ZIKA AND MOSQUITO- BORNE ILLNESSES

Transcription

1 ZIKA AND MOSQUITO- BORNE ILLNESSES Steven M. Presley, Ph.D. Professor, Environmental Toxicology São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Week 21 & 22 September 2017 BIOLOGICAL THREAT RESEARCH LABORATORY THE INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN HEALTH TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY, LUBBOCK, TEXAS

2 BIOLOGICAL THREAT RESEARCH LABORATORY (BTRL) AT TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Facilities include a US CDC-registered BSL-3 containment suite, an insectary and a BSL-2 field sample/specimen processing lab. Component of the US CDC Laboratory Response Network for Biologics (LRN-B), and a CLIA-certified human diagnostic testing facility. Texas DSHS reference laboratory for human clinical samples for confirmation of presence of highconsequence infectious disease (HCID) pathogens. Academic research capability for vector-borne zoonoses projects, including the collection, processing and testing of environmental samples or specimens from livestock, wildlife and arthropods.

3 TIMELINE OF ZIKA VIRUS IN THE AMERICAS PAHO issued alert regarding first confirmed Zika virus infections in Brazil. U.S. CDC issued first travel notice for Zika virus in Brazil. WHO declared PHEIC due to Zika associated microcephaly and neurological disorders. CDC activated Level-1 EOC for Zika due to increasing reports of microcephaly and Guillain-Barré. WHO declared an end to PHEIC and considers Zika a long-term PH challenge. CDC transitioned EOC to Level-3 for Zika response Cumulative Cases: Brazil 137,288 local transmission 0 travel-related U.S. States & Territories 326 travel-related 564 local transmission 3 sexual transmission Feb May Aug Nov 2015 Feb May Aug Nov 2016 Feb May Aug Nov 2017

4 CUMULATIVE ZIKA VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE U.S.A., JANUARY 1, 2015 SEPTEMBER 18, 2017 States 5,464 symptomatic cases reported 5,190 travel-related cases 224 local mosquito-borne transmission cases (CA, FL, NY, TX) 50 cases acquired through other routes, including sexual transmission (N=48), laboratory transmission (N=1), and person-to-person through an unknown route (N=1) Territories 37,009 symptomatic cases reported 147 travel-related cases 36,862 local mosquito-borne transmission cases 0 cases acquired through other routes

5 MOSQUITO-BORNE VIRAL DISEASES OF THE AMERICAS Alphaviruses (Togaviridae) Chikungunya* - Fever, arthralgia, rash, hemorrhage Eastern equine encephalomyelitis - Encephalitis Mayaro / Uruma - Fever, arthralgia, rash Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis - Fever, encephalitis Western equine encephalomyelitis - Fever, encephalitis Flaviviruses (Flaviviridae) Bussuquara - Fever, arthralgia Dengue 1, 2, 3, 4 - Fever, hemorrhage, rash Ilheus - Fever, encephalitis Murray Valley encephalitis - Encephalitis Rocio - Encephalitis St. Louis encephalitis - Encephalitis, hepatitis West Nile - Fever, encephalitis, rash Yellow fever - Hemorrhagic fever Zika* Fever Bunyaviruses (Bunyaviridae) Apeu - Fever Caraparu Fever Itaqui - Fever Madrid - Fever Marituba - Fever Murutucu - Fever Nepuyo - Fever Oriboca - Fever Ossa - Fever Restan - Fever Guaroa - Fever Catu - Fever Guama - Fever

6 MOSQUITO-BORNE PATHOGENS OF GREATEST GLOBAL CONCERN, AND THEIR VECTORS Malaria (Plasmodium spp.) Aedes aegypti and/or Aedes albopictus Chikungunya virus West Nile virus Dengue virus Anopheles spp. Yellow fever virus Zika virus Culex spp.

7 COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES WHERE CHIKUNGUNYA HAS BEEN REPORTED (AS OF 22 APRIL 2016)

8 COUNTRIES OR AREAS WHERE DENGUE HAS BEEN REPORTED

9 KNOWN AREAS AT RISK FOR ZIKA VIRUS TRANSMISSION

10 ZIKA VIRUS RELATED ONGOING RESEARCH Aedes aegypti & Aedes albopictus Surveillance in Texas ( ) Insecticide Resistance Screening of Texas Aedes aegypti & Aedes albopictus Populations ( )

11 ONGOING RESEARCH - Aedes aegypti & Aedes albopictus SURVEILLANCE IN TEXAS As of July 2016, 66% (168/254) of Texas counties had no records documenting the occurrence of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus for the past decade, and more than 200 counties had not conducted mosquito surveillance during the last two years. Approx. 31,500 mi 2 (81,585 Km 2 ) Objective: Update species distribution maps by county for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Texas to determine areas at risk for local transmission of Zika, chikungunya, and dengue viruses.

12 ONGOING RESEARCH - Aedes aegypti & Aedes albopictus SURVEILLANCE IN TEXAS 2016 Findings: Added 8 counties with confirmed Ae. aegypti populations. Added 7 counties with confirmed Ae. albopictus populations. Added 3 counties with confirmed populations of both species. Contributed to updated distribution maps of potential vectors of CHIKV, DENV, YFV, and ZIKV in the U.S. Aedes aegypti Aedes albopictus

13 ONGOING RESEARCH - INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE SCREENING OF TEXAS Aedes aegypti AND Aedes albopictus POPULATIONS Receive mosquito eggs from <50 submitting jurisdictions twice annually, rear them to adults, and subsequently screen the adults for insecticide resistance. Use the CDC bottle bioassay to determine resistance of jurisdiction-specific mosquito populations to insecticides that the jurisdiction currently uses. Determine the diagnostic dose and diagnostic time for each insecticide, for each jurisdiction, and for each vector species that is tested. Provide resistance/susceptibility testing results to the submitting jurisdiction for use in their vector management operational planning.

14 OPPORTUNITIES FOR COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one. Albert Einstein Infectious PATHOGENS do not respect political boundaries. VECTORS of infectious pathogens do not respect political boundaries. Infectious disease outbreaks are truly only a PLANE / SHIP / TRAIN / CAR RIDE AWAY from our communities. Controlling the spread of infectious disease is a GLOBAL ONE-HEALTH ISSUE and will require constant VIGILANCE. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION My contact information telephone: steve.presley@ttu.edu

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