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Hilary Ferguson
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1 Professor Bhushan Patwardhan leads the Center for Complementary and Integrative Health and bioprospecting laboratory. His research areas include ethnopharmacology, botanical adjuvants, natural product drug discovery, development and evidence-based traditional medicine. He is one of the top cited authors with over 120 publications, Scholar h index 38 and 5250 citations. He holds six Indian and three US Patents. Major Research Areas: A. Botanical Adjuvants and Immunomodulators: Dr. Patwardhan has mainly worked on Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) and Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). He reported immunomodulatory activity in various standardized extracts and formulations prepared from these important Ayurvedic Rasayana drugs and evaluated their potential as antistress, adaptogenic, immuno and myeloprotectants. In an interesting study he reported Ashwagandha as better and safer drug to Ginseng. Such investigations remain noteworthy to properly position Ayurveda in competitive international market. He studied pharmacodynamics of Ashwagandha in experimentally induced tumors and infection mouse models where one of the well recognized cellular target for immunomodulation is Th1-Th2 balance. He studied in vivo (Th) cytokine modulation using flowcytometry and showed that 100 mg/kg dose resulted significant Th1 response (IL-2, IFN-g) in comparison to Levamisole and Cyclopsorin. In immune suppressed animals, Ashwagandha exhibited significant dose dependent potentiation of cellular and humoral immune response comparable to Levamisole and faster recovery of CD4+ T cells percentages as compared to control and cyclosporin. The study indicates immune adjuvant activity and suggests its use where Th1-Th2 modulation in required. 1. Gautam M, Saha S, Bani S, Kaul A, Mishra S, Patil D, Satti NK, Suri KA, Gairola S, Suresh K, Jadhav S, Qazi GN, Patwardhan B. Immunomodulatory activity of asparagus racemosus on systemic Th1/Th2 immunity: Implications for immunoadjuvant potential. Journal of Ethnopharmacolgy 2009; 121(2): Patwardhan B, Gautam M. Botanical immunodrugs: Scope and opportunities. Drug Discov Today. 2005;10(7): Agarwal R, Diwanay S, Patki P, Patwardhan B. Studies on immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) extracts in experimental immune inflammation. Journal of Ethnopharmacolgy 1999; 67(1):27-35.

2 4. Ziauddin M, Phansalkar N, Patki P, Diwanay S, Patwardhan B. Studies on the immunomodulatory effects of ashwagandha. Journal of Ethnopharmacolgy 1996;50(2): Grandhi A, Mujumdar AM, Patwardhan B. A comparative pharmacological investigation of ashwagandha and ginseng. Journal of Ethnopharmacolgy 1994;44(3): Patwardhan B, Kalbag D, Patki PS, Nagsampagi BA. Search of immunomodulatory agents: A review. Indian Drugs 1990;28(2): Vaccine adjuvants Newer vaccines like subunit and DNA vaccines are weakly immunogenic and require adjuvants. He used modified Kendrick test that involved challenge of live Pertussis cells intra-cerebrally where significant increase in antibody titer, reduced mortality and improvement in overall health was observed. This observation has immense importance in vaccine industry to obtain more efficient and sustained immunostimulation resulting increased yield of immune sera and immunobiologicals. This study indicates applications of test material as potential immunoadjuvant that also offer direct therapeutic benefits resulting lesser morbidity and mortality. Four Indian Patents have been filed in the area of vaccine adjuvant. He is PI of DST project to develop vaccine adjuvant in collaboration with industry partner Serum Institute of India. 1. Gautam M, Gairola S, Jadhav S, Patwardhan B. Ethnopharmacology in vaccine adjuvant discovery. Vaccine 2008;26(41): Gautam M, Diwanay SS, Gairola S, Shinde YS, Jadhav SS, Patwardhan BK. Immune response modulation to DPT vaccine by aqueous extract of Withania somnifera in experimental system. International Immunopharmacology 2004;4(6): Gautam M, Diwanay S, Gairola S, Shinde Y, Patki P, Patwardhan B. Immunoadjuvant potential of asparagus racemosus aqueous extract in experimental system. Journal of Ethnopharmacolgy 2004;91(2-3): Cancer Adjuvants Most of the cancer chemotherapeutic agents are immunosuppressants and cytotoxic. Dr. Patwardhan used Cyclophosphamide-induced-immunosuppression to screen plant-derived drugs for anticancer and cytoprotective potential and to demonstrate myelo and immuno-protective activity in ascitic sarcoma bearing animals. He did activity-related extractions to identify best performing candidate drugs. This product will have significant importance in cancer therapeutics. One US patent has been filed in the area of cancer adjuvants. 1. Diwanay S, Chitre D, Patwardhan B. Immunoprotection by botanical drugs in cancer chemotherapy. Journal of Ethnopharmacolgy 2004;90(1): Diwanay S, Gautam M, Patwardhan B. Cytoprotection and immunomodulation in cancer therapy. Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti- Cancer Agents. 2004;4(6): B. Botanical drug discovery and development: Dr Patwardhan has done significant work on standardization and quality control of herbal drugs by using molecular and chemical methods. He has successfully

3 developed a standardized polyherbal formulation for treatment of arthritis that addresses important clinical targets like pain, cartilage regeneration, chondroprotection and established preclinical safety, pharmacology and clinical efficacy in randomized controlled clinical trials. One US and two Indian Patents have been granted that are commercialized. He is one of the three Champions involved in CSIR NMITLI Herbal Drug Development project. In recently concluded randomized multicentric clinical trial, one of his formulations has been found to be therapeutically equivalent to Celecoxib and Glucosamine. This work has created sufficient interest at US FDA and has already led to three rounds of consultations to explore fast track approval process for Ayurveda based formulations. 1. Bhushan Patwardhan and Rathnam Chaguturu. Innovative Approaches in Drug Discovery: Ethnopharmacology, Systems Biology and Holistic Targeting, 1st Edition, Academic Press Elsevier Chopra A, Saluja M, Tillu G, Venugopalan A, Narsimulu G, Handa R, Bichile L, Raut A, Sarmukaddam S, Patwardhan B. Comparable efficacy of standardized ayurveda formulation and hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQS) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA): A randomized investigator-blind controlled study. Clinical Rheumatology 2012;31(2): Chopra A, Saluja M, Tillu G, Venugopalan A, Sarmukaddam S, Raut AK, Bichile L, Narsimulu G, Handa R, Patwardhan B. A randomized controlled exploratory evaluation of standardized ayurvedic formulations in symptomatic osteoarthritis knees: A government of India NMITLI project. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011; Patil D, Gautam M, Mishra S, Kulkarni P, Suresh K, Gairola S, Jadhav S, Patwardhan B. Quantitative determination of protoberberine alkaloids in Tinospora cordifolia by RP-LC-DAD. Chromatographia 2010;71(3-4): Puranik AS, Halade G, Kumar S, Mogre R, Apte K, Vaidya ADB, Patwardhan B. Cassia auriculata: Aspects of safety pharmacology and drug interaction. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011; Patwardhan B, Mashelkar RA. Traditional medicine-inspired approaches to drug discovery: Can ayurveda show the way forward? Drug Discovery Today 2009;14(15-16): Patwardhan B, Warude D, Pushpangadan P, Bhatt N. Ayurveda and traditional chinese medicine: A comparative overview. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2005;2(4): Patwardhan B. Ethnopharmacology and drug discovery. Journal of Ethnopharmacolgy 2005;100(1-2): Dnyaneshwar W, Preeti C, Kalpana J, Bhushan P. Development and application of RAPD-SCAR marker for identification of phyllanthus emblica linn. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2006;29(11): Sumantran VN, Chandwaskar R, Joshi AK, Boddul S, Patwardhan B, Chopra A, Wagh UV. The relationship between chondroprotective and antiinflammatory effects of Withania somnifera root and glucosamine sulphate on human osteoarthritic cartilage in vitro. Phytotherapy Research 2008;22(10):

4 11. Chitlange SS, Kulkarni PS, Patil D, Patwardhan B, Nanda RK. Highperformance liquid chromatographic fingerprint for quality control of Terminalia arjuna containing ayurvedic churna formulation. J AOAC International 2009;92(4): C. AyuSoft and AyuGenomics: With C-DAC, Dr. Patwardhan has conceptualized an innovative project named AyuSoft, which has been supported by the Ministry of Information Technology. The first version of AyuSoft as a decision support system is available now. He is also involved in studying genetic correlations with Ayurvedic concepts where a preliminary data on HLA DRB1 indicates specific distributions between different Prakriti. These findings are extraordinary and likely to have tremendous implications on future research in pharmacogenetis, epidemiology and personalized medicine. This work was presented at the Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Pharmacogenomics. This work has been published and has led to a national project on Genomic Variation Analysis and Gene Expression Profiling of Human Dosha Prakriti based on Principles of Ayurveda supported by the PSA under Science Initiatives in Ayurveda. 1. Govindaraj P, Nizamuddin S, Sharath A, Jyothi V, Rotti H, Raval R, Nayak J, Bhat BK, Prasanna BV, Shintre P, Sule M. Genome-wide analysis correlates Ayurveda Prakriti. Nature - Scientific Reports 2015;5. 2. Rotti H, Mallya S, Kabekkodu SP, Chakrabarty S, Bhale S, Bharadwaj R, Bhat BK, Dedge AP, Dhumal VR, Gangadharan GG, Gopinath PM. DNA methylation analysis of phenotype specific stratified Indian population. Journal of Translational Medicine 2015 May 8;13(1):1. 3. Ghodke-Puranik, Yogita, et al. "Folate metabolic pathway single nucleotide polymorphisms: a predictive pharmacogenetic marker of methotrexate response in Indian (Asian) patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacogenomics 2015, 16.18: Joshi K, Ghodke Y, Patwardhan B. Traditional medicine to modern pharmacogenomics: Ayurveda prakriti type and CYP2C19 gene polymorphism associated with the metabolic variability. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011; Ghodke Y, Chopra A, Shintre P, Puranik A, Joshi K, Patwardhan B. Profiling single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across intracellular folate metabolic pathway in healthy Indians. Indian Journal of Medical Research 2011; 133(3): Patwardhan B, Bodeker G. Ayurvedic genomics: Establishing a genetic basis for mind-body typologies. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2008;14(5): Bhushan P, Kalpana J, Arvind C. Classification of human population based on HLA gene polymorphism and the concept of prakriti in ayurveda. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2005;11(2): Patwardhan B. Ayurveda: The 'designer' medicine: A review of ethnopharmacology and bioprospecting research. Indian Drugs 2000;37(5):

5 D. Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine: Dr Patwardhan has written series of articles and review on importance of traditional medicine. The World Health Organization, Geveva awarded him an important study for consideration of newly established Commission on Intellectual Property, Innovation and Public Health (CIPIH). His study reviews the existing evidence base on the use of TM in meeting the health needs of populations in developing countries to address and analyze the benefits in terms of accessibility, availability and affordability, including the health benefit and cost-benefit and considers the scope for using TM systems to deliver modern medicines, and the possibility for conjunctive use. The study also reviews existing evidence on current innovative efforts in TM to combat diseases that disproportionately affect developing countries, and the challenges and difficulties related to: regulatory issues, effectiveness of the patent system, and reliance on renewable natural resources, documenting traditional knowledge about medicine. Subsequently the United Nation APCTT has published his article in its official publication Tech Monitor. Together with FRLHT he has conceptualized Indian Institute of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine (II-AIM) which will have tremendous impact to further boost high quality teaching and research in these areas. 1. Patwardhan B, Mutalik G, Tillu G. Integrative Approaches for Health: Biomedical Research, Ayurveda and Yoga. 1 st Edition, Academic Press- Elsevier; 2015 Mar Patwardhan B. Ayurveda and integrative medicine: Riding a tiger. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 2010;1(1): Patwardhan B. J-AIM-A renaissance for ayurveda. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 2010;1(1): Patwardhan B, Vaidya AD. Ayurveda: Scientific research and publications. Current Science 2009;97(8): Patwardhan B, Warude D, Pushpangadan P, Bhatt N. Ayurveda and traditional chinese medicine: A comparative overview. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2005;2(4): Patwardhan B. Traditional Medicine: Modern Approach for Affordable Global Health, World Health Organization Special Study Report for CIPIH, E. Network Pharmacology Our research group pioneered use of network pharmacology to understand scientific rationale of Ayurvedic medicines. Network pharmacology is an emerging in silico technique to understand bioactive-target-diseases relationship and underlying mechanism of action of medicinal plants. We have developed pharmacology networks of important medicinal plants like Withania sominifera (Ashwagandha) and commonly used formulations like Triphala. We have tried to apply network pharmacology to understand potential of medicinal plants in diseases like cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer s disease. 1. Chandran, U; Mehendale, Neelay; Tillu, Girish; Patwardhan B. Proceedings of Indian Natational Academy of Sciences 2015; 81(3): Patwardhan, B and Chandran U. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 2015; 14(4):

6 3. Chandran, U; Mehendale, N; Tillu, G; Patwardhan B. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Jan; 18(9): F. Editorial Services Professor Patwardhan is Founder Editor in Chief of internationally circulated peer reviewed Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine published by Elsevier. The journal is indexed Scopus, PubMed, Scimago and Scholar. The Journal can be accessed at He is Academic Editor of Evidence based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (ecam) of Hindwai; Section Editor (Pharmacognossy) Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening of Bentham. He is on the Editorial Board of several Journals including Chinese Journal of Traditional Medicine (Springer), Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine (Mary Ann Liebert) and reviewers for many reputed Journals. He is member of Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and World Association of Medical Editors (WAME).

Bhushan Patwardhan, PhD

Consultation and Interaction at CSIR New Delhi with WHO-CIPIH Traditional Medicine Approach Bhushan Patwardhan, PhD Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences University of Pune India Just 26 NCEs in