2000s. 1900s. 1800s. Dengue Dog heartworm EEE La Crosse Malaria SLE WEE. Dengue Malaria Yellow Fever

Transcription

1 Dengue Malaria Yellow Fever Dengue Dog heartworm EEE La Crosse Malaria SLE WEE 1900s Chikungunya Dengue Dog heartworm EEE La Crosse Malaria SLE West Nile WEE Zika 2000s 1800s

2 Amanda Young

3 IPM (IVM IMM) Integrated Pest Management was first used in agriculture beginning in the 1970 s in response to growing knowledge about the negative side-effects of pesticide overuse. The approach emphasized the integration of pest biology and cultural practices in controlling insect pests in crops. IPM formulated into National Policy in Feb 1972 (Nixon) to take steps to advance IPM in all relevant sectors 1979 Carter established IPM Coordinating Committee to ensure development and implementation of IPM practices

4 IPM or IVM or IMM?

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6 Albert Freeman Africanus King In 1882, King proposed a method to eradicate malaria from Washington, DC. His method was to encircle the city with a wire screen as high as the Washington Monument. King was on the right track for malaria control, well in advance of the rest of the medical profession.

7 Principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in relation to mosquito control - Axtell, Mosquito News. Not a specific technique, but a holistic approach Attempts to predict pest population trends and to anticipate effects of control methods, other practices, and weather on those trends Requires the continued development of methods of control so that choice of options are many and the best fit to a circumstance can be made* (Miami Zika) Based on ecology of mosquitoes and humans

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10 AMCA Best Management Practices for Integrated Mosquito Management 1. Surveillance, mapping, and rational setting of action thresholds 2. Physical control through manipulation of mosquito habitat 3. Larval source reduction and adult mosquito control 4. Monitoring for insecticide efficacy and resistance

11 Broad view of mosquito control: Tools Chemical Control Adulticiding Larviciding Both can be conducted by ground or air some restrictions apply Surveillance Biological Control Predators/pathogens Source Reduction Remove the source of future generations of mosquitoes

12 Broad view of mosquito control: Tools Chemical Control Adulticiding Larviciding Immediate, temporary Prevents adults from emerging from the treated site, temporary Surveillance Biological Control Predators/pathogens Slower, maintenance requirement Source Reduction Remove the source of future generations of mosquitoes Intense labor (perhaps), but longer lasting

13 Broad view of mosquito control: Reality All tools should be considered in the decision making process In some cases only one tool, and usually the same tool, is utilized due to budget constraints Protocols vary from program to program Evidence may lead to changes in protocols in the midst of an outbreak

14 IMM is Knowledge based Peak biting times Flight ranges Ecologies larval habitats, feeding preferences Surveillance driven Never scheduled on recurring basis Evidence-based Resource limited

15 IMM is not Eradication Pesticide averse not a goal to eliminate use of pesticides Could be outcome, but not goal Sole reliance on one method Not one best to exclusion of the rest; but best for the immediate situation Compatibility with other methods

16 Why is important to identify the specimens collected in surveillance?

17 Surveillance: variation among species Feeding Type of egg Time of activity Water source for oviposition/larval habitats Length of time to develop through the 4 life stages Number of generations per year Flight range >3500 known

18 How do you know you are looking at an adult mosquito? 3 pairs of legs 3 body regions head, thorax, abdomen 1 pair of wings

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23 Toxorhynchites

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25 Windows of activity

26 Requires the continued development of methods of control so that choice of options are many and the best fit to a circumstance can be made* (Miami Zika) Recent example of IMM during on outbreak of Zika virus in Miami, FL

27 Local Mosquito-Borne Transmission of Zika Virus Miami-Dade and Broward Counties, Florida, June August 2016 Mosquito trapping in the area with ongoing local transmission identified large numbers of Ae. aegypti females as well as a large number of mosquito larval development sites. Initial control efforts: eliminating standing water, larviciding, and applying insecticides by backpack and truck-mounted spraying to control adult mosquitoes CDC Bottle Bioassays for resistance; on-going surveillance Later augmented by aerial spraying (adulticide and larvicide)

28 Success stories from IMM Stopped scheduled spraying Treatments at time when mosquitoes are active Cooperation with bee keepers Waiting out the emergence Resistance testing monitoring programs

29 Building towards an Integrated Mosquito Management Program All cannot be accomplished immediately time, experience, research Important to conceptualize the ideal IMM program and have a path to where we are going in vector control Local adapt from other regions, but local experience is necessary

30 Building towards an Integrated Mosquito Management Program Resources AMCA, CDC, NACCHO, Universities, other vector control agencies WingBeats (AMCA) Great information at this meeting!

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