem (Frank and Kanamitsu, 1987) [2]. P. fuscipes cause dermatitis linearis in urban and rural human living spaces (Gnanaraj et al., 2007; Rahmah and Norjaiza, 2008; Huang et al., 2009 and Davidson et al., 2009) [5, 8], which is commonly known as spider lick. Most species of Paederus contain vesicating fluids (Nikbakhtzadeh and Tergari, 2008) [9]. The toxin is manufactured not by the beetles themselves, but by the endosymbiotic bacteria, probably some species of Pseudomonas Piel (2002) [10]. The toxic haemolymph of the beetle is known as paederin causes necrotic blisters when the insect is crushed on human skin. Role of botanicals in insect pest management is well documented. The plant products are highly potent and versatile in influencing survival and longevity of insects Regnault-Roger (1997) [11]. The majority of commercially produced botanical insecticides utilize the secondary plant metabolites, which are toxic to insects Pavela et al., (2009) [12], phytochemicals often possessed antifeedant, growthinhibiting and antiovipositional activity Pavela et al., (2008) [13]. These chemicals have the potentials to reduce the role of harmful insect pests significantly. Therefore, the purpose of the present investigation to explore the mortality and ovicidal nature of ethanol leaf extracts of Catharanthus roseus given access to T. granarium as food supplement to P. fuscipes thoroughly under laboratory conditions. 2. Material and Methods 2.1 Extraction Procedure Green leaves of Catharanthus roseus were collected from its natural habitats and washed thoroughly to remove dust and other particles. After washing, kept for shade drying at room temperature for days and finally ground to fine powder. The powdered plant material was extracted with absolute ethanol as solvent in Soxhlet Apparatus for 72 hrs. After extraction the extract was evaporated to dryness using rotatory vaccum evaporator. The semi-solid crude extract was then transferred in glass vials and stored in refrigerator for experiments. To assess the efficacy of leaf extracts, 1% and 5% concentrations were prepared in distilled water and mixed in diet of T. granarium. 2.2 Bioassay The individuals of P. fuscipes were reared in the laboratory at C and 70+5% RH in BOD incubator. Initially, the desired number of eggs were collected by allowing the 45

2 untreated adults of both sexes of similar age-groups to lay eggs in prepared control diets. Batches of 100 eggs (n=3) were kept separately in beakers covered with muslin cloth, containing various dietary formulations (the dietery compound T.granarium is treated with 1% and 5% ethanol extraxt of Catharanthus roseus using the direct contact method, that was feeded by P. fuscipes) and control with normal diets Gupta et al., (2016) [14]. The life-table characteristics of P. fuscipes were determined Odum (1983) and Krebs (1985) [15-16]. Accordingly, the following parameters were determined. Equations lx = nx / n I dx = nx (nx+1) II qx = d x / n X III Tx = Lx IV ex = Tx / nx x V where X = age interval N0 = number of individuals at the beginning of the study. Nx = number of alive individuals at the start of age interval x. Lx = proportion surviving to start of age interval x. Dx = number of individuals dying within age interval x to x +1. Qx = mortality during age interval x to x+1. Tx = units of individuals times time unit. Ex = expectation of life for organisms alive at the start of age x. Lx = number of individuals alive during the age interval x to x+1. To determine the growth - rate of the developmental stages of Paederus fuscipes, its fresh and dry weights (samples were taken at 60 0 C for 24 hrs) were determined using the standard methods Klekowski et al., (1967), Petrusewicz and Macfadyen (1970) and Gupta and Singh (2005) [17, 19]. Absolute daily growth (mg/day) = w 2 - w 1 / t 2 - t 1 Where w 1 and w 2 = the mean biomasses of the individuals at times t 1 and t 2 respectively. 2.3 Statistical Analysis All the data of the present study was statistically analyzed using SPSS computer software. The differences in the mean values were subjected to one way ANOVA. 3. Results and Discussion The immature stages of P. fuscipes reared on T. granarium, which was treated with 1% and 5% ethanol leaf extract of C. roseus (Table-1) revealed a decline in their survival (l x) in comparison to controls. Similarly, the highest mortality (32.2%) was recorded in the L 2 stage followed by egg (26%) (Table-1). The life expectancy (e x values) were also identical to those of controls and in this case too, the values declined from 2.70 days in eggs to 0.5 days in case of adults. These results suggested that the leaf extract of C. roseus (5%) adversely affected the survival of immature stages of P. fuscipes. The L 1 and L 2 stage given access to 5% leaf extract of C. roseus were subjected to higher deleterious effects causing heavy mortality presumably either on accounts of its insecticidal, biopesticidal, larvicidal, pupicidal properties, antifeedant, antibacterial activity and repellent effects as reported in case of Anopheles stephensi (Panneerselvam et al., 2013) [20], Helicoverpa armigera (Alaguchamy and Jayakumararaj, 2015) [21], Helicoverpa armigera (Ramya et al., 2008) [22], Pthroimaea operculella and Spodoptera litura (Prajapati et al., 1998) [23] and (Deshmukhe et al., 2010) [24] and Dysdercus koenigii (Kayesth and Gupta, 2015) [25] and (Sandey and Summarwar, 2016) [26]. Simmonds et al., (1990) [27] reported high antifeedancy for pure compounds isolated from different plants against the larvae of H. armigera. Nelson et al., (2006) [28] suggested that leaf and flower extracts of C. roseus cause imbalance in enzyme activity which could have collapsed the digestive system of larvae. The mortality of larva and pupa could be attributed to direct insecticidal action or due to feeding inhibition and disruption of food assimilation. These studies indicated that ethanol leaf extract of C. roseus leaves are highly effective in controlling the P. fuscipes by causing mortality at different developmental stages. The observations on the dry weights of the immature and mature stages of P. fuscipes reared on T. granarium treated with 1 and 5% ethanol leaf extract of C. roseus at C (Table-2) revealed that dry biomasses of the earlier larval instars (L 1 to pupa) did not change on account of treatments with ethanol leaf extract of C. roseus. The dry weights of individuals treated with 1% ethanol extract, declined only in adults (0.66 mg; P/_0.05) that is significantly lower than those of controls. In case of 5% treatment however significantly lower dry weights were recorded in L 2 (0.28 mg; P/_0.05), pupae (0.52 mg; P/_0.01) and adult (0.50 mg; P/_0.01) vis-evis controls. These observation indicated that incorporation of C. roseus leaf extract adversely affected the growth of larvae and pupae of P. fuscipes presumably on account of either lack of feeding by the developmental stages or some kind of dietary or contact toxicity specific to them due to which their growth declined (Ramya et al., 2008 and Alaguchamy and Jayakumararaj, 2015) [22, 21]. These phytochemicals specifically inhibit growth, morphogenesis, metamorphosis and reproduction (Ahmad, 2007) [29]. Behra and Satpathy (1997) [30] studied the effect of some indigenous plant extracts on growth and development of Spodoptera litura. Summarwar and Pandey (2015) [31] reported antifeeding properties against fourth instar larvae of Spodoptera litura reared in the laboratory. The results on the absolute growth rate of various developmental stages of P. fuscipes reared on T. granarium treated with 1% and 5% ethanol leaf extract of C. roseus (Fig- 1) revealed that the growth rate increased up to pupae (untreated= mg/day, 1%=0.074 mg/day) beyond which it declined and became negative in adults. The growth rate of the individuals reared at 5% treatment of ethanol leaf extract of C. roseus (L 1=0.014, L 2=0.049, pupae=0.040 and adults= mg/day) were considerably lower than those reared at 1% treatment and controls (Fig-1). A negative growth rate in adults occurred on account of the fact that adult minimally feeding. The adverse effects of the leaves of C. roseus have been 46

3 described against various pests (Panneerselvam et al., 2013) [20]. In the present study 5% C. roseus leaf extract brought about a significant reduction in growth -rate of P. fuscipes revealed its deleterious effects perhaps on account of its role as an antifeedant, repellent larvicidal activity for earlier larval instars resulting into poor growth rates in the subsequent stages as reported by Ramya et al., (2008) [22] and Kayesth and Gupta (2015) [25]. Ahmad, (2007) [29] had reported that plants produce a wide spectrum of phytochemicals that specifically inhibit growth and metamorphosis. Similar effects might have adversely affected the growth-rate of P. fuscipes in the present study. The egg production of P. fuscipes reared on untreated T. granarium only started on the 4 th day after its emergence. Whereas the P. fuscipes reared on T. granarium treated with 1% of ethanol leaf extract of C. roseus however egg laying (Table-3) started on the 4 th day (4.00) and was significantly lower on the remaining days (8 th day = 03.33, 10 th day = 03.00, 12 th day = and 14 th day = 0.66; P/_0.01) in comparison to controls and no eggs were recorded on the 16 th day. The egg laying observed was significantly lower in P. fuscipes reared on T. granarium treated with 5% ethanol leaf extract (8 th day = 02.33, 10 th day = 1.66 and 12 th day = 1.00; P/_0.01) in comparison to controls and no eggs were recorded on the 14 th and 16 th day (Table-3). These observations suggested that incorporation of C. roseus leaf extract in the diet of P. fuscipes severely reduced the egg laying capacity of the females. Ramya et al., (2008) [22] reported that the phytochemicals produced in response to insect-pest attack, affect feeding and oviposition of insects on the plants. Ahmad (2007) [29] reported that plants produce a wide spectrum of phytochemicals that specifically inhibit growth and reproduction. Pavela et al., (2009) [32] reported that majority of commercially produced botanical insecticides utilize the secondary plant metabolites, which are toxic to insects. Pavela et al., (2008) [33] reported that phytochemicals often possessed antifeedant, growth-inhibiting and antiovipositional activity. In the present study the C. roseus leaves reduced the fecundity of P. fuscipes females perhaps through inhibition of feeding. The applications of crude ethanol leaves extract of C. roseus are highly effective in controlling the P. fuscipes by causing heavy mortality at the larval and pupal stages under laboratory conditions. This plant product is easily available, economically safe and also eco-friendly. Bio-pesticides are safe natural products and free from any residue problem on the crop and in the environment (Mukherjee and Singh, 2006) [34]. Going through overall study, the ethanol extract of C. roseus leaves may be utilized in the control of P. fuscipes under field conditions. Table 1: The life-table characteristics of P. fuscipes reared on T. granarium at C. (L1- L2=Larval Instars) Treatment Untreated T. Granarium (Control) T. granarium treated with 1% ethanol leaf extract of C. roseus T. granarium treated with 5% ethanol leaf extract of C. roseus Life Duration stage days NX LX DX QX LX TX EX EGG L L PUPA ADULT EGG L L PUPA ADULT EGG L L PUPA ADULT Table- 2: The dry weights of immature and adult stages of P. fuscipes reared on T. granarium at C. Dietary Mixture Wt. of life stages of P. fuscipes (mg) (Mean ± SE) EGG L1 L2 PUPA ADULT Untreated T. granarium ± ± ± ± ± T. granarium treated with 1% ethanol leaf extract of C. roseus * ± ± ± ± ± T. granarium treated with 5% ethanol leaf extract of C. roseus * 0.526** 0.501** ± ± ± ± ± CD at 0.01 LEVEL CD at 0.05 LEVEL Significant at *P < 0.05; **P <

4 Table 3: The daily egg laying capacity (Mean ± SE) of P. fuscipes reared on T. granarium. Number of Days Untreated T. granarium (control) T. granarium treated with 1% ethanol leaf extract of C. roseus T. granarium treated with 5% ethanol leaf extract of C. roseus cd at 0.01 level cd at 0.05 level ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ** ± ** ± ± ** ± ** ± ± ** ± ** ± ± ** ± ± Total Percentage (%) Significant at *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 Fig 1: Absolute growth rates of immature and adult stages of P. fuscipes reared on T. granarium treated with 1% and 5% ethanol leaf extract of C. roseus. 4. References 1. Grebennikov VV, Newton AF. Good-bye Scydmaenidae, or why the ant- like stone beetles should become megadiverse Staphylinidae sensu latissimo Coleoptera. Eur. J. Entomol, 2009, 106: Frank JH, Kanamitsu K. Paederus, sensu lato Coleoptera: Staphylinidae. natural history and medical importance. J. Med. Entomol, 1987, 24: Bong LJ, Neoh KB, Jaal Z, Lee CY. Life table of Paederus fuscipes. J. Med. Entomol. 2012; 49(3): Bong LJ, Neoh KB, Jaal Z, Lee CY. Inbuence of temperature on survival and water relations of Paederus fuscipes. J. Med. Entomol, 2013b; 50: Gnanaraj P, Venugopal V, Mozhi MK, Pandurangan CN. An outbreak of Paederus dermatitis in a suburban hospital in South India: a report of 123 cases and review of literature. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol, 2007; 57: Rahmah E, Norjaiza MJ. An outbreak of Paederus dermatitis in a primary school, Terengganu, Malaysia. Malays. J. Pathol, 2008; 30: Huang CZ, Liu YQ, Yang J, Tian J, Yang LY, Zhang J, et al. Li YQ, Li JW, Wang CS, Tu YT, Tao J. An outbreak of 268 cases of Paederus dermatitis in a toy-building factory in Central China. Int. J. Dermatol, 2009; 48: Davidson SA, Norton SA, Carder MC, Debboun M. Outbreak of dermatitis linearis caused by Paederus ilsae and Paederus iliensis Coleoptera: Staphylinidae at a military base in Iraq. U. S. Army Med. Dep. J., 2009, Nikbakhtzadeh MR, Tirgari S. Medically important beetles Insecta: Coleoptera of Iran. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins, 2008, 14: Piel J. A polyketide synthase-peptide synthetase gene cluster from an uncultured bacterial symbiont of Paederus beetles. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 2002; 99(22): Regnault-Roger C. The potential of botanical essential oils for insect pest control. Integ. Pest. Manag. Rev, 1997, 2: 48

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