Comparative Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Oleogumresin and Stem bark extract of Guggulu in Albino rats.

Transcription

1 RESEARCH ARTICLE International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences Pri -ISSN: e-issn: Comparative Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Oleogumresin and Stem bark extract of Guggulu in Albino rats. Malviya Reeta 1*, Sharma Ravindra 2, Sharma Tarun, 3 Ramamurthy A, 4 and Kotecha Mita 5 * 1 Dept. of Dravya Guna, Mahatma Jyotiba Fule Ayurvedic college, chomu, Jaipur, Rajasthan. 2 Dept. of P.G. Studies in Dravya Guna, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan. 3 Dept. of P.G. Studies in Dravya Guna, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan. 4 Dept. of P.G. Studies in Dravya Guna. National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan. 5 Dept. of P.G. Studies in Dravya Guna. National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan. Article info Article history: Received 25 AUG 2015 Accepted 02 SEP 2015 *Corresponding author: reeta1785@gmail.com Copyright 2015 irjpbs Abstract Background: Guggulu (commiphora wightii Bhandari) is a very important plant widely used for its antihyperlipidaemic, analgesic and anti- inflammatory actions by both Ayurvedic contemprory medicinal practionars. The Oleo-gumresin is a very widely used raw material of this medicinal plant and it is commonly used in Vata roga and Medo roga in Ayurveda. Objective: The current research paper provides a detailed report of comparative study the Analgesic activity of Guggulu resin & its stem bark extract in albino rats. Methods: An artery clip is applied to the root of the tail of mice and the reaction time is noted. Male mice with a weight between 18 and 25 g are used. The Control Group, Standard Group and Test Group consist of 6 mice in each. The test compounds are administered orally to fasted animals. The drug is administered 15, 30 or 60 min prior testing. An artery clip is applied to the root of the tail (approximately 1 cm from the body) to induce pain. The animal quickly responds to these noxious stimuli by biting the clip or the tail near the location of the clip. A stopwatch in 1/10 seconds increments measures the time between stimulation onset and response. A cut off time will determine by taking the average reaction time plus 3 times the standard deviation of combined latencies of the control mice at all times periods. Any reaction time of the best animals which greater. Then the cut-off time is called a positive response indicative of analgesic activity. The length of time until response indicates the period of greatest activity after dosing. An ED50 value is calculated at the peak time of drug activity. Results: All three test sample provided significant effect as Analgesic agent. Conclusion: It can be concluded that although aqueous extract and methanolic extract of stem bark provided significant effect as analgesic agent they haven t provided better effect or, same effect as compared crude resin extract. Keywords: Guggulu resin, Guggulu stems bark, analgesic activity, Methanolic extract. International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 2 (5)

2 INTRODUCTION Guggulu (commiphora wightii Bhandari) is a very important plant widely used for its antihyperlipidaemic, analgesic and anti- inflammatory actions by both Ayurvedic contemprory medicinal practionars. The Oleo-gumresin is a very widely used raw material of this medicinal plant and it is commonly used in Vata roga and Medo roga in Ayurveda. Unfortunately the plant Commiphora wightii has become endangered because of its slow growing nature, poor seed setting, and lack of cultivation, poor seed germination rate and excessive and unscientific tapping for its gum resin by the pharmaceutical industries and religious prophets. This plant is incorporated in Data Deficient category of IUCN s Red Data list. The plant Commiphora wightii has become endangered because of its slow growing nature, poor seed setting, and lack of cultivation, poor seed germination rate and excessive and unscientific tapping for its gum resin by the pharmaceutical industries and religious purposes. In case of C. wightii, stem cuttings offer several advantages over seeds. They save time and labor, and produce genetically superior and uniform planting materials from superior parentstocks. Stem cuttings are also inexpensive and easier to practice than other vegetative -propagation methods, such as tissue culture. In addition, stem cuttings can continuously supply planting stocks throughout the year for reforestation activities. Pain is a subjective symptom and a major health problem throughout the globe now days as it leaves major negative effects of physical and psychological health of the people. The gap between the sophisticated knowledge of pain and its treatment and the effective application of that knowledge is large and widening. Both acute and chronic pain is often poorly managed for a wide variety of reasons. In India 30% of people, women and elderly in particular and other adults in general are affected with chronic pain. About 20-25% of this population suffer pain from musculoskeletal and joint disorders. The back pain accounts for another 25-30% people. Headache and migraine accounts for about 5% among the cases of persistent pain. In only 1-2 % of adults with chronic pain result from cancer. Trigeminal neuralgia, post hepatic neuralgia and other neuropathic pain syndromes constitute another 5-7% of patients suffering from chronic pain. Now interventional pain management procedures like trigger point injections, percutaneous disectomy and nerve blocks etc. however with no good results. Hence an attempt has been made to find out simple and safe remedies from Ayurveda. Mode of Action Guggulu can counteract upon Shita and reduce pain sansationsa by having direct effect on Vata. Hence Guggulu have been described as best Vathara drug of Ayurveda. Vagbhat has mentioned Guggulu as xqxxqyq esnks fuykgjk.kke~ A in Agrya Prakarana. And it pacifies the Vata by its Vatashamak action releiving pain. International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 2 (5)

3 A dominant Analgesic activity of Commiphora wightii (guggul) plant, earlier known as Commiphora mukul (family-burseraceae) add impetus to this research approach. Oleogum resin, known as guggul or gum guggul, is obtained from C. mukul found in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan (Dev, 1987). One of the most revered plant Guggul, Commiphora wightii, has been used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat a variety of diseases since several thousand years (Satyavati, 1988). It is used extensively for the treatment of different ailments including dysmenorrhea, endometritis, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, bronchitis, inflammation, arthritis, cancer and cardiovascular disorders (Shishodia et al., 2008). The phytochemical constituents of guggul like Z- and E-isomers of guggulsterone and its related guggulsterols I- IV (Zhu et al., 2001). It possess a wide array of pharmacological activities including antilipidemic (Satyavati et al., 1969), anti-apoptotic (Macha et al., 2010), anti-inflammatory (Francis et al., 2004), anti-thyroid (Panda and Kar, 2005; Tripathi et al., 1998), hypolipidemic (Chander et al., 1996) and hepatoprotective (Gowrishankar et al., 2008) has been reported. MATERIAL AND METHODS The animal experiment was approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of Pinnacle Biomedical Research Institute (PBRI) Bhopal (Reg No. 1283/c/09/CPCSEA). Protocol Approval Reference No. PBRI/13/IAEC/PN-337. Present study was undertaken in order to Animal used and their Weight Healthy Adult Male Wistar Albino Rats (200±30gm) Swiss Albino Male Mice (25±5gm). Route of administration - P.O. Housing Condition Animals were housed in a group of four in separate cages under controlled conditions of temperature (22 ± 2 C). All animals were given standard diet (Golden Feed, New Delhi) and water regularly. Animals were further divided in eight groups with four animals in each group. Procedure Animal Male Swiss albino mice with a weight between 25±5gm. Induction of Algesia (Pain) An artery clip is applied to the root of the tail (approximately 1 cm from the body) to induce pain. The animal quickly responds to these noxious stimuli by biting the clip or the tail near the location of the clip. The time between stimulation onset and response is measured by a stopwatch in 1/10 seconds increments. The drug is administered 30 min prior testing. The animals were divided into four groups of six rats each. International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 2 (5)

4 Group-I (Control): Administer 5 ml of water orally. Group-II (Standard): Administer 500 Mg/Kg. of Aqueous Extract of Commiphora wightii Bhandari. Resin orally. Group-III (Test A): Administer 500 Mg/Kg. of Aqueous Extract of Commiphora wightii Bhandari. Stem bark orally. Group-IV (Test B): Administer 500 Mg/Kg. of Methanol Extract of Commiphora wightii Bhandari. Stem Bark orally A cut-off time is determined by taking the average reaction time after the drug administration at time interval 0, 30 and 60 min. Fig.1. Pictures of Commiphora Wightii (Bhandari) International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 2 (5)

5 Fig.2. T.S. of the Leave, Portion of the Cortex of Midrib Region Of Commiphora Wightii (Bhandari). Fig.3. T.S. of Mature Stem of Commiphora Wightii (Bhandari). Fig.4. T.S. of Mature Stem of Commiphora Wightii (Bhandari). International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 2 (5)

6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ANALGESIC ACTIVITY (Haffner s Tail Clip Method- 1954) S. No. Treatment 1. Control Reaction Time (sec.) Initial Final % Increase 2.23± ± ±0.354 (5 ml/kg of water p.o.) 2. Standard (Aq. Extract of CWB 2.17± ± ±0.631 resin 500 mg/kg p.o.) 3. Test A (Aq. Extract of CWB 2.37± ± ±0.400 stem bark 500 mg/kg p.o.) 4. Test B (MeOH Extract of CWB 2.15± ± ±0.637 stem bark 500 mg/kg p.o.) A) After 0 min One Way Analysis of Variance Data source: Data 1 in Notebook 1 Group Name N Missing Mean Std Dev SEM Row Row Row Row Source of Variation DF SS M F P Between Groups Residual Total The differences in the mean values among the treatment groups are not great enough to exclude the possibility that the difference is due to random sampling variability; there is not a statistically significant difference (P = 0.876). Power of performed test with alpha = 0.050: International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 2 (5)

7 The power of the performed test (0.049) is below the desired power of Less than desired power indicates you are less likely to detect a difference when one actually exists. Negative results should be interpreted cautiously. B) AFTER 30 min One Way Analysis of Variance Data source: Data 1 in Notebook 1 Group Name N Missing Mean Std Dev SEM Row Row Row Row Source of Variation DF SS MS F P Between Groups <0.001 Residual Total The differences in the mean values among the treatment groups are greater than would be expected by chance; there is a statistically significant difference (P = <0.001). Power of performed test with alpha = 0.050: All Pairwise Multiple Comparison Procedures (Bonferroni t-test): Comparison Diff of Means T P P<0.050 Row 2 vs. Row <0.001 Yes Row 2 vs. Row <0.001 Yes Row 2 vs. Row <0.001 Yes Row 4 vs. Row Yes Row 4 vs. Row No Row 3 vs. Row No C) After 60 min One Way Analysis of Variance Data source: Data 1 in Notebook 1 International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 2 (5)

8 Group Name N Missing Mean Std Dev SEM Row Row Row Row Source of Variation DF SS MS F P Between Groups <0.001 Residual Total The differences in the mean values among the treatment groups are greater than would be expected by chance; there is a statistically significant difference (P = <0.001). Power of performed test with alpha = 0.050: All Pairwise Multiple Comparison Procedures (Bonferroni t-test): Comparisons for factor Comparison Diff of Means T P P<0.050 Row 2 vs. Row <0.001 Yes Row 2 vs. Row <0.001 Yes Row 2 vs. Row <0.001 Yes Row 4 vs. Row <0.001 Yes Row 4 vs. Row <0.001 Yes Row 3 vs. Row <0.001 Yes CONCLUSION Analgesic activity of crude resin s extract and stem bark s methanolic and aqueous extract was compared on the basis of Haffner s tail clip method. Reaction time (sec) was considered as analysis parameter. At 30th min there was significant difference observed in between resin extract treated animals and control group (P<0.001). Methanolic extract of stem bark also showed significant effect (P<0.05) but aqueous extract showed no significant effect at International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 2 (5)

9 30 th min the same time. At 60th min it was observed that all three treatments provided significant effect (P<0.001). There was significant difference present in between crude resin extract treated animals, aqueous extract of stem bark treated animals and methanolic extract of stem bark treated animals (P<0.001). Hence it can be concluded that although aqueous extract and methanolic extract of stem bark provided significant effect as analgesic agent they haven t provided better effect or, same effect as compared crude resin extract. REFERENCES 1. Koktate C.K, Purohit A.P., Godhale S.B. ; Pharmacognosy, Nirali prakashan, Pune, 39th edition, S.S Sudha, R.Karthic, Naveen, J.Renujam, Anti hyperlipidemic activity of Spirulina platensis in Triton x- 100 induced hyperlipidaemia rats, Hygea. J.D.Med.vol.3 (2) October, 2011, pp Kourounakis A.P., Victoratos P., Peroulis N.,Stefanou, Yiangou M., Hadjipetrou L., Experimental Hyperlipidemic and the Effect of NSAIDs, Experimental and Molecular Pathology,73; Panwala P.T., Naik S.R., D'mello P.M., Antihyperlidemic and Antioxidant activity of Syzygium cumini, Indian Drugs, 41 ;( 6): Tepne C.R., Thakre A.B., Upaganlawar A.B., Yeole P.G., Hypolipidemic and weight controlling activity of Terminalia catappa in rats on sucrose high fat diet, Indian Drugs,sucrose high fat diet, Indian Drugs,44; Shreesh Ojha et al. Cardioprotective effects of Commiphora mukul against isoprenalineinduced cardiotoxicity: A biochemical and histopathological evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi , India, Journal of Environmental Biology _November 2011_ 7. Ruitang Deng, Therapeutic Effects of Guggul and Its Constituent Guggulsterone: Cardiovascular Benefits, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA Cardiovascular Drug Reviews Vol. 25, No. 4, pp Madhvi Bhardwaj, Commiphora wightii down regulateshmg COA reductase in hyperlipidemic rats, Department of Advance Sciences & Biotechnology, Nims Institute of Engineering & Technology, NIMS University, Shobha Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research. 2013; 4(6): G. V. Satyavati at al, experimental studies on the hypochlesterolemic ffect of Commiphora mukul. Engl(Guggul), Department of kayachikitsa Post Graduate Institute of Indian medicine Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Ind. Jour. Med. Res. 57, 10 October Chopra, R.N. Chopra I.C. Hand A.K. L. and Kapur, L. D. (1958), Indigenous drugs of India, U.N. Dhar$ Sons. Calcutta. 11. K.M. Nadkarni, Indian Materia Medica, Bombay Popular Prakashan, Bombay, Reprint, Kulkarni S.K.; Practical Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, Vallabh publication, 1 st edition International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 2 (5)