Apple Pest Management in the West: Strategies to Deal with Inevitable Change

Transcription

1 Apple Pest Management in the West: Strategies to Deal with Inevitable Change

2 Background 1960s: Resistance to chlorinated hydrocarbons in many pests Spider mites elevated to key pest status - resistance to miticides and no biological control Stan Hoyt develops integrated mite management - selective insecticides plus biological control of mites. 1970s: Stable chemical control of key pest (codling moth) with organophosphate insecticides Resistance starts to develop in secondary pests - leafhoppers Integrated mite management remains stable

3 Background 1980s: Resistance to organophosphate insecticides develops in more pests, e.g. leafrollers Leafminer outbreaks (insecticide resistance induced) occur and spread, biological control established in majority of orchards Number of insecticide applications to control codling moth increases Integrated mite management effective but less stable, more specific miticides used

4 Background Early 1990s: Resistance to organophosphate insecticides develops in the key pest, codling moth Public opinion about safe food, environmental quality and farm worker safety drive regulatory debate Food Quality Control Act of 1996 changes the way pesticides are reviewed and registered Mating disruption shows promise for managing codling moth Growers use biological insecticides (Bacillus thuringiensis) to soften control programs for leafrollers and to conserve leafminer natural enemies

5 Codling moth is the KEY PEST in pome fruit production in Washington. It represents the greatest potential for crop loss and more pesticides are specifically used to control this pest than any other. Percent Codling Moth Damage Harvest st gen Harvest st gen Harvest 1996 Codling moth well adapted to hot-dry climate. Capable of rapid population increase causing severe crop loss. WSU-TFREC JFB, 2000

6 Primary insecticides used to control the codling moth in Washington from 1989 through Codling moth Key Pest Ave. No. of applic./a (% area) Insecticides azinphosmethyl 2.9(98) phosmet 2.4( 4) methyl parathion 1.1(17) 2.8(90) 2.1( 9) 1.5(28) 3.3(81) 1.1(19) 1.2(24) 3.3(94) 2.4( 2) 1.2(19) 2.9(91) 1.2(<1) 2.0(33) WSU-TFREC JFB,1999

7 Male Moth Orientation to Pheromone and Mate Location Pheromone plume Female moth Male moth

8 PHEROMONE DISPENSER MATING DISRUPTION MECHANISM False Trial Following Female moth Male moth

9 Preliminary research codling moth mating disruption Percent fruit injury - ALL Sites Percent fruit injury - Sites 1,2,4, and Conventional Mating disruption Percent fruit injury - Sites 3 and

10 Apple Production Without use of Neuroactive Insecticides Six sites Jointly funded by SARE and WSTFRC Direct comparison of the economics and ecology of Delicious apple orchards managed without using neuroactive insecticides or managed conventionally

11 Apple Production Without the Input of Neuroactive Insecticides Six sites Paired comparison NNI CONV Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission provided crop loss insurance, $50,000/year to reduce grower risk 20 acre apple orchards divided into two 10 acre blocks

12 Example of Site Layout Site: W2 Twin WW Orondo, WA NNI CONV 10 acres

13 Pest Control Tools Pest Codling moth Leafrollers Aphids Leafhopper Leafminer Campylomma Mites, scale CONV Guthion Lorsban, Bt Provado Sevin Vydate Lorsban oil/lorsban NNI Isomate-C+, oil, Confirm Bt, Confirm M-Pede, Neemix insecticidal soap, Vaporgard, oil, Neemix oil Neemix oil

14 MONITORING ACTIVITIES Pest, natural enemies Codling moth Leafrollers, parasites Aphids, predators Leafhopper, parasites Leafminer, parasites Campylomma Mites, predators Pesticide use Pest control programs Monitoring methods or records Pheromone traps, fruit damage Pheromone traps, shoots, fruit damage Visual inspection of shoots Nymphs on leaves, adults on traps, eggs Mines in leaves, parasite in mines Beating trays counts Leaf brushing Spray records Cost of products and applications

15 Apple Production Without the Input of Neuroactive Insecticides % codling moth injury Conventional NNI

16 Apple Production Without the Input of Neuroactive Insecticides % Leafroller injury Conventional NNI

17 Apple Production Without the Input of Neuroactive Insecticides Leafhopper nymphs per leaf Leafhopper nymphs per leaf Conventional NNI Leafhopper densities in the CONV orchards was suppressed by Sevin (carbaryl) when used as a fruit thinner. In the second generation leafhopper densities were about the same in CONV and NNI orchards. The dramatic decline in leafhopper densities in 1997 is attributed in part to activities of the egg parasite, Anagrus sp.

18 Apple Production Without the Input of Neuroactive Insecticides Leafminer density (mines/leaf) 2nd generation rd generation Conventional NNI The densities of leafminer was generally higher in CONV than NNI orchards. Some CONV orchards applied specific controls for leafminers. In all NNI orchards treatment thresholds were not exceeded. In 2 CONV orchards insecticides were needed in 2 years to suppress leafminer below damage levels.

19 Apple Production Without the Input of Neuroactive Insecticides % parasitism of WTLM rd generation 2nd generation Conventional NNI Parasitism of leafminer by Pnigalio flavipes was generally higher in the NNI orchards. Pnigalio flavipes is known to be resistant to azinphosmethyl (Guthion) so was not suppressed by CONV pest control programs.

20 Apple Production Without the Input of Neuroactive Insecticides Cost ($) per acre of pest control tactics Conventional NNI

21 Apple Production Without the Input of Neuroactive Insecticides Major pests Conventional NNI The number of insect control tactics applied against major pests was about the same in 1995 and 1996 but declined in the NNI program in Minor pests Ave. number of applications per acre The number of insect control tactics (insecticides) applied against minor pests in the CONV program remained constant but was low and declined in the NNI program plots.

22 Abundance of six invertebrate groups collected in pit fall traps # of individuals NNI CONV Earwigs Carabidae Harvestment Spiders Collembola Snails/ slugs

23 Codling Moth Areawide Management in the Western United States Codling moth control using pheromones Reduction of broad-spectrum insecticides Intensive monitoring of other pests Enhanced biological control of secondary pest

24 Codling Moth Mating Disruption in Washington State Number of acres treated

25 Areawide Codling Moth Management Sites Lake Osoyoos; 160 hectares - Apple Howard Flat; 440 hectares - Apple Parker Heights; 180 hectares - Apple/Pear Carpenter Hill; 160 hectares - Pear Randall Island; 300 hectares - Pear WSU-TFREC JFB,1999 Total project = 1240 hectares

26 Howard Flat CAMP Site - Lake Chelan Howard Flat CAMP site

27 Howard Flat CAMP site (Codling moth Areawide Management Project) Geographically isolated Primarily apple production 36 growers; 16 fieldmen 4 packing houses 1,200 acres total Management Board Science Advisory Committee USDA funding $50 per acre project subsidy WSU-TFREC JFB, 2000

28 Howard Flat CAMP Site Chelan, Washington 1994 Pre-program data; Codling Moth Areawide Management Project results. Average number of moths per trap Average percent fruit injury Average number of sprays per acre Moths per trap per year No. traps: = 450, 98 = Percent fruit injury at harvest Average number sprays/acre

29 Fruit damage by codling moth Howard Flat: % 0.20% 2-5% 1-1.9% % % % 0.0%

30 Howard Flat CAMP Site Chelan, Washington 1994 Pre-program data; Codling Moth Areawide Management Project results. Average number of moths per trap Average percent fruit injury Average number of sprays per acre Moths per trap per year No. traps: = 450, 98 = Percent fruit injury at harvest Average number sprays/acre

31 Fruit damage by codling moth Howard Flat: % 0.02% 2-5% 1-1.9% % % % 0.0%

32 Areawide Codling Moth Management Program Enhance activities of natural enemies on secondary pests by reducing the use of broadspectrum insecticides Example #1 Leafhopper Overwintering Eggs OW WALH eggs % parasitized % parasitized a CONV b MD a b a b

33 Areawide Codling Moth Management Program Enhance activities of natural enemies on secondary pests by reducing the use of broadspectrum insecticides Example #2 Predatory Mites - June CONV MD Predatory mites/leaf (June) Mites/leaf a a b a b a

34 Codling Moth Mating Disruption in Washington State Number of acres treated % acres treated in WA 45% %

35 Future? 2000s: FQPA will eliminate or severely limit the use of traditional chemical control tools in apple pest management New insecticides with novel modes of action will be registered for use on apple Mating disruption continue to grow as a pivotal tactic in apple pest management Biological control of many pests will improve through use of selective insecticides and habitat management Global competition for apple markets will continue to increase The structure of Washington s fruit industry will change: consolidation, new varieties, stable acreage Water will become a limited resource

36 Key Pest Leafroller Selective chemicals IGR, Bt Mating Disruption Leafminer Oil Leafhopper Soap, oil Organophosphate Carbamate Insecticides Aphids Provado WSU-TFREC JFB/1996