Systems Approach Work Plan for the Exportation of Apple from the US to Taiwan

Transcription

1 Systems Approach Work Plan for the Exportation of Apple from the US to Taiwan Industry Representative USDA Representative Training Partner Mike Willett Robert Bishop, USDA/APHIS Wendy Jones* Northwest Horticultural Council Export Certification Specialist Washington State University 105 S 18th St. Ste.#105, Yakima, WA S 192nd St. Ste.#1600, SeaTac, WA N Western Ave., Wenatchee, WA Phone: Phone: Phone: willett@nwhort.org Robert.M.Bishop@aphis.usda.gov wendyej@wsu.edu Contents: Instructions for Field Sampling Systems Approach Work Plan Internet References Instructions for Cull Cutters for Bin Sampling and Pre-screening Procedures (English & Spanish) Cull Cutter Pre-screening Inspection Log Bin Sampling Inspection Log Guide to Codling Moth Damage Identification in English and Spanish available upon request at: Scheduled Group Training for Field/Bin Sampling and Cull Cutter Certification 11 Aug., 11 am, WSI-IAREC, Prosser, WA 12 Aug., 11 am, WSDA, Yakima, WA 14 Aug., 11 am, WSU-TFREC, Wenatchee, WA 18 Aug., 10 am, Custom Fruit, Quincy, WA 19 Aug., 10:30 am, Gebbers Farms, *Brewster, WA Reservations requested to ensure seating/handouts Session times vary; check schedule on the left WSDA certification of Cull Cutters at all sites Contact Wendy* by phone or Visit website for details

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3 2013 Version 1.0 SYSTEMS APPROACH WORK PLAN FOR THE EXPORTATION OF APPLES FROM THE UNITED STATES INTO TAIWAN Preface The requirements set forth in this document, Systems Approach Work Plan for the Exportation of Apples from the United States to Taiwan, will be used as the basis for establishing export requirements and the necessary quarantine actions to be taken for the importation of U.S. apples into Taiwan. Apples must be produced, packed, and inspected in accordance with the guidelines specified in this work plan. In implementing this work plan, the U.S. Department of Agriculture s (USDA s) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) will be acting as the designated representative of the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) and the Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine (BAPHIQ) will be acting as the designated representative of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States (TECRO). The measures in this work plan provide an equivalent level of protection as those specified in the Quarantine Requirements for the Importation of Apples from Countries or Districts Where the Codling Moth is Known to Occur. Should an issue not specifically addressed by this work plan arise, appropriate representatives from AIT through its designated representative, APHIS, and TECRO through its designated representative, BAPHIQ, will enter into discussions to resolve the issue on a bilateral basis. An addendum to this work plan will be made by mutual agreement between AIT through its designated representative, APHIS, and TECRO through its designated representative, BAPHIQ. 1. Requirements for supplying orchards 1.1 Apples must come from orchards that follow pest control practices as prescribed by the Federal/State Cooperative Extension Service. 1.2 Management activities for codling moth may include monitoring, phenology (degree-day) models to time treatments, chemical controls, the use of biological controls and mating disruption, or a combination of these or other control methods. The related manual and/or other management guidelines in support of these activities will be provided on request to APHIS and/or BAPHIQ inspectors during any scheduled inspection visits. 1.3 Growers will maintain records of codling moth management activities and will provide this information on request to APHIS and/or BAPHIQ inspectors during any scheduled visits. Growers will be identified by the grower lot number on the end panel of each carton of apples packed for export to Taiwan. 1.4 Before the fruit from any grower lot is submitted for packing, measures to evaluate the efficacy of orchard control programs will be implemented to eliminate lots with high risk of codling moth infestation. 2. Requirements of On-Site Inspection 2.1 Two months prior to the export shipping season (beginning on July 1 of each year), APHIS shall invite BAPHIQ quarantine inspector(s) to perform annual export on-site inspections in the production areas jointly with APHIS inspectors. APHIS shall provide the list of registered packinghouses at the inspector s request during the onsite inspection. 2.2 BAPHIQ may dispatch quarantine inspector(s) to participate in the inspection, or APHIS may undertake the inspection on behalf of BAPHIQ based on agreed criteria as below: January 14,

4 2013 Version There are no detection records of living codling moth at import inspection in the previous season On-site inspection was conducted by BAPHIQ in the last year. 2.3 If APHIS undertakes the inspection on behalf of BAPHIQ, they shall provide the inspection report to BAPHIQ. 2.4 All BAPHIQ expenses will be paid by the relevant exporter association if the on-site inspection is conducted by BAPHIQ. 3. Requirements of Packinghouses 3.1 Packinghouses must be registered with the authorities of the United States. 3.2 Apples packed in the packinghouse and in cold storage for export to Taiwan must come from orchards meeting the conditions as described in Section 1. The integrity of shipments packed for export to Taiwan must be maintained. 3.3 Packinghouses must be equipped with a sorting apparatus. 3.4 Sufficient lighting will be provided in work areas for visual examinations. 3.5 Each packinghouse must have access to a qualified pest management consultant. 3.6 Packinghouses must provide adequate equipment for the performance of inspections and other related work. 3.7 Appropriate control measures should be taken to eliminate any live quarantine pests inside the packinghouse at the beginning of the shipping season. If it is deemed necessary, sanitation might be taken in order to keep the packinghouse clean. 3.8 Apples must be sorted before packing to remove all deformed and damaged fruits. Packing facilities will review codling moth damage symptoms with sorting and packing crews and provide visual aids for reference. Packinghouse employees will be encouraged to report suspect lots. Culled fruits should be placed in containers and removed from the packing area at the end of the day. 3.9 Apples must be appropriately safeguarded against quarantine pests when transporting packaged fruit from the packinghouses to the export carriers or containers. 4. Pre-screening procedures 4.1 Each packinghouse facility will have a minimum of two technicians trained by APHIS or its cooperators who will be responsible for carrying out the requirements of the pre-screening procedures Cooperators are defined as Authorized Certification Officials from the Washington State Department of Agriculture, Oregon State Department of Agriculture, California State or County Department of Food and Agriculture, or the Idaho State Department of Agriculture. 4.2 A packinghouse pre-screening procedure, consisting of a random 600 fruit sample per lot per day by variety, will be taken from the cull bins. From that sample, all suspect fruits will be cut and inspected. A minimum of 60 fruits from the January 14,

5 2013 Version 1.0 sample will be cut. 4.3 Should a live codling moth be detected during the packinghouse pre-screening, all fruit from that grower lot will be ineligible for export to Taiwan for the remainder of the current shipping season. 4.4 Should 1 percent or more of fruit (6 in 600) with wormholes be detected during the packinghouse prescreening, that variety from that grower lot run will be ineligible for export to Taiwan for the remainder of the current shipping season. 4.5 Packinghouse officials will provide prescreening records by grower lot and variety by day to APHIS or designated regulatory officials who will verify that the cartons presented for inspection are eligible for export to Taiwan. 4.6 The prescreening records will indicate the degree of codling moth damage found during the packinghouse screening process. 4.7 It is the responsibility of the packinghouse to ensure that each carton presented can be uniquely identified as to grower lot and variety and the date when the fruit was packed or presized. 5. Export inspection procedures 5.1 Regulatory officials will inspect an equivalent of 3 percent of the cartons in a shipment. All fruit in each carton or carton equivalent will be inspected. All suspect fruit and 1 percent of the fruit in the carton or carton equivalent will be cut, with a minimum of 2 fruit per carton or carton equivalent to be cut. 5.2 Shipments containing fruit with insect holes/tunnels (defined as feeding injury that extends below the skin of the fruit and well into the flesh) will be rejected and ineligible for phytosanitary certification. 5.3 Shipments containing more than a 0.5 percent of fruit with codling moth stings will be rejected and ineligible for phytosanitary certification. 5.4 Should live codling moth be found during the export inspection of a particular grower lot, the shipment will be rejected and the apples from that grower lot will be excluded from the Taiwan export program for the remainder of the season APHIS will conduct an investigation to identify and address any deficiency in the system. 5.5 A rejected lot may not be reconditioned or resubmitted for inspection. 5.6 The phytosanitary certificate will contain an additional declaration stating The fruit has been thoroughly inspected and found free from Cydia pomonella, Conotrachelus nenuphar, Erwinia amylovora, Frankliniella occidentalis, Rhagoletis pomonella, and Anarsia lineatella. Should the pest list be changed and the quarantine requirements for U.S. apples be revised by BAPHIQ, the additional declarations shall be amended accordingly. 5.7 The name of the packinghouse and location (city and state) must be stated on the phytosanitary certificate. Packing facilities must maintain a system that allows the fruit to be traced back to the grower lot. 5.8 The name of the packinghouse must either be on each carton of fruit or on a pallet tag affixed to the pallet of fruit. Additionally, the grower lot and the date the fruit January 14,

6 2013 Version 1.0 was packed and/or pre-sized will be identified on the carton. 5.9 Fruit consignments not exported within two weeks of the inspection date must be re-inspected before shipment and a new phytosanitary certificate will be issued. 6. Fumigation Treatment 6.1 When grower lots or shipments fail to meet the requirements of the Systems Approach Work Plan For The Exportation of Apples From The United States Into Taiwan, as detailed in Sections 4.3, 4.4, 5.2, and 5.3 of the work plan, precautionary fumigation with methyl bromide (as outlined in the fumigation schedule in Section 6.9 below) would allow these lots or shipments to qualify for export to Taiwan. Fumigation is not an option if there is non-compliance with the work plan. 6.2 Fumigation will be performed in fumigation chambers certified by APHIS for conducting PPQ quarantine treatments. Precise requirements as specified in the USDA-APHIS-PPQ treatment manual must be met for fumigation chambers to be certified. Fumigation facilities will be re-certified yearly based on the requirements in the PPQ Treatment Manual. 6.3 APHIS will annually provide BAPHIQ with the list of fumigation facilities that are approved and authorized by APHIS before the apple export season begins, including the name and location of each approved facility. 6.4 During any scheduled on-site inspections by BAPHIQ at orchards and packinghouses, BAPHIQ will examine the gas-tightness of chambers at chosen fumigation facilities. The testing methods and the standard of gas-tightness will be applied in compliance with U.S. regulations on fumigation. 6.5 For shipments of apples inspected and qualified for export with fumigation treatment, the phytosanitary certificate shall include information on the treatment date, treatment temperature, fumigant concentration, name of fumigation facility, and the treatment duration. 6.6 Export inspection procedures: Regulated officials will inspect the equivalent of 2 percent of the cartons in a fumigation shipment. All fruit in each carton or carton equivalent will be inspected. 6.7 Should live codling moth be found during the export inspection, provision 5.4 shall apply to the fumigated apples. In addition, all fumigation treatments from the involved fumigation facility will be immediately suspended. The fumigation facility will be reinstated after APHIS completes an investigation and any identified deficiencies have been corrected. 6.8 Should live codling moth be found upon import inspection in Taiwan, Section 9 shall apply. In addition, all fumigation treatments from the involved fumigation facility will be immediately suspended. APHIS will complete an investigation and submit the report of the investigation to BAPHIQ for review and approval for reinstatement. BAPHIQ will provide a written response to the investigation report within two weeks (14 consecutive days) indicating reinstatement or identifying specific information or corrective action needed. 6.9 Requirement for Fumigation Treatment The following fumigation schedule is for bins and adequately ventilated export boxes: January 14,

7 2013 Version 1.0 Temperature Dosage Duration 6 degrees C to less 64 g/m 3 (4 lbs/1000 ft 3 ) 2 hours than 12 degrees 12 degrees C to less 48 g/m 3 (3 lbs/1000 ft 3 ) 2 hours than 17 degrees 17 degrees C to less 40 g/m 3 (2.5 lbs/1000 ft 3 ) 2 hours than 22 degrees 22 degrees C and above 32 g/m 3 (2 lbs/1000 ft 3 ) 2 hours 7. Safeguarding Requirements for Transportation 7.1 Apple consignments transiting through third countries or districts must follow the Quarantine Requirements for Transshipment of Plants or Plant Products through Countries or Districts Where The Quarantine Pests are Known to Occur. 7.2 During shipping and upon arrival, the lock of the ship s compartment or seal of the container shall not be unlocked or broken by anyone other than official plant protection/quarantine or other governmental agency personnel. 8. Import Inspection 8.1 Phytosanitary certificates will contain the additional declarations on the certificates in conformity with the aforementioned inspection requirements. 8.2 Procedures, methods and frequency of import inspection are based on the "Plant Protection and Quarantine Act" and other related regulations. 8.3 Consignments, which lack phytosanitary certificates issued by the United States or fail to meet the inspection requirements, will be denied entry. 9. Procedures to Follow After Detection of Codling Moth During Import Inspection 9.1 Should live codling moth be found upon inspection at port of entry, the consignment will be re-exported or destroyed. 9.2 BAPHIQ will immediately notify APHIS of the detection of codling moth. BAPHIQ will provide all information found on the end panel of the box from which the live codling moth was taken and a copy of the phytosanitary certificate(s) issued for that shipment. 9.3 Phytosanitary certification of fruit from the identified grower lot and packinghouse shall be suspended immediately upon receipt of the information. The suspension of the identified grower lot will remain in effect for the remainder of the current shipping season. 9.4 Any shipment from that packinghouse that is certified for Taiwan prior to the date of suspension and that has a loaded-on-board date within 3 days of the suspension date will remain eligible for export to Taiwan. Shipments from this packinghouse will be subject to a more stringent inspection. Should live codling January 14,

8 2013 Version 1.0 moth be detected in Taiwan, provisions 9.1, 9.2, 9.3and 9.8 shall be applied. 9.5 A confirmation of the identity of the packinghouse and its physical location will be provided to BAPHIQ by APHIS. Within two weeks (fourteen consecutive days) APHIS will conduct an investigation and implement any necessary corrections. APHIS will provide to BAPHIQ a written investigation report within 2 weeks (fourteen consecutive days) identifying specific corrective action taken. Interception of codling moth on shipments with the date of inspection prior to the completion of the 14 day investigation and correction period for any detection will not count towards either the packinghouse or program suspension provisions as described in Section 9, but the provisions of Section 9.3 shall be applied If the results of the investigation do not indicate any failure of the packinghouse, APHIS should provide to BAPHIQ a written investigation report and lift the suspension of the packinghouse simultaneously If the results of the investigation show a failure due to the packinghouse, APHIS shall provide BAPHIQ with a report identifying improvements to be made. The suspension of the packinghouse will be lifted after BAPHIQ reviews and approves the APHIS report and receives verification from APHIS that any necessary actions taken to correct non-compliance have been implemented. 9.6 Fruit from other grower lots and packinghouses will remain eligible for export to Taiwan but will be subject to stringent inspection. 9.7 If the suspended grower lot and packinghouse are registered to export apples to Taiwan next year, they shall be inspected by BAPHIQ during the next onsite inspection to ensure the corrections have been implemented. 9.8 Detection of a second codling moth from the same packinghouse during the same shipping season will result in the suspension of the packinghouse from the export program for the remainder of the season, except as noted in section 9.5. Sections 9.1 through 9.5 shall be applied. 9.9 Subsequent detections of codling moth from different packinghouses will follow the provisions 9.1 through Reinstatement of any suspended grower lots and packing facilities will occur no later than the beginning of the next shipping season (July1). January 14,

9 Bin Sampling & Packinghouse Pre-screening Procedures for Certified Cull Cutters Bin Sampling. A minimum of 1500 fruit must be inspected per grower lot to look for larvae and insect damage. It is recommended that no more than 25 fruit be sampled randomly from each bin before the lot is submitted for packing for Taiwan. If the lot size is smaller than 60 bins more fruit can be sampled from each bin. Sampling can be performed in the orchard or at the packing facility. All suspect fruit and a minimum of 150 fruit must be cut. If fruit without damage symptoms must be cut to meet the minimum cut fruit requirement, those fruit must be cut vertically from stem to calyx to increase the chances of detecting codling moth. Bins sampled must represent fruit from all parts of the orchard. If more than 2 fruit out of the 1500 fruit in the sample have live larvae present (>0.15%), the orchard is prohibited for export to Taiwan. A form to record the results of bin sampling is attached. People allowed to perform bin sampling include: certified cull cutters, licensed pesticide consultants and those who have attended a preseason sampling training session. Cull Cutting/Pre-screening Procedure. 600 fruit must be randomly sampled from the cull fruit per grower lot per variety per day. From those fruit a minimum of 60 fruit, including all suspect fruit, must be cut to look for codling moth larvae. Fruit must be cut vertically through the stem to the calyx to increase the chances of detecting codling moth. Side entries (wormholes & stings) must also be cut and examined for larvae. Should even 1 live larvae be detected during the packinghouse pre-screening, all fruit from that grower lot will be ineligible for export to Taiwan for the remainder of the current season. Should more than 5 in 600 fruit with wormholes (1/8 th inch or deeper) be detected during pre-screening, that variety from that grower lot run will be ineligible for export to Taiwan for the remainder of the current season. The person performing the pre-screening must be certified prior to cutting fruit. The official Taiwan Apple Inspection Log form must be used to record the number of fruit sampled, number of fruit cut, number of live larvae detected and the number of wormholes per grower lot per variety per day. The form must be filled out in ink and signed by the certified cull cutter that performed the sampling. This form must be presented to the inspector along with the orchard sampling worksheet and/or bin sampling form when the lot is presented for phytosanitary certification. Failure to present all forms will prevent the lot from being certified.

10 Muestreo del Compartimiento da la Huerta & Procedimiento para Cortar de la Fruta Desecha (Pre-screening) Muestreo del Compartimiento da la huerta. Un mínimo de 1500 fruta debe ser examinado por la porción del cultivador para buscar larvas y dañ de insecto. Se recomienda que no más que 25 fruta de cada compartimiento sea examinado antes de que la porción sea sometida para Taiwán. Si el tamaño de la porción es más pequeño que 60 compartimientos más fruta se pueden examinar de cada compartimiento. El inspeccionar se puede realizar en la huerta o en la facilidad del embalaje. Toda la fruta sospechada y un mínimo de 150 fruta deben ser cortados. Si la fruta sin síntomas del daños debe ser cortado para verticalmente del vástago al cáliz para aumentar las ocasiones de detectar codling moth (Palomilla de la manzana). Los compartimientos examinados deben representar fruta de todo partes del huerta. Si más de 2 frutas del 1500 fruta examinando tiene larvas vivas presentes (0.15%), la huerta se prohíbe exportación a Taiwán. Una forma para registrar los resultados del inspeccion se une. Los personas permitido para la inspecion incluye: cortador desechos certificados, consultores licenciados del pesticida y los que han atendido a una sesión del entrenamiento de muestreo preseason. Procedimiento para Cortar de la Fruta Desecho/Pre-screening. 600 fruta debe ser inspeccionado aleatoriamente de la fruta desecha por la porción del cultivador por variedad por día. De este fruta, un mínimo de 60 fruta, incluyendo toda la fruta sospechada, se debe cortar para buscar codling moth larvas. La fruta debe ser cortado verticalmente através del vástago al cáliz para aumentar los ocasiones de detectar la codling moth larvas. Las entradas laterales (los wormholes y las picaduras) se deben también cortar y examinar para las larvas. Si solo una larva viva sea detéctada durante la pre-investigacio'n del empaque de fruta, toda la fruta de este cultivador será inelegible para la exportación a Taiwán para el resto de la estación actual. Si más de 5 en los 600 fruta tienen wormholes 1/8 pulgada de hondo o más profundo se detecta durante la pre-investigacio'n, esa variedad de fruta del cultivador será inelegible para exportación a Taiwán para el resto de la estación actual. La persona que realiza la pre-investigacio'n debe ser certificada antes de corte la fruta. "La forma oficial del registro de la inspección de Taiwán Apple" se debe utilizar para registrar el número de la fruta examinado, el número de fruta corte, el número de las larvas vivas detectadas, y el número de wormholes por porción del cultivador por variedad por día. La forma debe ser completado en tinta y firmar por el cortador desecho certificado que examinó la fruta. Esta forma debe ser presentada al inspector junta con la hoja de trabajo del inspector y el muestro de la huerta o del muestra del compartimiento cuando la porción se presenta para la certificación fitosanitaria. La falta de presentar toda las formas evitará que la porción sea certificada.

11 Summary of the Taiwan Protocol for Evaluating the Efficacy of Codling Moth Control Programs in Apple Orchards with Fruit for Export to Taiwan (2006 revision) A. Voluntary Initial Screening Guidelines: If cumulative trap catch in a single codling moth trap during the second and third CM generations meets or exceeds 30 moths per trap in a conventionally treated orchard or 20 moths per trap in a mating disrupted orchard, that orchard or that portion of the orchard should be considered high risk for export to Taiwan and carefully considered before committing the fruit to that market. Use large delta trap; 1 mg. lure in conventional orchards and 10 mg. lure in mating disrupted orchards; WSU suggests 1 trap per 5 acres (or grower practice); based on weekly monitoring. B. Required Codling Moth Damage Pre-Packing Fruit Evaluation: On-Tree Sequential Field Sampling Protocol: 1. The sequential sample should be started in the area with the highest CM trap catches or in area with known codling moth problems. Sampling personnel must review codling moth trap catch records for the block before beginning the sample. Samples should be collected on a regular grid throughout the area being sampled. Blocks chosen for sampling should be reasonably uniform in terms of cultivars, growing conditions, and codling moth management program. Any person competent to recognize codling moth damage in the field can do the sampling, however those without a pesticide consultants license must participate in a pre-season training session. 2. Trees should be selected randomly within the area, but separated by roughly 70 feet. 3. Each tree sample will consist of 60 half fruit per tree. 4. The trees should be sampled starting at the top of the tree. Count each fruit of which an entire half plus the calyx can be seen. Continue counting half-fruits from the top working down the tree until a total of 60 fruit are examined. 5. The number of trees to be sampled depends on the codling moth damage status of the orchard. A clean orchard may require sampling as few as 21 trees to complete the evaluation. A fruit with two live larvae is counted as only a single fruit infested. All suspect fruit should be cut to determine if the injury is the result of a successful larval entry or is only a sting (unsuccessful entry). Record only the successful entries as injury. 6. Sampling must be done within two weeks of the beginning of harvest in each variety in each grower lot. 7. The Taiwan codling moth field sampling form included in this packet must accompany the delivery of fruit or be on file in the packing facility for each grower lot to be exported to Taiwan. This form must be presented, along with the cull analysis records to the appropriate state commodity inspection officials at the time a requested phytosanitary inspection takes place. 8. If 0.2% or more of the fruit in the sample have live larvae present, the orchard is prohibited for export to Taiwan. 9. See the attached sequential sampling protocol document for more details. 1

12 10. If, following a 50 tree sample, no decision can be made to reject or accept the orchard block (detection of 4 to 7 live larvae after 50 trees) (see Taiwan codling moth field sampling form), the field sample can be repeated no sooner than 7 days from the date of the original sample to determine if the block can be accepted or rejected. If the second field sample is again inconclusive or results in the rejection of the block, that variety in that grower lot is rejected for export to Taiwan. Alternatively, the second sample in such blocks may be the bin sample. If the block fails the bin sample, that variety in that grower lot is rejected for export to Taiwan. If the lot passes the second sample all paperwork from both samples must be submitted to state department of agriculture officials to allow phytosanitary certification. -or- Bin sampling alternative. A minimum of 1500 fruit must be inspected per grower lot to look for larvae and insect damage. It is recommended that no more than 25 fruit be sampled randomly from each bin before the lot is submitted for packing for Taiwan. If the lot size is smaller than 60 bins more fruit can be sampled from each bin. Sampling can be done in the orchard or at the packing facility. All suspect fruit and a minimum of 150 fruit must be cut. If fruit without damage symptoms must be cut to meet the minimum fruit cut requirements, those fruit must be cut vertically from stem to calyx to increase the chances of detecting codling moth. Bins samples should represent fruit from all parts of the orchard. If more than 0.15% of the fruit in the sample have live larvae present (2 live larvae in 1500 fruit), the orchard is prohibited for export to Taiwan. A form to record the results of bin sampling is attached. Any person competent to recognize codling moth damage can do the sampling, however those without a pesticide consultants license must participate in a pre-season training session. Certified cull fruit cutters may also perform the bin sampling. 2

13 Background on the Binomial Sequential Sampling Plan for CM Orchard Evaluation Protocol: 1. The sequential sample will be started in the area with the highest CM trap catches. 2. Trees should be selected randomly within the area, but separated by roughly 70 feet. 3. Each tree sample will consist of 60 half fruit per tree. a. The trees should be sampled by looking at the top initially. Count each fruit of which an entire half plus the calyx can be seen. Continue counting half-fruits from the top working down the tree until a total of 60 fruit are examined. b. Movement around the tree is allowed as long as the same fruit are not sampled twice. If a total of 60-half fruit cannot be obtained from one tree due to small tree size, then continue sampling fruit on the adjacent tree. c. Record the total number of fruit with successful entries by codling moth on each tree. IMPORTANT a fruit with two live larvae is counted as only a single fruit infested! 4. It is highly recommended that an extendable pruning sampler be used to collect fruit that is suspected to have codling moth injury. The suspect fruit should be cut to determine if the injury is the result of a successful larval entry or is only a sting (unsuccessful entry). Record only the successful entries as injury. 5. Do not sample for codling moth injury in the middle of the day when the sun is high in the sky. a. The reflection of light of fruit and the intensity of light makes it difficult to observing codling moth injury. b. Sample so that you are not looking directly into the sun. c. Do not sample for more than 4 hours (continuous) at any one time. 6. Samples should not be concentrated on the edges of the block alone. Samples should be collected on a regular grid throughout the area being sampled, starting in the area with the highest CM trap catches. a. Blocks should be reasonably uniform in terms of cultivars, growing conditions, and codling moth management program. If they are not, each area needs to be sampled separately. Binomial Sequential Sample Background: A binomial sequential sample allows us to greatly reduce the number of samples needed when the population of codling moth is high or low compared to our target thresholds. Typically, these sequential sampling plans are a bit more complicated to explain, but are relatively simple to use and can reduce overall sampling effort by about 30-50%. The codling moth sequential sample detailed below is based on field data from 24 orchards and validated by use of 27 other orchards. Our analysis used the most conservative approach, which is to use the tenth percentile of the clumping parameter calculated from the 24 orchards (i.e., we used a very high estimate of clumping). We then used simulation studies with the 27 orchards to validate how accurate the sampling protocol would be and adjusted our error rates to achieve the best sampling program. The thresholds used are 0.2% as the upper threshold, which would eliminate the orchard from export (unless further sampling down the line were performed? Wasn t this what we said?), with a lower threshold of 0.04% (which would allow us to stop sampling and accept the orchard was ok for export). 3

14 How to use the Sampling Table: The sampling table has three columns with numbers and 2 blank columns: 1. The number of trees sampled (60 half fruit/tree) 2. The cumulative number of infested fruit that allows you to stop sampling if this number is exceeded then the upper threshold (0.2%) has been exceeded. 3. The cumulative number of infested fruit that would allow you to stop sampling if the number of infested fruit is less than this number then the damage is less than 0.04%. 4. The first blank column is the number of fruit infested with live larvae on that tree 5. The second blank column is the cumulative number of fruit infested with live larvae. 6. To use the table, you sample the first tree and put the number of fruit with live larvae present in the 4 th column. The fifth column is used to calculate the running sum (cumulative number) of fruit with live larvae present. 7. If the cumulative number of fruit with live larvae is greater than or equal to the second column, you stop sampling and reject the orchard from further consideration for export. 8. The third column is the number of fruit with live larvae that are allowed before you stop sampling. The cumulative number of fruit with live larvae must be less than or equal to this value to stop sampling. Notice that you must sample at least 21 trees before you can stop because the number of larvae is less than the value in the below column. Table 1. Sequential sample table to determine if the damage level is greater than or equal to 0.2% or less than or equal to 0.04% Stop if No. Fruit w/live Larvae is Tree Above or equal to Below or equal to A 3 3 minimum 4 3 of 21 trees 5 3 must be 6 3 sampled 7 3 before 8 3 stopping in 9 4 orchards 10 4 with low risk of 13 4 codling 14 4 moth 15 4 infestation No. Fruit w/live Larvae Cum no. 4

15 Questions About the Performance of the Binomial Sequential Sample: How many samples will be required? In general, the farther the orchard-wide percentage of fruit with live larvae is from the upper or lower threshold, the lower the sample size. This is particularly true if the orchard-wide percentage is above the upper threshold you can literally make the decision within just a few trees. For the case where the value is below the threshold value of 0.04%, you cannot stop sampling until at least 21 trees are sampled, so clean orchards are a bit harder to trigger the lower stopping point. The place where it is hardest to determine if you are above or below the threshold is if the orchard-wide percentage of fruit with live larvae is between 0.2% and 0.04%, and the sample size is highest in this area. Our data and simulation studies show that the highest average number of samples taken in this area is typically 34 trees, but it may be higher or lower than that based on chance alone. This seems complicated; why not use a fixed sample size? The sequential sample should result in 30-50% fewer samples being taken than using a fixed sample size of 50 trees per block. What is the chance that I ll miss a hot spot using this sampling system? On average, 5% of the time you will make a type I error (thought the orchard was higher than 0.2%, when it was lower) and 5% of the time will make a type II error (thought the orchard was lower than 0.04% when it was higher). In fact, we ve skewed these percentages to even lower numbers two ways. First, we re starting in the area with the highest trap catch. Second, we re using an estimate of population clumping that is so high only 10% of the orchards we ve surveyed exhibit that value. Both of these factors actually make our sample more sensitive and reduce the chance of a type I error where we get cut off from export because we have live larvae present. We are also sampling a long distance between the samples so we are covering a large part of the orchard. 5

16 Example Tables: The first table (Table 2) shows what would happen if the average percentage fruit with live larvae is 0.4%. The data were generated with a negative binomial random number generator. As you can see, with this block, only 9 trees needed to be sampled (60 x 9 = 540 fruit total) to reach a decision. In the next table (Table 3), the average percentage infested is 0.01% and we can t reach a decision until 21 trees (21 x 60 = 1260 fruit) have been sampled. The final example table (Table 4) shows when the full 50 tree sampling fails to reach a decision. The final count falls between 4 and 7 meaning that the infestation level fells between the cut off thresholds. In this case the orchard will require a follow-up sampling either by repeating the orchard sampling no sooner that 7 days, or by performing a bin sampling. Table 2. Example of sequential sample when average percentage of fruit with live larvae is 0.4%. Table 3. Example of sequential sample when average percentage of fruit with live larvae is 0.01%. 6

17 Table 4. Example of sequential sampling when the average percentage of fruit with live larvae falls between 0.01% and 0.4%. This block will require a second sampling to make a final determination. If it occurs a sencond time, the lot is rejected. 7

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19 Additional Resources Cullage Website Home Page: The home page contains quick information about export alerts, training events and has many useful links. Use the Codling Moth Resources link on the left for information specific to codling moth and Taiwan Export.

20 Additional Resources Codling Moth Resources Page: The codling moth resources page contains information and links primarily related to Taiwan export as it relates to codling moth issues. There are links for downloading the required forms, sampling procedures and the full work plan document. Any changes to the plan will be posted here as soon as its available.

21 Additional Resources Training Events Page: The training events page lists any current training sessions or export workshops. Training is normally held at about the same time each year. Any changes in requirements will also be shown here.

22 Additional Resources Codling Moth ID Guide Page: The Guide to Codling Moth Damage Identification page shows the same material that is on the printed/lamenated sheet that most packing facilites use while packing for Taiwan. The printed guide fullfills the requirement by the Taiwan work plan for a visual guide that must be posted in all sorting/ packing areas. You can request copies of the printed guide off this page for free or download the file to print yourself. It is available in both English and Spanish.

23 Taiwan Export Program-Orchard Codling Moth Control Worksheet Sequential sampling table to determine if the fruit from a specific grower lot is eligible for export to Taiwan (i.e. damage level is greater than 0.2% or less than or equal to 0.04%) St op if No. Fruit w/live Larva e is: Above or Below or Tree equal to equal to A minimum 5 3 of 21 trees must be 8 3 sampled 9 4 before stopping in 12 4 orchards with low 15 4 risk of 16 4 codling moth 19 5 infestation No. Fruit w/live Larvae Cum. no. Grower/Orchard Name Variety/Grower Lot Number Sampled by Date This document must accompany the first load of fruit from this lot upon delivery to the packing facility. Lots that do not have documentation verifying low risk of codling moth presence are not eligible for export to Taiwan. If no decision is reached after sampling 50 trees, orchard may be resampled once in the field in no less than 7 days to verify infestation levels or once using the bin sample. If the lot does not pass following these resamples, the lot is disqualified for export to Taiwan.

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25 Packer: Exporting Company: Taiwan Apple Inspection Log Detection of Codling Moth During Bin Sampling Producer Lot Number Variety Date Total number of bins # of bins sampled # of fruit sampled # of fruit cut Number of live larvae Identification Note: a minimum of 150 fruit must be cut per each grower lot Name of Technician Signature

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27 Taiwan Apple Inspection Log Detection of Insects During Packing or Presizing Process Packer: Exporting Company: Packing date: Producer Lot Number # of Bins Variety # Sampled # Cut No. of Live Larvae No. of Worm Holes Identification Name of Technician Signature

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