Species composition of mosquito and public perception about Dengue vector of hemorrhagic fever in Bareng Tenes Malang

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1 Species composition of mosquito and public perception about Dengue vector of hemorrhagic fever in Bareng Tenes Malang Zulfaidah Penata Gama, and Jenvia Rista Pratiwi Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1908, (2017); View online: View Table of Contents: Published by the American Institute of Physics

2 Species Composition of Mosquito and Public Perception about Dengue Vector of Hemorrhagic Fever in Bareng Tenes Malang Zulfaidah Penata Gama 1, a) 1, b) and Jenvia Rista Pratiwi 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Veteran Street, Malang, East Java, Indonesia a) Corresponding author: zulfaidahpenatagama@gmail.com b) Jenviapratiwi24@gmail.com Abstract. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the mosquito vectors of DHF. Malang city was an endemic region of dengue disease in East Java. One of the villages that had a high number of DHF cases was Bareng Tenes. The Case Fatality Rate (CFR) in Malang city totaled 5 patients out of 879 cases (Health Department of Malang city, 2010). Bareng Tenes RW 02 was one of the densely populated regions of Malang city. The objectives of this research were to identify mosquito composition and to analyze the public perception about the DHF vectors in Bareng Tenes RW 02 Malang. This research used two kinds of survey methods of mosquitoes. The first method for collecting larvae was used by direct capture using pipettes from artificial containers and the second method was collecting egg of mosquitoes by using an ovitrap. Public perception was calculated using the questionnaire technique. The accidental sampling technique in this research was Likert scale. The composition of mosquitoes found in Bareng Tenes RW 02 was Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus. The mosquito survey showed that Aedes aegypti was the dominant species and the IVI value for the ovitrap survey was % while the value of IVI for the larval survey was %. Based on the public perception data, it showed that the community has a very good understanding of DHF knowledge, DHF vectors and ways of DHF prevention, but the undertaken activities by the community have not yet appeared to control the mosquito population especially for their larvae. INTRODUCTION Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. DHF is one of the most common diseases, especially in tropical and subtropical climates such as Indonesia. DHF is caused by four interconnected viruses (Family Flaviviridae Genus Flavivirus) DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. This virus consists of a single strand of RNA in the same genus as Yellow Fever and West Nile viruses1. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the mosquito vectors of DHF. The life cycle of involves both mosquitoes in water and air. The eggs hatch, develop into pupae in the water, then become imago in the air. Larvae of Aedes sp. are found in good water. They are usually found in puddles contained in artificial water reservoirs such as drums, bathtubs, barrels, buckets, and others. They are also found in natural water reservoirs such as tree holes, banana leaves, taro leaves, stone holes, as well as artificial water reservoirs such as flower vases, used tires, bottles, birds drinking, etc 2. Mosquitoes are holometabola animals consisting of egg phase, larval phase, pupa phase and adult mosquito (imago) phase. Mosquitoes need nine to ten days to metamorphose. Mosquito eggs hatch into larvae, which takes one to two days with air temperature ºC. The development of larvae into pupa takes four to nine days depending on the air temperature, place, the state of water and the availability of suitable food. The stage from the pupa to becoming a mosquito needs two to three days. The pupa phase is an inactive phase, so it does not require food to become an adult mosquito. The whole mosquito takes seven to 14 days for one life cycle2. 8th International Conference on Global Resource Conservation (ICGRC 2017) AIP Conf. Proc. 1908, ; Published by AIP Publishing /$

Female mosquitoes need blood for protein sources during the egg-maturation process. It causes mosquitoes to have the ability as vectors of some diseases3.

3 Female mosquitoes need blood for protein sources during the egg-maturation process. It causes mosquitoes to have the ability as vectors of some diseases3. Male mosquitoes will suck nectar as a source of glucose in the process of energy formation4. Mosquitoes are commonly found in dark places sheltered from the sun, and in calm clear water. Mosquitoes have a place of indulgence inside the house as well as outdoors. Some of the mosquitoes that become vectors of dengue disease are Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Filariasis is transmitted by Aedes sp., Anopheles sp., Culex sp., and Mansonia sp. Chikungunya disease is transmitted by mosquitoes Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Cx. fatigans and Mansonia sp. Ae. aegypti is found in many houses and in buildings5. Approximately 500,000 to 1,000,000 people worldwide experience dengue per year, so this disease was becoming the most common disease in the world. The disease was common in urban areas. Female mosquitoes suck human blood to meet the nutritional needs of the egg maturation process. These habits cause mosquitoes to have the potential as a disease vector. DHF is also commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, especially Southeast Asia, Central America, America and the Caribbean6. Malang city was in endemic regions of dengue disease in East Java. Malang city is one of the endemic areas of dengue disease. In 2010, the number of Case Fatality Rate (CFR) in Malang city totaled 5 patients out of 879 cases. DHF cases fluctuated during 2011 to In August 2016, CFR reached 2 patients out of 442 patients. One of the villages that has a high number of DHF cases was Bareng Tenes. In 2010, there were 83 dengue fever patients recorded in local government clinic of Bareng Tenes Village. The number of DHF patients in Bareng Tenes Village fluctuates every year. In 2011 there were 10 patients. In 2012 this increased to 18 patients and increased again in 2013 to 34 patients. In 2014 dengue fever cases in the local government clinic, Kelurahan Bareng decreased to 10 patients. In 2015 there was an increase in the number of cases of dengue fever with a total of 23 patients. In August 2016, there were 35 patients recorded by Malang City Health Office. This figure is quite high compared with the number of patients in other villages7. Bareng Tenes RW 02 was one of the densely populated regions of Malang city. Therefore it is necessary to do research about the type of mosquitoes that exist around the area of Bareng Tenes Village RW 02 Malang to ensure the presence of vector DHF disease. The objectives of this research were to identify mosquitoes composition and to analyze public perception about the DHF vectors in Bareng Tenes RW 02 Malang. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study Area Bareng Tenes located in Bareng Tenes Village, Klojen, East Java. Bareng Tenes has an area of about 10,650 km 2 with a plain height of 4.44 mdpl. The temperature in Bareng Tenes approximately between 23.2 and 24.5ºC, with a maximum air temperature of 29.2ºC and minimum of 19.8ºC. Rainfall in the rainy season is between 30 and 526 mm with an average of 44 mm / year. The air humidity in Bareng Tenes is approximately 78 86% 8. The location of the sampling is determined by the house and the location of the stream (Figure 1). Based on research that has been done by Lestari, et al. (2009), the sampling of mosquito larvae was conducted in ten locations, where the location was a house of residents based on the area of the house near the river. FIGURE 1. Sampling site in Bareng Tenes Village RW 02, Klojen, Malang, East Java

4 Larvae survey The first method was the larvae survey. This method for collecting larvae involved direct capture using pipettes from artificial containers inside and outside. Indoor container included bathtubs, buckets, jars, drinking water/dispensers, and aquariums. Outdoor water reservoirs included used tires, fish ponds, fountain ponds, used tins, used drums, used bottles, used glasses and used flower pots. The larva was obtained, then placed in a bottle and labeled and taken to the laboratory and carried out the maintenance of the mosquito larvae before the species is identified 9. Rearing larvae until imago and identified based on Direktorat Jendral Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan 10. Ovitrap survey The second method for collecting egg of mosquitoes was carried out by an ovitrap. It was based on previous research [16] [9] that use ovitrap as a control of mosquito populations. Surveys with ovitrap were performed using a plastic cup 250 ml and black. The plastic cup has a base diameter of 4.5 cm and a diameter of 8.5 cm at the top. Each plastic cup was filled with water with as high as 4 to 4.5 cm. Next, a 5 10 cm filter paper was used that surrounded the wall as the mosquito lays the egg [modified 12]. The ovitraps were placed inside and outside, then collected after 4 days. The eggs were reared until they reached the imago phase and identified based on Direktorat Jendral Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan 10. Public perception Public perception was ascertained using the questionnaire technique. The accidental sampling technique in this research was the Likert scale 13. The number of respondents taken can use calculations with the Slovin formula 14. Analyzed with equation 1 to obtain an interpretive value from the Likert scale. Note: Ai = perception for question i a = the number of respondents choose answer 4 b = the number of respondents choose answer 3 c = the number of respondents choose answer 2 d = the number of respondents choose answer 1 Density Figure The density figure can be an indicator of an area against the risk of DHF transmission. The density figure is obtained from several indicators, such as the free number of larvae (FNL), Container Index (CI), House Index (HI), and Breteu Index (BI). FNL was obtained from the division between the number of houses not found larva and the total number of houses examined. HI was obtained from the division between the number of houses found larvae and the total number of houses examined. CI was obtained from the division between the number of containers found larvae and the total number of containers examined. BI was obtained from the division between the number of positive larvae containers and the total number of houses examined 15. The interpretation of each indicator is presented in Table 1, while larva density categorization is presented in Table 2. TABLE 1. Category of entomological parameters against the risk of DBD transmission Entomological parameters Interpretation of Risk of Transmission House Index (HI) 5 % High Risk House Index (HI) 5 % Low Risk Countainer Index (CI) 10 % High Risk Countainer Index (CI) 10 % Low Risk Breteau Index (BI) 50 High Risk Breteau Index (BI) 50 Low Risk (1)

5 TABLE 2. Density figure category Density figure (DF) House Index (HI) Countainer Index (CI) Breteau Index (BI) Low Mediu m High Maya Index The Maya index is used to estimate high-risk areas as a breeding ground for mosquito larvae, with HRI (Hygiene Risk Index) and BRI (Breeding Risk Index) as an indicator. Both indicators have three criteria of height, medium and low determined by the highest distribution calculation. The MI category is determined by a 3 3 matrix. The matrix of the 3 3 component of HRI and BRI is presented in Table 3. TABLE 3. Matrix of 3x3 component of Breeding Risk Index (BRI) and Hygiene Risk Index (HRI) in Maya Index (MI) BRI (low) (medium) (high) 1 BRI1/ HRI1 BRI2/HRI2 BRI3/HRI1 (low) (low) (low) (low) 2 BRI1/ HRI2 BRI2/ HRI2 BRI2/ HRI3 (medium) (low) (medium) (high) 3 BRI1/ HRI3 BRI2/ HRI3 BRI3/ HRI3 (high) (medium) (high) (high) HRI RESULT AND DISCUSSION Composition of mosquitoes in Bareng Tenes Village RW 02 The composition of mosquitoes found from the survey results for three weeks in Bareng Tenes Village RW 02 consists of three species. The three species are Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinqeufasciatus. The difference between three species of mosquito can be seen in the thorax. Ae. aegypti has black scutum with two white line in dorsal scutum between two curve line. Ae. albopictus has black scutum with one white line in the dorsal scutum. Cx. quinquefasciatus has black proboscis and leg. Three species found in Bareng Tenes are presented in Figure

(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 2. Mosquitoes found in Kelurahan Bareng Tenes. Note: a. Ae. aegypti, b. Ae. albopictus, and c. Cx.

The three species are Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The dominant mosquito species in the ovitrap survey is Ae. aegypti with 10 of 21 individuals.

The results of mosquitoes abundance based on ovitrap survey Species Mosquito abundance (indv) Aedes aegypti 10 Aedes albopictus 9 Culex quinquefasciatus 2 Total 21 TABLE 5.

6 (a) (b) (c) FIGURE 2. Mosquitoes found in Kelurahan Bareng Tenes. Note: a. Ae. aegypti, b. Ae. albopictus, and c. Cx. quinquefasciatus The abundance of mosquitoes The abundance of mosquitoes found in Bareng Tenes Village RW 02 is presented in Tables 4 and 5. Sampling was conducted on three species for three weeks. The three species are Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The dominant mosquito species in the ovitrap survey is Ae. aegypti with 10 of 21 individuals. This is supported by the abundance in the larvae survey, which was 40 of 59 individuals. TABLE 4. The results of mosquitoes abundance based on ovitrap survey Species Mosquito abundance (indv) Aedes aegypti 10 Aedes albopictus 9 Culex quinquefasciatus 2 Total 21 TABLE 5. The abundance of mosquitoes with larvae survey Species Mosquito abundance(indv) Aedes aegypti 40 Aedes albopictus 16 Culex quinquefasciatus 3 Total 59 Important Value Index (IVI) The survey of mosquito larvae in Bareng Tenes Village RW 02 found three species in ovitrap and larvae survey method, that is Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus (Figure 3). For larvae survey, Ae. aegypti is the dominant species with an IVI of % followed by Ae. albopictus of 69.01% and Cx. quinquefasciatus of 27.49%. The same result was reached in the ovitrap survey with the dominant species being Ae. aegypti with IVI of % followed by Ae. albopictus 58.33% and Cx. quinquefasciatus 23.61%

7 (a) (b) FIGURE 3. IVI (%) mosquitoes in Bareng Tenes Village RW 02. Note a. results of the ovitrap survey and b. results of larvae survey Public Perception about Mosquitoes in Bareng Tenes Village RW 02 Public perception in Bareng Tenes Village RW 02 was conducted by interview method using interview guidelines for the community. The number of respondents based on the slovin formula calculation is 97 respondents. Respondents selected were respondents who were often at home with an age range of about years. The community knowledge about dengue disease resulted in a Likert scale of Public knowledge about mosquitoes as a vector of DHF disease resulted in a Likert scale of Knowledge of how dengue prevention is produced value a Likert scale of Community action on how to prevent dengue fever resulted in a Likert scale of Patients with DHF in Bareng Tenes Village RW 02 were obtained with Likert scale This result is presented in Figure 4. Likert scale Knowledge about DHF Knowladge about mosquitoes as DHF vectors Knowledge about DHF preventing DHF preventing has been taken Experience about DHF around Series Question 2.30 FIGURE 4. Likert scale in each question of Public perception in Bareng Tenes Village RW

8 Density Figure The density figure is a density of mosquito larvae with a free number of larvae (FNL), Container Index (CI), House Index (HI), and Breteu Index (BI) as indicators. The density figure value shows the area s potential for breeding mosquitoes and related DHF diseases. The value FNL is 30%; the value of HI is 70%. The value of CI obtained 28.05%. The value of BI obtained 230. It is presented in Table 5. TABLE 5. The results of the calculation of Free Number of Larvae (FNL), House Index (HI), Container Index (CI) and Bretau Index (BI) FNL % HI % CI % BI , Maya Index The Category Maya Index with HRI and BRI is presented in Table 6. Two areas were in the high category, one area in the medium category and the rest included in the low category of ten areas. The low category is found on R1, R2, R3, R4, R8, and R10. The high category is found in R6 and R7 areas. The medium category is found in R5, then the low category is found in the R1, R2, R3, R4, R8, R9 and R10 areas. The category about the potential risk of DHF according to hygiene (HRI) and potential breeding of mosquitoes (BRI) around areas. TABLE 6. Category Maya Index with HRI (Hygiene Risk Index) and BRI (Breeding Risk Index) Category HRI Category BRI Category MI R1 low low low R2 low low low R3 low low low R4 low low low R5 low high medium R6 medium high high R7 high medium high R8 low low low R9 low low low R10 medium low low The bodies of Ae. aegypti are smaller than Ae.albopictus. The body colors are browner than Ae. alopictus. The legs and abdomen are black with white stripes. Both have a different color of scutum. Ae. aegypti has black scutum with two white line in dorsal scutum between two curve line. Ae. albopictus has black scutum with one white line in dorsal scutum. Cx. quinquefasciatus has black proboscis and leg 16,10. The dominant species in Bareng Tenes Village RW 02 are Ae. aegypti. It causes Bareng Tenes Village RW 02 is a densely populated area 13. Mosquitoes need human blood for the process of egg maturation. It causes mosquitoes to be vectors of the disease. Human blood is preferred by Aedes sp. because it has amino acids and ions that are needed in the process of oogenesis, egg cell maturation, the formation of the fat body through the previtelogenic process, and vitellogenin 17. Serotonin and adrenaline in human blood are needed to stimulate the gonadotropic hormones necessary for

9 Actually, people have known DHF is a contagious disease that causes death. This is supported by Fauzy et al. s research 19, which states that the public has known that DHF is a very dangerous disease. The symptoms appear difficult to detect because they are almost the same as other diseases. Most people know that mosquitoes are a vector of dengue disease characterized by white stripes on their legs and body. Mosquitoes are active in the morning until late afternoon, so some people conclude that sleeping in the day is very dangerous because it can provide opportunities to be bitten by dengue mosquitoes. DHF is a viral disease and no treatment can stop the development of this. Therefore, the medical profession just eliminates the symptoms that arise from the patient. Efforts that can be made are to avoid the sucking of mosquitoes with the actions of PSN, fogging, larvacide and 3M 19. Moreover, it reduces the potential place for mosquito breeding. Most people control the inside more than the outside of the house. This can be seen from the number of containers such as flower pots, used tins, used glass and others. DHF prevention measures with 3M are not always performed by people. According to the density figure and MI, Bareng Tenes Village RW 02 has a high population density of larvae than South Tangerang City. R6 and R7 areas are the high potentials of mosquitoes. The high larvae density and MI can cause the potential of DHF to also be high. The R6 and R7 areas have a good temperature for mosquito oviposition. This is shown by the mosquitoes found in containers. Both areas have many plants in front of the house. The mosquito population can be controlled by cleaning or disposing of unused containers and potentially as a breeding ground for mosquitoes. The containers include used cups, used plates and other dark colors. 3M plus action is also mandatory for all citizens. It is important that these actions are taken, to reduce the potential of oviposition mosquitoes, whereas for locations with low MI category it is advisable for local residents to maintain the condition. SUMMARY The composition of mosquitoes is Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus. Aedes aegypti is the dominant species and the value of IVI is % in ovitrap surveys and % in larvae surveys. Public knowledge of DHF is good, but prevention has not been done optimally. That perception was supported by 30% FNL with a high-density figure and Maya Index; there are 2 areas in RT 3 that are a high potential area of DHF. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors thank for chief and inhabitant of Bareng Tenes, Malang for research permission. Special thank to Biology Department of Universitas Brawijaya that give permission for finishing this research. REFERENCES 1. C. R. Howard, Journal Elsevier Perspective Medical Virology (2005). 2. S. Soegijanto, Demam Berdarah Dengue (Airlangga University Press, Surabaya, 2004). 3. I. W. Supartha, Pengendalian terpadu vektor virus Demam Berdarah Dengue Aedes aegypti (Linn) dan Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), date accessed December 10, D. Natadisastra and R. Agoes, Parasitologi kedokteran ditinjau dari organ tubuh yang diserang, (EGC, Jakarta, 2009). 5. W. H. Cahyati dan Suharyo, Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 2, (2006). 6. B. R. Guerdan, American Journal of Clinica Medicine Spring 7, (2010). 7. Health Department of Malang city (private communication). 8. Akaibara. Profil Kelurahan Bareng, Kecamatan Klojen, Kota Malang, date accessed November 01, M. Islamiyah, A. S. Leksono dan Z. P. Gama, Jurnal Biotropika 1, (2013). 10. Direktorat Jendral Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan, Kunci identifikasi nyamuk Aedes. (Depatemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, 2008). 11. S. A. Ritchie, S. Long, A. Hart, C. E. Webb and R. C. Russell, Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 19, (2003). 12. O. Wan-Norafikah, W. A. Nazni, S. Noramiza, S. Shafa`Ar-Ko`Ohar, S. K. Heah, A. H. Nor-Azlina, M. Khairul-Asuad and H. L. Lee, Jurnal Sains Malaysiana 41, (2012). 13. H. Nawawi, Metode penelitian bidang social (Gajah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta 2001)

10 14. R. A. Putra, Suprayogi and S. Kahar, Jurnal Geodesi Undip 2, 1-12 (2013). 15. H. Mutiara, Analisis spasial kepadatan larva, Maya Index dan kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue, Minithesis. Universitas Negeri Semarang, Direktorat Jendral Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan, Kunci Identifikasi Culex jentik dan dewasa di Jawa. (Depatemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, 1989). 17. S. Mengko dan J. S. B.. Jurnal e-biomedik (2016). 18. S. U. Palgunadi dan A. Rahayu. Jurnal e-library Medical Faculty Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya University 2, 1-6 (2011). 19. S. Fauzy, Z. Sugiyanto dan Nurjanah. Persepsi masyarakat terhadap risiko DBD dan cara pencegahannya di Kelurahan Sedangmulyo Kecamatan Tembalang Kota Semarang Tahun Artikel Ilmiah date accessed Mei 27, B. D. Lestari, Z. P. Gama, dan B. Rahadi. Identifikasi nyamuk di Kelurahan Sawojajar Kota Malang. date accessed 10 November 10,

Spatial And Temporal Determinantsfor Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever: A Descriptive Study In Tanjungpinang City, Indonesia

IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-issn: 2279-0853, p-issn: 2279-0861.Volume 16, Issue 10 Ver. XIII (Oct. 2017), PP 34-38 www.iosrjournals.org Spatial And Temporal Determinantsfor