ANVESHANA A COMPARATIVE CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SODHALA RASAYANA KALPA WITH MADHURASKANDHA OF CHARAKASAMHITA

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1 ANVESHANA Review Article AYURVEDA MEDICAL JOURNAL ISSN: A COMPARATIVE CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SODHALA RASAYANA KALPA WITH MADHURASKANDHA OF CHARAKASAMHITA Bhuvad Sushama 1, K. Nishteswar 2 1 PhD Scholar, 2 Prof. and HOD, Dept. of Dravyaguna, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India Corresponding Author: bsushama87@gmail.com ABSTRACT Gadanigraha is a work of Acharya Sodhala, written during 12 th century with the content of Ashtanga ayurveda chikitsa. Sodhala was a scholar and structured Gadanigraha in 2 khandas (volumes). A first Khanda deals with Prayogakhanda and includes various formulations and second Khanda deals with Ashtanga Ayurveda Chikitsa. In the Rasayana chikitsa, initially he quotes about general recipes of Rasayana chikitsa followed by specific formulation of 22 drugs under the name of Kalpa. Acharya Charaka had given classification of drugs basing on six Rasas referred as Rasaskandha. Madhuraskadha contains 85 herbs, mainly of Madhura rasa, Madhura vipaka and Madhura prabhava. Madhura rasa is attributed with activities like Rasayana, Vrishya, Shukrala, Balya, Brihmana etc. There are only 6 drugs which are common to both Madhuraskandha and Sodhala s Kalpayoga of Rasayana chikitsa. In the present study, review of these common 6 drugs i.e. Ashwagandha, Guduchi, Eranda, Gokshura, Shatavari, and Punarnava had been made on the basis of their Rasapanchaka, action, indication and reported research activities. Key words: Madhuraskandha, Gadanigraha, Sodhala, Rasayanachikitsa INTRODUCTION In the medieval period, various compendia like Vrindamadhava (9 th A.D), Chikitsakalika (10 th A.D.), Chakradatta (11 th A.D), Vangasena (1210 A.D.) and Gadanigraha (12 th A.D) 1 made a successful attempt to present Ayurveda in a lucid way by making additions to material medica of Ayurvedic classics. Acharya Sodhala (12 th Century) was a versatile scholar and blessed with good knowledge of Ayurveda and documented two works namely Sodhala nighantu (lexicon of medicinal plant) and Gadanigraha (includes Ayurvedic treatment for various diseased conditions). He wrote Gadanigraha based on two aims i.e. treatment according to dosage form of different formulations and secondly according to diseased conditions. Currently it is available in three volumes. First part deals with Prayogakhanda in which formulations are categorized according to dosage form i.e. Ghritadhikara, Tailadhikara, Churnadhikara, Gutikadhikara, Lehadhikara and Asavadhikara. This method of classification is supposed to be adopted from Yogaratnasammuchaya (10 th A.D). And Second part describes treatment regimens for various disease conditions including Rasayana chikitsa (Rejuvenation therapy) and Vajikarana chikitsa (therapeutics of

2 infertility), the last two branches of Ashtanga Ayurveda. Main aim of Ayurveda science is Swasthasya swasthya rakshanam to protect the health of healthy people. It can be accomplished by Rasayana and Vajikarana chikitsa, which can increase longevity, maintain youthfulness and freedom from diseases, voice, complexion, nourishment, intellect, memory and strength. Acharya Charaka gave priority to Rasayana therapy. According to him Rasayana is the means of procuring health, vigor, and helps for providing the best quality of different Dhatus (tissues). 2 Acharya Bhavamishra defines Rasayana (Rejuvenation) as the medicine which prevents old age, cures diseases, acts as Vayasthapana (anti-ageing), Chakshushya (eye tonic), Brihmana (improvement of body weight) and Vrishya (aphrodisiac). 3 Madhura rasa dravya promotes the growth of Rasa (body fluid), Rakta (blood), Mamsa (muscle), Meda (fat), Asthi (bone), Majja (bone marrow), Shukra (semen), Ojas and longevity. Madhura rasa dominant dravyas have Preenana (soothing), Jeevaniya (invigorating) and Brihmaniya (nourishing) properties, and indicated in the management of Karshya (emaciation) and Kshaya (consumption). 4 Acharya Charaka had described Shadarasa skandha (Group of drugs having six different tastes) in the context of Asthapana Basti (Corrective enema) drugs. The main purpose of these skandhas was to describe the text neither elaborately nor briefly but at the same time should clearly explain the entire scientific truth. Hence Charaka had classified drugs based on taste. Substances are mostly composed of many tastes. Therefore drugs that are of Madhura rasa or predominantly of Madhura rasa or Vipaka (biotransformation) or those which produce the effects similar to Madhura rasa (Prabhava-principle for specific action) are included under Madhuraskandha (group of the drugs having Sweet taste or potential). Total 85 drugs are delineated in Madhuraskandha. 5 Acharya Sodhala described Rasayana chiktsa (Rejuvenation therapy) in two parts i.e. General Rasayana kalpa and Specific aushadhi kalpa. In Specific Rasayana formulation, author had included in total 22 drugs i.e. Amlavetasa kalpa, Suvarna kalpa, Chitraka kalpa, Pippali kalpa, Haritaki kalpa, Amalaki kalpa, Triphala kalpa, Kakamachi kalpa, Shatavari kalpa, Bhallataka kalpa, Guduchi kalpa, Gokshura kalpa, Lashuna kalpa, Guggulu kalpa, Palandu kalpa, Vridhadaru kalpa, Kushtha kalpa, Tuvaraka kalpa, Somaraji kalpa, Bijapuraka kalpa, Kumkum kalpa, and Eranda kalpa. Compilation of drugs belonging to both groups showed that in total six drugs are common between Madhuraskandha and Sodhala s Rasayana Kalpa. In the present study, review of 6 drugs had been done with special reference to their Rasapanchaka, action, indication and reported research activities. DISCUSSION A comparative assessment of Sodhala s Rasayana Kalpa drugs and drugs mentioned by Charaka under Madhuraskandha was carried out and found that drugs namely Ashwagandha, Guduchi, Eranda, Gokshura, Shatavari and Punarnava mentioned in Charakasamhita are included by Sodhala. Details of these drugs are enumerated below: Ashwagandha a. Botanical Source: Withania somnifera Dunal. b. Part Used: Root c. Dosage form: Powder d. Quantity: not specified e. Adjuvant: Milk, Ghee, Oil, Hot water f. Duration: 15 days AAMJ / Vol. 1 / Issue 3 / May June

3 g. Action: Rasayana, Balya (Strength promoting), Brihmana (increases bulk of the body) Research activities: In a double blind study, shade dried roots of the Ashwagandha are powdered and made as tablets of 500mg each and administered in a dose of 2 tablets 3 times a day with milk in healthy volunteer for a period of 1 year. Results have shown significant increase in hemoglobin, RBCs, hair melanin and in seated stature in the treated group as compared to control group. Serum cholesterol and calcium levels have also been decreased in treated group. 6 Eranda a. Botanical Source: Ricinus communis Linn b. Part Used: Seed c. Dosage form: Oil d. Quantity: Number of seed: 3-Pravara, 2- Madhyama, 1- Avaramatra e. Adjuvant: For seed oil According to diseased conditions: i.samadosha (Vitiated bio-humour): Shunthi, Yava, Eranda kwatha ii.vatavyadhi (Diseases due to vitiation of Vata): Kulattha yusha (Gruel of Kulattha) iii.vatarakta (Gouty arthritis): Aragvadha kwatha, Milk, Triphala, Draksha iv. Kaphaja (Diseases due to vitiation of Kapha): Cow s urine, Kanji (vinegar), Mastu (Whey) v. Shoola (In painful conditions): Sura (wine) f. Duration: Not specified g. Action: Smriti-Medhavardhaka (memory enhancer), Deepana (carminative), Putrada (fertility promoting), Shukra shudhikara (purifies semen), Ayushya (invigorating), Balya (strength promoting), Varnya (promoting complexion) h. Do s & Don ts: Vyavaya (sexual intercourse), Guru-Abhishyandi Bhojana (heavy to digest diet) i. Contraindication: Mada (intoxication), Pandu (anemia), Gulma, Trishna (Thirst), Chardi (Vomiting), Murchha (Syncope), Visuchika (Choleric diarrhea), Raktapitta (Blood disorders), Jwara (Pyrexia), Timira (cataract), Garbhini (pregnant women) Research activities: 1) The responsible chemical constituents of R. communis which produce antioxidant activity are Methyl ricinoleate, Ricinoleic acid, 12 octadecadienoic acid and methyl esters. The seed extract of R. communis shows antioxidant activity assessed by using lipid peroxidation, ferric thiocyante method and free radical scavenging effect on DPPH and hydroxyl radical generated from hydrogen peroxide. 7 2) In the study 20 women desiring contraception, gave an informed consent to be scanned from day 9 to day 16 of one of their menstrual cycle to track for follicles. After taking one seed of R. communis, the women were again scanned for the same duration. The result obtained showed normal follicular development before the administration of R. communis and the abolition of follicular development in all the 20 volunteers after taking one seed of R. communis. This result showed that one seed of R. communis taken orally is capable of preventing ovulation in humans and hence its contraceptive effect may be due in part to prevention of ovulation. 8 The use of anti-fertility agent or Contraceptive pills in developing countries is estimated to have decreased the number of maternal deaths by 40% (about 270,000 deaths prevented in 2008) and could prevent 70% of deaths if the full demand for birth control is met. 9 These benefits are achieved by reducing the number of unplanned pregnancies that subsequently result in unsafe abortions and by preventing pregnancies in those at high risk, which ultimately result in improvement or increase in life span of human being. AAMJ / Vol. 1 / Issue 3 / May June

4 Gokshura Collection of fruit or whole plant should be done after Varsha ritu (Rainy season) during Sharada ritu (autumn). 10 When seed pods are fully developed i.e. ripe and green but not have turned to brown, the material is to be harvested. 11 a. Botanical Source: Tribulus terrestris Linn b. Part Used: Fruit, Whole plant c. Dosage form: Powder d. Quantity: Vardhamana matra Starting dose is one Karsha (10g) of drug; gradually increased till 2 Pala (80g). After 2 Pala, dose should be constant i.e. ½ Pala (20g) daily. e. Adjuvant: Milk f. Duration: not mentioned g. Action: Vrishya Research activity: The study was carried out to find the effect of acute and repeated dose administration of lyophilized aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris fruits (LAET) on sexual function in sexually sluggish male albino rats. A dose dependent improvement in sexual behavior was observed with the LAET treatment as characterized by an increase in mount frequency, intromission frequency, and penile erection index, as well as a decrease in mount latency, intromission latency, and ejaculatory latency. The enhancement of sexual behavior was more prominent on chronic administration of LAET. 12 Guduchi a. Botanical Source: Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Thoms. b. Part Used: Stem Table 1: Showing different dosage forms, indications of Guduchi kalpa mentioned in rasayana chikitsa Sl. Dosage Quantity/ form Duration Adjuvant Indication Size of one piece- 1. Paste Angushtha parva, Ghee Rasayana 7-9 pieces daily 2. Decoction - Castor oil Gridhrasi (Sciatica), Vatarakta (Gouty arthritis) 3. Decoction - - Vishama jwara (intermittent fever), Ratri jwara, Tritiyaka jwara, Chaturtaka jwara 4. Decoction - Sunthi Kati-prishtha-pada-jangha Shoola (pain in lumbar region) 5. Powder 100 Pala (~ 4 Kg) Ghee, Honey, Palitya (Greying of hair), Gridhrasi, Vatarakta, Netra roga Jaggery (Eye disease), Vishama jwara 6. Juice For one month Ghee, Honey, Milk Vali-palitya, Sarvaroga, Kantikara (improves complexion) 7. Powder 100 Pala (~ 4 Kg) Ghee, Honey Rasayana Research activity: Methanolic, ethanolic and water extracts showed significant antioxidant potential compared to other solvents and also possess metal chelation and reducing power activity. In the DPPH radical scavenging activity, methanolic extract (98.13%) showed high antioxidant potency, and ethanolic extract (90.34%) showed potent scavenger of superoxide radical. At the same time, both methanolic (97.08%) and ethanolic extracts (95.21%) inhibited hydroxyl radical along with other extracts. The metal chelation in methanolic (60.62%), ethanolic (57.62%), aqueous extracts (40.89%) and reducing of ferrous ions was significant and found proportionately increasing among methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts. 13 The efficacy of combined effect of Guduchi yoga (Guduchi stem powder 1.5g + Trapusha extract 0.5g) in the management of Vatarakta was carried out. The study was performed in 20 patients fulfilling the criteria of Vatarakta and who met the AAMJ / Vol. 1 / Issue 3 / May June

5 American College of Rheumatology criteria (ACR) for acute gouty arthritis. Detailed profile which incorporated relevant data like symptomatology, physical signs and investigation reports were considered for assessment criteria. The drug was administered at dose of 1g twice a day with lukewarm water after food for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, symptomatic improvement was observed with statistically significant results along with attainment of normal serum uric acid levels followed by feeling of general well-being. 14 The experimental study was aimed to find ameliorative effect of Tinospora cordifolia stem in sciatica nerve root ligation induced sciatica pain in rats. Tail cold hyperalgia, motor co-ordination tests, foot deformity, and total calcium levels were estimated to assess the extent of sciatica. The alcoholic and aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia were administered at a dose of 100, 200 mg/kg p.o. for 15 days. They attenuated sciatica nerve root ligation induced motor incoordination, foot deformity, tail cold hyperalgesia, reversed ligation induced alteration in lipid peroxides, total calcium, superoxide dismutase, catalase levels in a dose dependent manner. 15 Punarnava a. Botanical Source: Boerhavia diffusa Linn b. Part Used: Root c. Dosage form: Kalka (Paste) d. Quantity: ½ Pala (20g) e. Adjuvant: Milk f. Duration:½ month or 2 months g. Action: Rasayana Research activity: The methanol extract of the leaves, stem, and root of Boerhavia diffusa were estimated for total antioxidant capacity using 1, 1-diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid contents using spectrophotometric methods. Maximum quantity of total phenolic content (24.5±1.703)mgGAE/gDW) and total flavonoid content (79.86±3.757)mQE/gDW) was recorded in Leaves. Maximum Ascorbic Acid content was found in Leaves (0.333±.166)mg/gDW while minimum quantity was observed in Roots (0.026±0.002)mg/gDW and highest radical scavenging activity was observed in stems with IC50 value 90.8± Shatavari Shatavari root should be procured from black soil, considered as of best quality. Roots should be Snigdha (unctuous), Mansala (fleshy) with more number of tuberous roots. 17 a. Botanical Source: Asparagus racemosus willd. b. Part Used: Tuber c. Dosage form: Juice d. Quantity:5 or 7 or 10 Karsha (~50 or 70 or 100g) e. Vehicle: Milk f. Duration:2/6/10 months (Dose should be increased daily so that after 7 days it gets doubled) g. Action: Balya, Swarya (voice promoter), Vrishya, Ayushya, Vayasthapana (antiageing), Garbhakara, Rasayana h. Indication: Naktandhyatva (Night- Blindness), Jwara (Pyrexia), Khalitya (Hair fall), Kshatakshina (Phthisis), Vandhyatva (Infertility), Palitya (Greying of hair), Shukradosha (Disorders of semen) Research activities: The effect of root of Asparagus racemosus in mounting behavior was evaluated in male rat. The test drug in crude form & extract form were separately administered to the animals and the doses of 3000mg /kg were selected. The dose of the Sildenafil citrate drug (5 mg/kg) was administered to animals. The assessment was done by mounting behavior test and mating performance. The study suggested that the systemic use of extracts of Shatavari AAMJ / Vol. 1 / Issue 3 / May June

6 have sexual behavior enhancing effect in male rats. The extracts of the shatavari was found to stimulate the mounting behavior of Sl. Drug Rasa (Taste) Table 2: Showing attributes of six drugs Veerya (Potency) male rat and also to significantly increase their mating performance. 18 Vipaka (Bio-transformation) Guna (Properties) Karma 19 (Action) 1. Ashwagandha Tikta, Kashaya Ushna Katu - Rasayana, Balya, shukrala 2. Eranda Madhura Ushna Madhura Guru Deepana 3. Gokshura Madhura, Tikta Sheeta Madhura - Balya, Pushtida, Vrishya 4. Guduchi Tikta, Katu, Balya, rasayana, Ushna Madhura Laghu Kashaya Deepana 5. Punarnava Katu, Kashaya Ushna Katu Laghu Deepana, Grahi 6. Shatavari Tikta, Madhura Sheeta Madhura [Tikta: Bitter, Kashaya: Astringent, Madhura: Sweet, Katu: Pungent taste, Ushna: Hot potency, Sheeta: Cold potency, Laghu: Easy to digest, Guru: Heavy to digest, Snigdha: Unctuous] The above mentioned drugs possess Madhura, Tikta, Katu, Kashaya rasa; Katu or Madhuravipaka; Ushna or Sheeta Veerya and Guru, Laghu, Snigdha Guna. They do possess Balya, Vrishya, Rasayana and Shukrala activities. Though these drugs are attributed Guru, Snigdha Rasayana, Medhya, Deepana,Shukrala, Netrya, Stanyakara with Katu, Tiktarasa, Katuvipaka and Ushnaveerya, they exercise Rasayana action through their Madhuraprabhava. 20 According to Bhavamishra activities like Vrishya, Chakshushya, Brihmana, Balya, Jeevaniya are attributed to spectrum of Rasayana activity. These drugs contain flavonoids, alkaloids, amino acids, saponin, quercetin, terpenoids and phenolic compounds which are responsible for antioxidant activity. 21 Table 3: Showing details about the number of formulations and disease conditions Sl. Drugs No. of formulation Indication 19 Activities Ashwagandha 1 Shotha, Shwitra, Kshaya Anti-stress, Immunostimulant, Antibacterial, Anti-inflammatory, Sedative, Cardio-protective 2. Eranda 1 Amadosha, vatavyadhi, Shoola Ant-nociceptive, Hepatoprotective, Anti-histaminic, Anti-inflammatory 3. Gokshura 1 Rasayana, Shwasa, Kasa, Arsha, Cardio-tonic, Muscle relaxant, Prameha, Hridroga Diuretic, Hypotensive, Anti-fungal 4. Guduchi 8 Shwasa, Kasa, Shoola, Bhrama, Shoola, Udavarta, Jwara, Gridhrasi, Vatarakta, Kati-Prishta- JanghaVedana, Rasayana Anti-inflammatory, Anti-arthritis, hepatoprotective, Anti-tumor, hypoglycemic 5. Punarnava 1 Pandu, Shotha, Vrana, Udara Diuretic, Anti-inflammatory, Antiviral, Anticonvulsant, Cardiotonic, Antihypertensive, Hepatoprotective, Antibacterial, Anti-fibrinolytic. 6. Shatavari 1 The above mentioned Rasayana drugs are also indicated in the various diseases apart from their Rasayana activity. As these drugs are Rasayana, Balya and Vrishya so that they are able to act from Rasavaha srotasa to Shukravaha srotasa. For example, Guduchi is Rasayana, Atisara, Grahani, Arsha, Gulma Gastric Sedative, Antifungal, Antibacterial, Diuretic, Antiviral, Antiamoebic, Anti-dysenteric indicated in disease conditions like Vatarakta, Vishamajwara, Kati-prishtha-padajanghashoola, Palitya, Netraroga etc. In these conditions it can act as medicine as well Rasayana after getting cured from these conditions. The medicines which are AAMJ / Vol. 1 / Issue 3 / May June

7 rejuvenator or aphrodisiac invigorate the healthy person and also help in eliminating the diseased condition. They help in strengthening the respective systems in which are afflicted. 22 Charaka emphasize a role of Shodhana (Body purification therapy) in Rasayana therapy 23 and also other factors such as Prakriti (Body constitution), Satmya (Wholesomeness) etc. as pre-requisite for Rasayana therapy. Both Rasayana and Vajikarana therapies should be administered to the individual after proper purification of the body non adaptation of it will be useless, just like coloring the dirty cloths. 24 After purification, homeostasis can be obtained by process of formation and nourishment of Dhatus (tissue). Rasayana should improve dhatus qualitatively and quantitatively so that these Dhatus can perform their respective functions. A sound body possesses a sound mind. The improvement in the structure and function of Dhatus and organs is achieved by the use of Rasayana drugs leading to an improvement in the psychic functioning of the body. Wherever dose is not mentioned, it can be administered according to dosage form and status of Agni in each and every individual. It can be administered in increasing dose so that it can be assimilated slowly in the body without disturbing the equilibrium. And in the same way one can taper the dose again to terminate the treatment. CONCLUSION Total 22 kalpas mentioned in Sodhala s Gadanigraha Rasayanchikista and 85 drugs are mentioned in Madhuraskandha of Charakasamhita. Among them only six drugs are common to both the groups. These drugs do possess Madhura, Tiktarasa, Katu or Madhura vipaka and Ushna veerya and attributed with Rasayana, Vrishya, Balya, Brihmaniya activities. They are reported for their antioxidant, adaptogenic and aphrodisiac activities. Some of the phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, phenols, and triterpenoids are responsible for these activities. These drugs can be classified based on srotasa such as Guduchi for Asthi-majjavahasrotasa; Punarnava, Gokshura for Mutravahasrotasa; Shatavari, Ashwagandha- for Shukravahasrotasa etc. which facilitate for their proper therapeutic application. REFERENCES 1. P. V. Sharma, Ayurveda ka Vaijnyanika Itihasa, Reprint 2011, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia. P Agnivesha, Chakrapani, Charakasamhita, Edited by Vd. Yadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, 1st edition, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2009, Chikitsasthana 1/1/8. P Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakasha Samhita, Edited by Sri Brahmashankar Mishra with Vidyotini Hindi commentary, 11th Edition, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Bhavan, 2010, Uttarakhand 73/1.P Agnivesha, Chakrapani, Charakasamhita, Edited by Vd.Yadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, 1st edition, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2009, Sutrasthana 26/42 (1).P Agnivesha, Chakrapani, Charakasamhita, Edited by Vd. Yadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, 1st edition, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2009, Vimansthana 8/138, P Kuppurajan K et al, Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal), on the process of ageing in human volunteers, Journal of Research in Ayurved & Sadda, 1980: Jena Jitendra, Gupta Ashishkumar. Ricinus communis Linn: A Phytopharmacological Review, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012;Vol. 4 (4): AAMJ / Vol. 1 / Issue 3 / May June

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