Association of raw fruit and fruit juice consumption with blood pressure: the INTERMAP Study 1 4
|
|
- Melissa Osborne
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Association of raw fruit and fruit juice consumption with blood pressure: the INTERMAP Study 1 4 Linda M Oude Griep, Jeremiah Stamler, Queenie Chan, Linda Van Horn, Lyn M Steffen, Katsuyuki Miura, Hirotsugu Ueshima, Nagako Okuda, Liancheng Zhao, Martha L Daviglus, and Paul Elliott for the INTERMAP Research Group ABSTRACT Background: Epidemiologic evidence suggests that fruit consumption may lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases through blood pressure (BP) lowering effects; little is known on the independent effect of raw fruit and fruit juice on BP. Objective: The objective was to quantify associations of raw fruit and fruit juice consumption with BP by using cross-sectional data from the INTERnational study on MAcro/micronutrients and blood Pressure (INTERMAP) of 4680 men and women aged y from Japan, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Design: During 4 visits, 8 BP, four 24-h dietary recalls, and two 24-h urine samples were collected. Country-specific multivariate-controlled linear regression coefficients, including adjustment for urinary sodium excretion, were estimated and pooled, weighted by inverse of their variance. Results: The average total raw fruit consumption varied from a mean 6 SD of g/1000 kcal in the United States to g/1000 kcal in China. Individual raw fruit intake was not associated with BP in pooled analyses for all countries or in participants from Western countries, although a positive association with diastolic BP was observed in East Asian participants (per 50 g/1000 kcal; 0.37 mm Hg; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.71). Positive relationships with diastolic BP were found for citrus fruit intake in Western consumers (per 25 g/1000 kcal; 0.47 mm Hg; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.81) and for apple intake in East Asian consumers (0.40 mm Hg; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.78). Among East Asian banana consumers, banana intake was inversely associated with diastolic BP (21.01 mm Hg; 95% CI: 21.88, 20.02). Fruit juice intake, which was negligible in Asia, was not related to BP in Western countries. Conclusion: Consistent associations were not found between raw fruit and fruit juice consumption of individuals and BP. This observational study was registered at as NCT Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97: INTRODUCTION Research reported in the 1970s and 1980s suggests that persons consuming vegetarian diets, which are generally higher in fruit and vegetables, have lower blood pressures (BPs) (1 4). Two intervention studies showed that participants who increased their daily fruit and vegetable intakes significantly reduced their average systolic and diastolic BPs compared with control subjects (5). Correspondingly, cohort studies found inverse associations between fruit and vegetable consumption and BP (6 9) and the risk of developing elevated BP (10) and hypertension (9, 11, 12). Evidence is limited, however, on the independent associations of fruit intake on BP. Previous cohort studies found inverse relations between total fruit consumption and BP (6 9), BP change (8), or risk of developing hypertension (9 12). In these studies, fruit was defined as all raw and processed fruit (including juice) (6, 7, 10), or the definition of fruit was not reported (8, 9, 11, 12). This is relevant because the nutritional value of fruit is influenced by processing (13). Compared with their raw counterparts, fruit juices are lower in dietary fiber, but may be good sources of micronutrients, eg, vitamin C (14). Recently, prospective cohort studies reported that raw fruit and vegetable intakes were inversely related to ischemic heart disease (15) and stroke (16). Elevated BP is an important risk factor for these major cardiovascular diseases. To the best of our knowledge, no 1 From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (LMOG, QC, and PE); the Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (JS, LVH, and MLD); the School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (LMS); the Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan (KM and HU); the Section of Shokuiku, Department of Nutritional Education, National Institutes of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (NO); the Department of Epidemiology, Fu Wai Hospital and Cardiovascular Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People s Republic of China (LZ); and the Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency (MRC-HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (PE). 2 The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the National Institute for Health Research, or the Department of Health. 3 Supported by grants (R01-HL50490 and R01-HL84228) from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH; the NIH Office on Dietary Supplements (Bethesda, MD); national agencies in Japan (the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, no ); and national agencies in the United Kingdom (project grant from the West Midlands National Health Service Research and Development and grant R2019EPH from the Chest, Heart and Stroke Association, Northern Ireland). PE received funding from the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre based at Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust and Imperial College London. PE is a Research Senior Investigator at the National Institute for Health. 4 Address correspondence to LM Oude Griep, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom. l.oude-griep@imperial.ac.uk. Received July 5, Accepted for publication February 5, First published online April 3, 2013; doi: /ajcn Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97: Printed in USA. Ó 2013 American Society for Nutrition 1083
2 1084 OUDE GRIEP ET AL previous studies have examined the association of raw fruit and fruit juice intake with BP. In the current study, we investigated cross-sectional associations between intake of raw fruit, intake of fruit juice, and BP among 4680 adults from 17 population samples in China, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States using high-quality data from 8 BP readings and four 24-h dietary-recall assessments. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Population The INTERnational study on MAcro/micronutrients and blood Pressure (INTERMAP) Study ( NCT ) surveyed 4680 men and women aged y from 17 population samples in Japan (4 samples), the People s Republic of China (3 samples), the United Kingdom (2 samples), and the United States (8 samples) (17). Participants were randomly selected from community and workforce populations, stratified by age and sex. The mean participation rate was 49% (45% in Japan, 83% in the People s Republic of China, 22% in the United Kingdom, and 44% in the United States). The measurements were conducted between 1996 and 1999 during 2 study visits on consecutive days and 2 additional study visits on consecutive days about 3 wk later. Quality control of nondietary (17) and dietary data (18) was extensive, with local, national, and international checks on completeness and integrity. The study received institutional review board or ethics committee approval at each site. All participants gave written informed consent. Of 4895 individuals initially surveyed, we excluded individuals who did not attend all 4 study visits (n = 110); whose dietary data were considered unreliable (n = 7); with a total energy intake from any 24-h recall,500 or.5000 kcal/d for women and,500 or.8000 kcal/d for men (n = 37 total); with unavailable urine samples; or with other data incomplete, missing, or indicating protocol violation (n = 61). This resulted in a study population of 4680 participants (2359 men and 2321 women). Dietary assessment Dietary intake was assessed by four 24-h dietary recalls. Standardized procedures were reported in detail (18). In summary, at each study visit, trained certified interviewers using a multipass procedure ascertained in depth all foods, beverages, and supplements consumed in the prior 24 h. Information on preparation methods was also collected. In the United States, dietary data were entered directly into a computerized database (Nutrition Data System, version 2.91; University of Minnesota). In the other countries, data were entered onto standard forms, coded, and computerized. Nutrient intake was calculated by using country-specific food tables, standardized across countries by the Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota (18, 19). For all participants, Pearson partial correlation coefficients adjusted for sample and sex that compared intakes by 24-h recall and 24-h urinary excretion were 0.51 for total protein intake and urinary urea, 0.42 for sodium, 0.55 for potassium, and 0.42 for sodium/potassium (18). We included all fruit reported by all participants in all countries. Excluded were avocado, coconut, sugar cane, plantains, and tamarind, because their nutritional value differs substantially from that of most fruit. Fruit nectars, fruit drinks, lemonades, and soft drinks were not considered fruit juice, because these beverages contain minimal fruit content and are often sweetened. BP measurement Systolic and diastolic BP (first and fifth Korotkoff sounds, respectively) were measured by trained staff with a random-zero sphygmomanometer. BP was measured twice at each study visit, for a total of 8 measurements. Measurements were carried out on the right arm while the participant was seated, after a rest of $5 min and with the bladder emptied, feet flat on the floor, in a quiet room, and with no physical activity, eating, drinking, or smoking in the preceding half hour. Other lifestyle factors During 2 visits, body weight and height without shoes were measured and BMI (in kg/m 2 ) was calculated. Urinary sodium and potassium were measured from 2 timed 24-h urine samples, which were obtained from each participant between consecutive clinic visits; 8% of the specimens were split locally and sent blind to the Central Laboratory to estimate technical error. Interviewer-assisted questionnaire data included daily alcohol intake over the preceding 7 d, cigarette smoking, educational level, physical activity, adherence to a special diet, use of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs, and participant s and family history of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. Statistical methods The analyses were performed by using SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc). Dietary intake data were adjusted for total energy intake by using the nutrient density method (20). Measurements were averaged across the 4 study visits for dietary and BP variables and across the two 24-h urinary collections. Partial correlation was used to explore associations of fruit with dietary and urinary variables, adjusted for sample, age, and sex and pooled across countries, weighted by sample size. Western and East Asian participants differ significantly in dietary pattern and other characteristics (21); therefore, the results are presented for countries separately as well as overall. Fruit juice intake, negligible in East Asian countries, was analyzed in relation to BP only for Western participants. From the mean of the first and second 2 visits, we estimated the reliability of raw fruit and fruit juice intake for individuals using the following formula: 1/[1+(ratio/2)] 3 100, where the ratio is within-participant divided by between-participant variance (22, 23). This gives an indication of the effect of day-to-day variability on the associations with BP. We used multivariable linear regression analyses to examine associations between individual raw fruit and fruit juice consumption (per 50 g/1000 kcal) and BP and across quartiles of raw fruit intake (lowest quartile as reference). Intake of the most commonly consumed raw fruit (per 25 g/1000 kcal) was analyzed in the total population and in the group of consumers. To estimate the overall association, models were fitted by country, and coefficients were pooled, weighted by inverse of their variance (24). Cross-country heterogeneity of the regression coefficients was assessed by chi-square test. Three models were used adjusted
3 FRUIT INTAKE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 1085 extensively for dietary and lifestyle factors sequentially, including a model adjusted also for BMI. We repeated the analyses for 3 subcohorts, excluding participants with medical diagnoses and other traits that might bias relations between fruit intake and BP: 1) a subcohort excluding participants with a diagnosis of hypertension and users of antihypertensive drugs, 2) a subcohort of nonhypertensive participants (excluding from the foregoing cohort also those with elevated systolic BP ($140 mm Hg) or diastolic BP ($90 mm Hg), and 3) a subcohort free of major chronic disease (excluding also those with prevalent cardiovascular diseases and diabetes). Censored normal regression was used to adjust for potential antihypertensive treatment bias (25). Stratified analyses and inclusion of interaction terms showed no evidence for potential effect modification by age, sex, or smoking. Two-tailed probability values,0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Descriptive statistics The mean (6SD) raw fruit intake ranged from g/1000 kcal in the United States to g/1000 kcal in China (see Table S1 under Supplemental data in the online issue). Apples and pears, citrus fruit, and bananas were the most commonly consumed raw fruit in each country. These fruits accounted for 63% of total fruit intake in the United States (lowest proportion) and for 82% in China and the United Kingdom. The mean (6SD) fruit juice intake, negligible in East Asian samples, was g/1000 kcal in the United States and g/1000 kcal in the United Kingdom. In both Western countries, this was mainly citrus fruit juice (w80%). Participants with higher raw fruit intakes were more often women, tended to be older, were less likely to smoke and drink TABLE 1 Baseline characteristics of INTERMAP participants from East Asian and Western countries stratified by low and high raw fruit consumption 1 East Asian countries Western countries Variable Low (n = 992) High (n = 992) Low (n = 1348) High (n = 1348) Age ( y) Men (%) Education (y) Current smokers (%) Alcohol intake (g/d) Physically active during leisure time (%) 3 Moderate/heavy physical activity during work and leisure time (h/d) Taking dietary supplements (%) BMI (kg/m 2 ) Systolic BP (mm Hg) Diastolic BP (mm Hg) History of cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus (%) Use of antihypertensive, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes drugs (%) Family history of hypertension (%) Yes Unknown Urinary sodium (mmol/24 h) Any special diet (%) Total energy intake (kcal/d) Dietary intake (g/1000 kcal) Raw fruit Fruit juice Dried fruit Processed fruit Raw and cooked vegetables Low-fat dairy products Red and processed meat Fish and shellfish Fiber-rich cereals and grains Nuts and seeds Participants were classified according to low or high raw fruit consumption defined by median intake (46.5 g/1000 kcal among East Asian participants and 32.8 g/1000 kcal among Western participants). BP, blood pressure; INTERMAP, INTERnational study on MAcro/micronutrients and blood Pressure. 2 Mean 6 SD (all such values). 3 Defined as engagement in moderate or heavy physical activity during leisure time.
4 1086 OUDE GRIEP ET AL alcohol, more often used dietary supplements, had lower reported energy intake, and had lower BP than those with lower intakes (Table 1). In contrast with East Asian participants, higher raw fruit consumers in the United Kingdom and United States differed overall in dietary pattern; compared with lower raw fruit consumers, higher raw fruit consumers had higher intakes of vegetables, low-fat dairy products, fiber-rich cereals and grains, and lower intakes of meats. Reliability estimates for total raw fruit intake (g/d) were 61% in the total population; ranging from 52% (China) to 82% (United Kingdom); for fruit juice intake the estimates were 67% in the total population, 65% in the United States, and 77% in the United Kingdom. This implies that true associations with other variables may be larger than observed associations, eg, 1.64 (1/0.61) times those for raw fruit in the total population. Correlations between raw fruit intake and nutrients Overall, raw fruit intake was positively correlated with intake of vitamin C (see Table S2 under Supplemental data in the online issue; r = 0.50), dietary fiber (r = 0.48), potassium (r = 0.48), magnesium (r = 0.30), and 24-h urine potassium excretion (r = 0.27). In participants from Western countries, raw fruit was negatively correlated with total fat intake (r = 20.35) and positively with vegetable protein (r = 0.27). In East Asian TABLE 2 Estimated mean difference in BP associated with consumption of raw fruit and fruit juice (.50 g/1000 kcal) 1 Systolic BP participants, raw fruit intake was positively associated with total sugar (r = 0.52) and negatively with starch (r = 20.20). Fruit juice intake among those from Western countries was positively correlated with vitamin C (r = 0.61) and total sugar (r = 0.32), but only low order with raw fruit intake (r = 0.09). Associations of raw fruit and fruit juice with BP Average systolic BP ranged from mm Hg in Japan to mm Hg in China. Average diastolic BP ranged from mm Hg in China to mm Hg in the United Kingdom. In the total population and in participants from Western countries, there were no significant associations between raw fruit intake and systolic blood or diastolic BP (Table 2). In participants from East Asian countries, raw fruit intake was positively (not inversely) related to diastolic BP (model 3 + BMI: per 50 g/1000 kcal; 0.37 mm Hg; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.71) but not to systolic BP. Fruit juice consumption was not related to systolic or diastolic BP in participants from Western countries. No significant heterogeneity was observed across countries. Generally comparable results were found in analyses of raw fruit intake and BP across quartiles of raw fruit (see Table S3 under Supplemental data in the online issue). Censored normal regression to adjust for potential antihypertensive treatment bias yielded comparable associations in the Diastolic BP Variable Difference 95% CI P Difference 95% CI P mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg Raw fruit consumption Total population (n = 4680) Model (20.91, 20.27) (20.34, 0.09) 0.26 Model (20.53, 0.09) (20.15, 0.28) 0.57 Model (20.38, 0.27) (20.08, 0.36) 0.22 Model 3 + BMI 0.05 (20.26, 0.36) (20.07, 0.41) 0.07 Participants from Western countries Model (21.16, 20.37) (20.54, 20.01) 0.04 Model (20.72, 0.06) (20.33, 0.20) 0.62 Model (20.53, 0.26) (20.24, 0.31) 0.81 Model 3 + BMI (20.39, 0.38) (20.18, 0.36) 0.52 Participants from East Asian countries Model (20.80, 0.33) (20.19, 0.54) 0.34 Model (20.55, 0.51) (20.06, 0.65) 0.10 Model (20.46, 0.65) (20.04, 0.70) 0.08 Model 3 + BMI 0.15 (20.37, 0.67) (0.02, 0.71) 0.04 Fruit juice consumption Participants from Western countries Model (20.68, 0.10) (20.23, 0.29) 0.82 Model (20.52, 0.23) (20.20, 0.32) 0.66 Model (20.49, 0.26) (20.20, 0.32) 0.66 Model 3 + BMI (20.50, 0.22) (20.21, 0.30) Differences in BP and corresponding 95% CIs were obtained from multivariable linear regression analyses by pooling cross-country regression coefficients weighted by sample size. Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, and sample. Model 2 was adjusted as for model 1 plus intakes of energy (kcal) and alcohol (g/d), smoking status (never, former, or current), years of education (years completed), physical activity during leisure time (a lot, moderate, little, or none), use of dietary supplements (yes or no), adherence to any special diet (yes or no), history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus (yes or no), family history of cardiovascular disease (yes or no), urinary sodium (mmol/24 h), and use of antihypertensive, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes medication (yes or no). Model 3 was adjusted as for model 2 plus intake (g/1000 kcal) of low-fat dairy products, raw and cooked vegetables, fiber-rich cereals and grains, red and processed meats, nuts and seeds, and fish and shellfish. Cross-country heterogeneity of regression coefficients was assessed by chi-square test: no significant heterogeneity across countries was detected. BP, blood pressure.
5 FRUIT INTAKE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 1087 total population for raw fruit intake higher by 50 g/1000 kcal BP differences were 0.05 mm Hg (95% CI: 20.27, 0.70) for systolic and 0.20 mm Hg (95% CI: 20.02, 0.41) for diastolic in the original analyses and mm Hg (95% CI: 20.37, 0.33) for systolic and 0.20 mm Hg (95% CI: 20.09, 0.48) for diastolic in the censored normal regression. Associations of raw fruit and fruit juice with BP in subcohorts We repeated the regression analyses between raw fruit intake and BP for several subcohorts with characteristics that might bias relations between raw fruit intake and BP, ie, a subcohort excluding participants with diagnosed hypertension and users of antihypertensive drugs, a subcohort of nonhypertensive participants, and a subcohort free of major chronic diseases. In these predefined subcohorts, no clear associations between raw fruit intake and systolic or diastolic BP were found (Table 3). However, relations between raw fruit intake and systolic BP tended to be nonsignificantly inverse for nonhypertensive participants and in those also free of major chronic diseases. Associations of specific fruit with BP The most commonly consumed fruits were analyzed separately. Apples and pears, citrus fruit, and banana were not related to systolic BP (Table 4). Apple and pear intake was positively (not inversely) associated with diastolic BP in East Asian participants (model 3 + BMI: per 25 g/1000 kcal; mm Hg; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.60), with cross-country heterogeneity (P = 0.05). In participants from Western countries, citrus fruit intake was positively (not inversely) related to diastolic BP (model 3 + BMI: per 25 g/1000 kcal; mm Hg; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.46). Comparable associations were found among consumers (Table 5). In banana consumers from East Asian countries, banana intake was inversely related with diastolic BP (model 3 + BMI: per 25 g/1000 kcal; mm Hg; 95% CI: 21.88, 20.15). DISCUSSION TABLE 3 Estimated mean difference in BP associated with consumption of raw fruit (.50 g/1000 kcal) in subcohorts 1 In this cross-sectional, cross-cultural, population-based study of middle-aged individuals, contrary to our original hypothesis, raw fruit intake was not inversely associated with BP. Given the cross-sectional nature of these data and the scarcity of findings from other studies, causal inferences are premature. We are aware of 4 other epidemiologic studies that investigated total fruit intake in relation to BP (6 9). Two observed inverse relations between total fruit intake and baseline systolic BP (7, 8): inverse associations with both systolic and diastolic BP after 4 y of followup in one study (6) and an inverse association with diastolic BP after 6 y of follow-up in the other study (9). Our cross-sectional results are not in agreement with these previous findings; overall, raw fruit intake was not related to systolic BP, and a positive association was observed with diastolic BP in East Asian participants. The high-quality and detailed dietary data derived from 4 interviewer-administered in-depth 24-h dietary recalls collected over 4 visits enabled us to define raw fruit and fruit juice intake exclusive of processed fruit, fruit nectars, fruit-flavored drinks, lemonades, or soft drinks. However, whether fruit juices were actually 100% juice remains questionable. Differences between our findings and previous studies may reflect the use of different methods by others (eg, food-frequency procedures to collect dietary data) (6, 7, 9), misclassification with self-reported BP (6, 7, 9), ambiguous definition of fruit intake (6 9), random variation, or other currently unrecognized factors. Furthermore, our results do not suggest a relation of fruit juice intake with BP among Western populations. This was the first Systolic BP Diastolic BP Subcohort and model No. of subjects Difference 95% CI P Difference 95% CI P mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg Excluding participants with diagnosis of hypertension and users of antihypertensive drugs 2 Model (20.45, 0.20) (20.12, 0.34) 0.37 Model 3 + BMI (20.35, 0.27) (20.06, 0.38) 0.16 Nonhypertensive participants 2,3 Model (20.55, 0.02) (20.22, 0.21) 0.97 Model 3 + BMI (20.48, 0.07) (20.17, 0.25) 0.71 Further exclusion of participants with prevalent cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus Model (20.58, 0.02) (20.19, 0.25) 0.78 Model 3 + BMI (20.51, 0.06) (20.14, 0.28) Differences in BP and corresponding 95% CIs were obtained from multivariable linear regression analyses by pooling cross-country regression coefficients weighted by sample size. Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, and sample. Model 2 was adjusted as for model 1 plus intakes of energy (kcal) and alcohol (g/d), smoking status (never, former, or current), years of education (years completed), physical activity during leisure time (a lot, moderate, little, or none), use of dietary supplements (yes or no), adherence to any special diet (yes or no), history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus (yes or no), family history of cardiovascular disease (yes or no), urinary sodium (mmol/24 h), and use of antihypertensive, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes medication (yes or no). Model 3 was adjusted as for model 2 plus intake (g/1000 kcal) of low-fat dairy products, raw and cooked vegetables, fiber-rich cereals and grains, red and processed meats, nuts and seeds, and fish and shellfish. BP, blood pressure. 2 Additionally adjusted for history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. 3 Elevated BP is defined as systolic BP $140 mm Hg or diastolic BP $90 mm Hg.
6 1088 OUDE GRIEP ET AL TABLE 4 Estimated mean difference in BP associated with higher consumption (by 25 g/1000 kcal) of apples and pears, citrus fruit, and banana in all participants and for East Asian and Western countries separately 1 Systolic BP Diastolic BP Not adjusted for BMI Adjusted for BMI Not adjusted for BMI Adjusted for BMI Variable No. of subjects Mean 6 SD Difference 95% CI P Difference 95% CI P Difference 95% CI P Difference 95% CI P mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg Apples and pears Total (20.30, 0.37) (20.25, 0.41) (20.13, 0.32) (20.10, 0.34) 0.28 West (20.51, 0.48) (20.48, 0.48) (20.48, 0.20) (20.46, 0.34) 0.44 Asia (20.38, 0.55) (20.31, 0.60) (20.02, 0.58) (0.02, 0.60) 0.04 Citrus fruit Total (20.09, 0.54) (20.06, 0.54) (0.02, 0.46) (0.04, 0.46) 0.02 West (20.18, 0.63) (20.18, 0.61) (0.06, 0.61) (0.05, 0.46) 0.02 Asia (20.28, 0.71) (20.19, 0.76) (20.25, 0.44) (20.20, 0.47) 0.43 Banana Total (20.95, 0.23) (20.84, 0.30) (20.48, 0.32) (20.42, 0.36) 0.88 West (20.79, 0.63) (20.68, 0.70) (20.31, 0.66) (20.25, 0.70) 0.36 Asia (22.06, 0.07) (21.94, 0.12) (21.30, 0.09) (21.20, 0.14) Differences in BP and corresponding 95% CIs were obtained from multivariable linear regression analyses by pooling cross-country regression coefficients weighted by sample size. Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, and sample. Model 2 was adjusted as for model 1 plus intakes of energy (kcal) and alcohol (g/d), smoking status (never, former, or current), years of education (years completed), physical activity during leisure time (a lot, moderate, little, or none), use of dietary supplements (yes or no), adherence to any special diet (yes or no), history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus (yes or no), family history of cardiovascular disease (yes or no), urinary sodium (mmol/24 h), and use of antihypertensive, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes medication (yes or no). Model 3 was adjusted as for model 2 plus intake (g/1000 kcal) of low-fat dairy products, raw and cooked vegetables, fiber-rich cereals and grains, red and processed meats, nuts and seeds, and fish and shellfish. BP, blood pressure.
7 FRUIT INTAKE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 1089 TABLE 5 Estimated mean difference in BP associated with higher consumption (by 25 g/1000 kcal) of apples and pears (in consumers only; n = 1945), citrus fruit (n = 1767), and banana (n = 1604) 1 Systolic BP Diastolic BP Not adjusted for BMI Adjusted for BMI Not adjusted for BMI Adjusted for BMI Variable No. of subjects Mean 6 SD Difference 95% CI P Difference 95% CI P Difference 95% CI P Difference 95% CI P mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg Apples and pears Total (20.36, 0.54) (20.34, 0.54) (20.04, 0.54) (20.02, 0.54) 0.07 West (20.61, 0.73) (20.55, 0.75) (20.40, 0.49) (20.37, 0.50) 0.76 Asia (20.50, 0.72) (20.50, 0.69) (20.02, 0.79) (0.03, 0.78) 0.03 Citrus fruit Total (20.05, 0.74) (20.06, 0.70) (0.08, 0.62) (0.08, 0.60) 0.01 West (20.04, 1.00) (20.07, 0.94) (0.12, 0.83) (0.12, 0.81) 0.01 Asia (20.45, 0.76) (20.42, 0.73) (20.26, 0.59) (20.24, 0.57) 0.43 Banana Total (21.12, 0.49) (21.06, 0.51) (20.91, 0.19) (20.87, 0.21) 0.23 West (20.89, 1.11) (20.85, 1.09) (20.60, 0.80) (20.59, 0.79) 0.77 Asia (22.50, 0.25) (22.38, 0.13) (21.96, 20.19) (21.88, 20.15) Differences in BP and corresponding 95% CIs were obtained from multivariable linear regression analyses by pooling cross-country regression coefficients weighted by sample size. Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, and sample. Model 2 was adjusted as for model 1 plus intakes of energy (kcal) and alcohol (g/d), smoking status (never, former, or current), years of education (years completed), physical activity during leisure time (a lot, moderate, little, or none), use of dietary supplements (yes or no), adherence to any special diet (yes or no), history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus (yes or no), family history of cardiovascular disease (yes or no), urinary sodium (mmol/24 h), and use of antihypertensive, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes medication (yes or no). Model 3 was adjusted as for model 2 plus intake (g/1000 kcal) of low-fat dairy products, raw and cooked vegetables, fiber-rich cereals and grains, red and processed meats, nuts and seeds, and fish and shellfish. BP, blood pressure.
8 1090 OUDE GRIEP ET AL cross-sectional population study to our knowledge that addressed this question. The most often consumed fruit juice was orange juice. Results from a short-term intervention study of 4 wk among 24 healthy, overweight, middle-aged men suggested that consumption of orange juice decreased diastolic BP (26). When raw fruit is converted to juice, intact cell walls are obliterated, which results in a reduced dietary fiber content, but vitamin C and other phytochemicals remain present (14). A lower dietary fiber content may explain the current finding of no significant association between fruit juice consumption and BP. Various types of fruit provide different arrays of micronutrients and bioactive compounds that may act differently in relation to BP. Previous population studies found inverse associations between berries and systolic BP (7); strawberries and diastolic BP (7); apples, oranges, prunes, and grapes with systolic and diastolic BP (6); and apples, oranges, and raisins with risk of hypertension (12). Apples and pears, citrus fruit, and bananas were the most commonly consumed fruit in all 4 countries. We found positive associations between apple and pear intake and diastolic BP in East Asian participants and citrus fruit in Western participants. Although methodologic issues, ie, the crosssectional design of the study and measurement error in dietary assessment, could explain these unexpected results, it has been suggested that intake of fructose of which fruit is a rich source may raise BP as a result of increased uric acid production and reduced nitric oxide concentrations (27). A direct association between fructose intake and BP was previously reported among Western participants from the INTERMAP Study (28). However, a recent meta-analysis of 13 controlled feeding trials did not show any adverse effect of fructose supplementation on BP (29). Banana intake was inversely related to BP among East Asian banana consumers. Bananas are rich sources of dietary fiber (2.6 g/100 g), potassium (358 mg/100 g), and magnesium (27 mg/100 g) (30). Results from intervention studies indicate that supplementation of these nutrients may beneficially influence BP (31 33). These nutrients are highly correlated with each other (34) and their dietary sources, which suggests that any observed beneficial associations between fruit and BP may be due to combined or synergistic effects of multiple components in their natural food matrix (35). Thus, a recent prospective cohort study of 20,000 Dutch men and women, using a food-frequency questionnaire, reported significant inverse associations with incident stroke for white fruit and vegetables, including apples and bananas (36). Participants with diagnosed elevated BP, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes may have adopted a healthier lifestyle and dietary pattern, including higher fruit intake. Although data for these subcohorts showed inverse relations between raw fruit intake and systolic BP, the results were not significant. In the current study, BP differences associated with raw fruit were small and possibly underestimated, so that significant actual associations may have been missed. A limitation of the current study was its cross-sectional nature; therefore, making inferences on causality over the long-term is premature. In addition, some participants may have altered their habits toward a healthier lifestyle in response to a prior diagnosis of elevated BP, which attenuated our findings and jeopardized inferences. Furthermore, fruit intake measured by 4 detailed 24-h dietary recalls over a few weeks may not be representative of habitual long-term intake for some individuals, which can result in misclassification of usual fruit consumption at the individual level. These limitations may explain our findings and relate to inconsistencies across studies. High raw fruit consumers tended to have a generally healthier diet and lifestyle than did low raw fruit consumers. We adjusted for multiple dietary and other lifestyle factors as potential confounders, including timed 24-h urinary sodium excretion a high-quality marker for dietary sodium. The possibility of residual confounding, however, cannot be ruled out. On the other hand, extensive adjustments may have attenuated small BP differences and led to general null findings. Finally, multiple comparisons may have led to chance findings. However, the analyses were hypothesis driven, and inferences were made in the context of a critical evaluation of previously published results. Before definitive conclusions can be made, further data are needed from dietary intervention studies and large high-quality prospective population studies with detailed dietary data and measured BP. In conclusion, results from this cross-sectional study showed no consistent relations to BP of raw fruit and fruit juice intakes. Specific types of fruit containing various nutrients may differ in their effect on BP. We thank all INTERMAP staff at the local, national, and international centers for their invaluable efforts; a partial listing of these colleagues is given in reference 17. The authors responsibilities were as follows JS, QC, LVH, LMS, KM, HU, NO, LZ, MLD, and PE: were involved in the design and conduct of the INTERMAP Study; LMOG: designed the study, analyzed the data, interpreted the results, and drafted the manuscript; and JS: helped interpret the results and edited the manuscript. All authors played a role in the data interpretation, in writing the manuscript, and in approving the final version. The sponsors had no role in the design or conduct of the study; in the collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. The authors had no conflicts of interest to disclose. REFERENCES 1. Margetts BM, Beilin LJ, Vandongen R, Armstrong BK. Vegetarian diet in mild hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1986;293: Rouse IL, Beilin LJ, Armstrong BK, Vandongen R. Blood-pressurelowering effect of a vegetarian diet: controlled trial in normotensive subjects. Lancet 1983;1: Sacks FM, Kass EH. Low blood pressure in vegetarians: effects of specific foods and nutrients. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48: Sacks FM, Rosner B, Kass EH. Blood pressure in vegetarians. Am J Epidemiol 1974;100: Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH collaborative research group. N Engl J Med 1997;336: Ascherio A, Hennekens C, Willett WC, Sacks F, Rosner B, Manson J, Witteman J, Stampfer MJ. Prospective study of nutritional factors, blood pressure, and hypertension among US women. Hypertension 1996;27: Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Willett WC, Sacks F, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of nutritional factors and hypertension among US men. Circulation 1992;86: Miura K, Greenland P, Stamler J, Liu K, Daviglus ML, Nakagawa H. Relation of vegetable, fruit, and meat intake to 7-year blood pressure change in middle-aged men: the Chicago Western Electric Study. Am J Epidemiol 2004;159:
9 FRUIT INTAKE AND BLOOD PRESSURE Nuñez-Cordoba JM, Alonso A, Beunza JJ, Palma S, Gomez-Gracia E, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Role of vegetables and fruits in mediterranean diets to prevent hypertension. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63: Steffen LM, Kroenke CH, Yu X, Pereira MA, Slattery ML, Van Horn L, Gross MD, Jacobs DR Jr. Associations of plant food, dairy product, and meat intakes with 15-y incidence of elevated blood pressure in young black and white adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82: Tsubota-Utsugi M, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Kurimoto A, Suzuki K, Fukushima N, Hara A, Asayama K, Satoh H, et al. High fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of future hypertension determined by home blood pressure measurement: the OHASAMA study. J Hum Hypertens 2011;25: Wang L, Manson JE, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Sesso HD. Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of hypertension in middle-aged and older women. Am J Hypertens 2012;25: Barrett DM, Lloyd B. Advanced preservation methods and nutrient retention in fruits and vegetables. J Sci Food Agric 2012;92: Ruxton CH, Gardner EJ, Walker D. Can pure fruit and vegetable juices protect against cancer and cardiovascular disease too? A review of the evidence. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2006;57: Oude Griep LM, Geleijnse JM, Kromhout D, Ocké MC, Verschuren WMM. Raw and processed fruit and vegetable consumption and 10- year coronary heart disease incidence in a population-based cohort study in the Netherlands. PLoS ONE 2010;5:e Oude Griep LM, Verschuren WMM, Kromhout D, Ocké MC, Geleijnse JM. Raw and processed fruit and vegetable consumption and 10-year stroke incidence in a population-based cohort study in the Netherlands. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011;65: Stamler J, Elliott P, Dennis B, Dyer AR, Kesteloot H, Liu K, Ueshima H, Zhou BF. INTERMAP: background, aims, design, methods, and descriptive statistics (nondietary). J Hum Hypertens 2003;17: Dennis B, Stamler J, Buzzard M, Conway R, Elliott P, Moag-Stahlberg A, Okayama A, Okuda N, Robertson C, Robinson F, et al. INTER- MAP: the dietary data process and quality control. J Hum Hypertens 2003;17: Schakel SF, Dennis BH, Wold AC, Conway R, Zhao L, Okuda N, Okayama A, Moag-Stahlberg A, Robertson C, Van Heel N, et al. Enhancing data on nutrient composition of foods eaten by participants in the INTERMAP study in China, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. J Food Compost Anal 2003;16: Willett WC, Howe GR, Kushi LH. Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1220S 8S. 21. Holmes E, Loo RL, Stamler J, Bictash M, Yap IK, Chan Q, Ebbels T, De Iorio M, Brown IJ, Veselkov KA, et al. Human metabolic phenotype diversity and its association with diet and blood pressure. Nature 2008;453: Grandits GA, Bartsch GE, Stamler J. Method issues in dietary data analyses in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:211S 27S. 23. Dyer AR, Shipley M, Elliott P. Urinary electrolyte excretion in 24 hours and blood pressure in the INTERSALT Study. I. Estimates of reliability. The INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139: Elliott P. Design and analysis of multicentre epidemiological studies: the INTERSALT study. In: Marmot M, Elliott P, eds. Coronary heart disease epidemiology: from aetiology to public health. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 1992: Tobin MD, Sheehan NA, Scurrah KJ, Burton PR. Adjusting for treatment effects in studies of quantitative traits: antihypertensive therapy and systolic blood pressure. Stat Med 2005;24: Morand C, Dubray C, Milenkovic D, Lioger D, Martin JF, Scalbert A, Mazur A. Hesperidin contributes to the vascular protective effects of orange juice: a randomized crossover study in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93: Johnson RJ, Segal MS, Sautin Y, Nakagawa T, Feig DI, Kang DH, Gersch MS, Benner S, Sanchez-Lozada LG. Potential role of sugar (fructose) in the epidemic of hypertension, obesity and the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86: Brown IJ, Stamler J, Van Horn L, Robertson CE, Chan Q, Dyer AR, Huang CC, Rodriguez BL, Zhao L, Daviglus ML, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage, sugar intake of individuals, and their blood pressure: international study of macro/micronutrients and blood pressure. Hypertension 2011;57: Ha V, Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, Chiavaroli L, Wang DD, Cozma AI, Mirrahimi A, Yu ME, Carleton AJ, Dibuono M, et al. Effect of fructose on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. Hypertension 2012;59: US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory USDA national nutrient database for standard reference, release 24. Available from: Gov/nutrientdata (cited 20 May 2012). 31. Streppel MT, Arends LR, van t Veer P, Grobbee DE, Geleijnse JM. Dietary fiber and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2005;165: Whelton PK, He J, Cutler JA, Brancati FL, Appel LJ, Follmann D, Klag MJ. Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. JAMA 1997;277: Whelton SP, Hyre AD, Pedersen B, Yi Y, Whelton PK, He J. Effect of dietary fiber intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials. J Hypertens 2005;23: Tzoulaki I, Patel CJ, Okamura T, Chan Q, Brown IJ, Miura K, Ueshima H, Zhao L, Van Horn L, Daviglus ML, et al. A nutrient-wide association study on blood pressure. Circulation 2012;126: Jacobs DR Jr, Gross MD, Tapsell LC. Food synergy: an operational concept for understanding nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1543S 8S. 36. Oude Griep LM, Verschuren WMM, Kromhout D, Ocké MC, Geleijnse JM. Colors of fruit and vegetables and 10-year incidence of stroke. Stroke 2011;42:
Dietary intake in male and female smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers: The INTERMAP Study
(2003) 17, 641 654 & 2003 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9240/03 $25.00 www.nature.com/jhh ORIGINAL ARTICLE Dietary intake in male and female smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers: The
More informationTotal, insoluble and soluble dietary fibre intake in relation to blood pressure: the INTERMAP Study
British Journal of Nutrition, page 1 of 7 The Authors 2015 doi:10.1017/s0007114515003098 Total, insoluble and soluble dietary fibre intake in relation to blood pressure: the INTERMAP Study Ghadeer S. Aljuraiban
More informationA cross-sectional study on association of calcium intake with blood pressure in Japanese population
(2002) 16, 105 110 2002 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9240/02 $25.00 www.nature.com/jhh ORIGINAL ARTICLE A cross-sectional study on association of calcium intake with blood pressure
More informationDepartment of Food and Human Health Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka , Japan 2
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 62, 101 107, 2016 Relationship of Consumption of Meals Including Grain, Fish and Meat, and Vegetable Dishes to the Prevention of Nutrient Deficiency: The INTERMAP Toyama Study Tatsuya
More informationPOTASSIUM. The Facts. compiled by the Nestlé Research Center
POTASSIUM The Facts compiled by the Nestlé Research Center A public health concern? Studies have shown that a diet high in sodium or low in potassium is linked with a higher risk for elevated blood pressure
More informationInternational Journal of Basic, Applied and Innovative Research IJBAIR, 2012, 1(1):
ASN- PH-020919 International Journal of Basic, Applied and Innovative Research IJBAIR, 2012, 1(1):26-31 www.antrescentpub.com RESEARCH PAPER FRUITS INTAKE AND CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION IN NORMOTENSIVE YOUNG
More informationTotal, insoluble, and soluble dietary fibre intake in relation to blood
1 2 Total, insoluble, and soluble dietary fibre intake in relation to blood pressure: The INTERMAP Study 3 4 5 Ghadeer S. Aljuraiban, Linda M. Oude Griep, Queenie Chan, Martha L. Daviglus, Jeremiah Stamler,
More informationRelation of raw and cooked vegetable consumption to blood pressure: the INTERMAP Study
OPEN Journal of Human Hypertension (2014) 28, 353 359 & 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0950-9240/14 www.nature.com/jhh ORIGINAL ARTICLE Relation of raw and cooked vegetable consumption
More informationAdverse blood pressure (BP), prevalent worldwide, is an
Sugar-Sweetened Beverage, Sugar Intake of Individuals, and Their Blood Pressure International Study of Macro/Micronutrients and Blood Pressure Ian J. Brown, Jeremiah Stamler, Linda Van Horn, Claire E.
More informationWhy you should take the latest sodium study with a huge grain of salt
Harvard School of Public Health The Nutrition Source Flawed Science on Sodium from JAMA Why you should take the latest sodium study with a huge grain of salt A new study would have you believe that low-salt
More informationDietary Fatty Acids and the Risk of Hypertension in Middle-Aged and Older Women
07/14/2010 Dietary Fatty Acids and the Risk of Hypertension in Middle-Aged and Older Women First Author: Wang Short Title: Dietary Fatty Acids and Hypertension Risk in Women Lu Wang, MD, PhD, 1 JoAnn E.
More informationA Dietary Approach to Prevent Hypertension: A Review of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Study
Clin. Cardiol. 22, (Suppl. 111), 111611110 (1999) A Dietary Approach to Prevent Hypertension: A Review of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Study FRANKM. SACKS, M.D., LAWRENCE J. &pa,
More informationWestminsterResearch
WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/research/westminsterresearch Relationship of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids to blood pressure: the international study of macro/micronutrients and
More informationORIGINAL INVESTIGATION. C-Reactive Protein Concentration and Incident Hypertension in Young Adults
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION C-Reactive Protein Concentration and Incident Hypertension in Young Adults The CARDIA Study Susan G. Lakoski, MD, MS; David M. Herrington, MD, MHS; David M. Siscovick, MD, MPH; Stephen
More informationRaised blood pressure (BP) commonly affects middle- and
Dietary Phosphorus and Blood Pressure International Study of Macro- and Micro-Nutrients and Blood Pressure Paul Elliott, Hugo Kesteloot, Lawrence J. Appel, Alan R. Dyer, Hirotsugu Ueshima, Queenie Chan,
More informationRisk Factors for Heart Disease
Developmental Perspectives on Health Disparities from Conception Through Adulthood Risk Factors for Heart Disease Philip Greenland, MD Harry W. Dingman Professor Chair, Department of Preventive Medicine
More informationHypertension, which affects approximately 50 million
AJH 2001; 14:206S 212S Are Low Intakes of Calcium and Potassium Important Causes of Cardiovascular Disease? David A. McCarron and Molly E. Reusser Inadequate levels of calcium and potassium intake have
More informationFolate, vitamin B 6, and vitamin B 12 are cofactors in
Research Letters Dietary Folate and Vitamin B 6 and B 12 Intake in Relation to Mortality From Cardiovascular Diseases Japan Collaborative Cohort Study Renzhe Cui, MD; Hiroyasu Iso, MD; Chigusa Date, MD;
More informationUnclarity persists concerning efficacy of omega-3 ( -3)
Food Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake of Individuals (Total, Linolenic Acid, Long-Chain) and Their Blood INTERMAP Study Hirotsugu Ueshima, Jeremiah Stamler, Paul Elliott, Queenie Chan, Ian J. Brown, Mercedes
More informationNutrition Counselling
Nutrition Counselling Frieda Dähler Augustiny, Nutritional Counsellor Preventive Cardiology & Sports Medicine University Clinic of Cardiology Optimal Diet for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Diet
More informationEffects of whole grain intake on weight changes, diabetes, and cardiovascular Disease
Effects of whole grain intake on weight changes, diabetes, and cardiovascular Disease Simin Liu, MD, ScD Professor of Epidemiology and Medicine Director, Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health Brown
More informationNutrition. eart Smart. New Dietary Approaches to Treating Hypertension. By Maureen Elhatton, RD
H eart Smart Nutrition Maureen Elhatton is a registered dietitian involved in the area of cardiac rehabilitation. She specializes in heart health nutrition in Edmonton, Alberta. New Dietary Approaches
More informationYOUNG ADULT MEN AND MIDDLEaged
BRIEF REPORT Favorable Cardiovascular Profile in Young Women and Long-term of Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality Martha L. Daviglus, MD, PhD Jeremiah Stamler, MD Amber Pirzada, MD Lijing L. Yan, PhD,
More informationHEART HEALTH AND HEALTHY EATING HABITS
HEART HEALTH AND HEALTHY EATING HABITS ELIZABETH PASH PENNIMAN RD,LD CLINICAL DIETITIAN Professional Member American Heart Association; Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism PURPOSE: Recognize
More informationLydia A Bazzano, Jiang He, Lorraine G Ogden, Catherine M Loria, Suma Vupputuri, Leann Myers, and Paul K Whelton
Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study 1 3 Lydia A Bazzano, Jiang He, Lorraine
More informationw High Blood Pressure Guidelines Create New At-Risk Classification
Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing Vol. 19, No. 6, pp 357-371 2004 LippincoltWilliams SWilkins, Inc. w High Blood Pressure Guidelines Create New At-Risk Classification Changes in Blood Pressure Classification
More informationCardiac patient quality of life. How to eat adequately?
Cardiac patient quality of life How to eat adequately? François Paillard CV Prevention Center CHU Rennes JESFC, Paris, 17/01/2013 Mrs. L. 55 yrs, Coronary artery disease, normal weight, mild hypertension
More informationNutrition-based approaches are recommended
AJH 2000;13:949 955 ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS The Effect of Dietary Patterns on Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Patients: Results From the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial Paul
More informationHealth Benefits of Lowering Sodium Intake in the US
Health Benefits of Lowering Sodium Intake in the US Lawrence J Appel, MD, MPH Professor of Medicine, Epidemiology and International Health (Human Nutrition) Director, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content Song M, Fung TT, Hu FB, et al. Association of animal and plant protein intake with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. JAMA Intern Med. Published online August 1, 2016.
More informationA Needs Assessment of Hypertension in Georgia
A Needs Assessment of Hypertension in Georgia Faye Lopez Mercer University School of Medicine Marylen Rimando Mercer University School of Medicine Harshali Khapekar Mercer University School of Medicine
More informationCase Study #4: Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease
Helen Jang Tara Hooley John K Rhee Case Study #4: Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease 7. What risk factors does Mrs. Sanders currently have? The risk factors that Mrs. Sanders has are high blood pressure
More informationSugar consumption and health: an update of the evidence
Sugar consumption and health: an update of the evidence Dr Charlotte Evans c.e.l.evans@leeds.ac.uk Lecturer in nutritional epidemiology School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds FDIN 8
More informationDairy Intake, Blood Pressure, and Incident Hypertension in a General Dutch Population 1 3
The Journal of Nutrition Nutritional Epidemiology Dairy Intake, Blood Pressure, and Incident Hypertension in a General Dutch Population 1 3 Mariëlle F. Engberink, 4 Johanna M. Geleijnse, 4 * Nynke de Jong,
More informationThe Mediterranean Diet: The Optimal Diet for Cardiovascular Health
The Mediterranean Diet: The Optimal Diet for Cardiovascular Health Vasanti Malik, ScD Research Scientist Department of Nutrition Harvard School of Public Health Cardiovascular Disease Prevention International
More informationOverview. The Mediterranean Diet: The Optimal Diet for Cardiovascular Health. No conflicts of interest or disclosures
The Mediterranean Diet: The Optimal Diet for Cardiovascular Health No conflicts of interest or disclosures Vasanti Malik, ScD Research Scientist Department of Nutrition Harvard School of Public Health
More informationBuilding Our Evidence Base
Plant-Based Diets Neal D. Barnard, MD, FACC Adjunct Associate Professor of Medicine George Washington University School of Medicine Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine Washington, DC Building
More informationRole of vegetables and fruits in Mediterranean diets to prevent hypertension
(2009) 63, 605 612 & 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0954-3007/09 $32.00 www.nature.com/ejcn ORIGINAL ARTICLE Role of vegetables and fruits in Mediterranean diets to prevent hypertension
More informationFeasibility and Effect on Blood Pressure of 6-Week Trial of Low Sodium Soy Sauce and Miso (Fermented Soybean Paste)
Circ J 2003; 67: 530 534 Feasibility and Effect on Blood Pressure of 6-Week Trial of Low Sodium Soy Sauce and Miso (Fermented Soybean Paste) Mieko Nakamura, MD; Nobuo Aoki, MD; Takuji Yamada, MD*; Nobuaki
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content Yang Q, Zhang Z, Gregg EW, Flanders WD, Merritt R, Hu FB. Added sugar intake and cardiovascular diseases mortality among US adults. JAMA Intern Med. Published online February
More informationDietary sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are increasingly
Dietary Sodium to Potassium Ratio and Risk of Stroke in a Multiethnic Urban Population The Northern Manhattan Study Joshua Willey, MD; Hannah Gardener, ScD; Sandino Cespedes, MD; Ying K. Cheung, PhD; Ralph
More informationEvidence-based priority setting for dietary policies. Ashkan Afshin, MD MPH MSc ScD November 17, 2016 Acting Assistant Professor of Global Health
Evidence-based priority setting for dietary policies Ashkan Afshin, MD MPH MSc ScD November 17, 2016 Acting Assistant Professor of Global Health 1. Defining optimal nutrition Agenda Setting Policy Formulation
More informationDiet-Related Factors, Educational Levels and Blood Pressure in a Chinese Population Sample: Findings from the Japan-China Cooperative Research Project
559 Original Article Diet-Related Factors, Educational Levels and Blood Pressure in a Chinese Population Sample: Findings from the Japan-China Cooperative Research Project Yukio YAMORI 1, Longjian LIU
More informationDiet, Lifestyle and Obesity Management. Healthy behaviours and interventions remain the cornerstone of chronic disease management and
Diet, Lifestyle and Obesity Management Healthy behaviours and interventions remain the cornerstone of chronic disease management and prevention. They should be universally applied to all of those with
More informationVariety in fruit and vegetable consumption and 10-year incidence of CHD and stroke
: page 1 of 7 doi:10.1017/s1368980012000912 Variety in fruit and vegetable consumption and 10-year incidence of CHD and stroke Linda M Oude Griep 1, WM Monique Verschuren 2, Daan Kromhout 1, Marga C Ocké
More informationHypertension is an important worldwide public health
Long-Term Effects of Weight Loss and Dietary Sodium Reduction on Incidence of Hypertension Jiang He, Paul K. Whelton, Lawrence J. Appel, Jeanne Charleston, Michael J. Klag Abstract To examine the long-term
More informationARTICLE. Dietary Nutrients and Blood Pressure in Urban Minority Adolescents at Risk for Hypertension
ARTICLE Dietary Nutrients and Blood Pressure in Urban Minority Adolescents at Risk for Hypertension Bonita Falkner, MD; Katherine Sherif, MD; Suzanne Michel, MPH, RD; Harvey Kushner, PhD Objective: To
More informationTHE SAME EFFECT WAS NOT FOUND WITH SPIRITS 3-5 DRINKS OF SPIRITS PER DAY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED MORTALITY
ALCOHOL NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN 1-2 DRINKS PER DAY AND THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE SOME HAVE SHOWN THAT EVEN 3-4 DRINKS PER DAY CAN BE BENEFICIAL - WHILE OTHERS HAVE FOUND IT TO BE HARMFUL
More informationFoods for healthy ageing. Parmeet Kaur M.Sc (Foods & Nutrition),PhD, R.D. Senior Dietician All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi
Foods for healthy ageing Parmeet Kaur M.Sc (Foods & Nutrition),PhD, R.D. Senior Dietician All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi Motivating Quote What is ageing? Ageing is a progressive process
More informationThe relationship of dietary sodium, potassium, fruits, and vegetables intake with blood pressure among Korean adults aged 40 and older
Nutrition Research and Practice 2014;8(4):453-462 c2014 The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition http://e-nrp.org The relationship of dietary sodium, potassium, fruits,
More informationA healthy Nordic food index
A healthy Nordic food index Anja Olsen Danish Cancer Society Research Center Health effects of the Nordic diet November 13 th 2013 Outline Why study Nordic diet? How to construct a healthy Nordic food
More informationMortality in vegetarians and comparable nonvegetarians in the United Kingdom 1 3
See corresponding editorial on page 3. Mortality in vegetarians and comparable nonvegetarians in the United Kingdom 1 3 Paul N Appleby, Francesca L Crowe, Kathryn E Bradbury, Ruth C Travis, and Timothy
More informationNutritional Risk Factors for Peripheral Vascular Disease: Does Diet Play a Role?
Nutritional Risk Factors for Peripheral Vascular Disease: Does Diet Play a Role? John S. Lane MD, Cheryl P. Magno MPH, Karen T. Lane MD, Tyler Chan BS, Sheldon Greenfield MD University of California, Irvine
More informationConsumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Blood Pressure in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Original Article Clin Nutr Res 2012;1:85-93 pissn 2287-3732 eissn 2287-3740 Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Blood Pressure in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination
More informationSupplemental table 1. Dietary sources of protein among 2441 men from the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study MEAT DAIRY OTHER ANIMAL
ONLINE DATA SUPPLEMENT 1 SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL Pork Bacon Turkey Kidney Cream Cottage cheese Mutton and lamb Game (elk, reindeer) Supplemental table 1. Dietary sources of protein among 2441 men from the
More informationThe Science of Nutrition, 3e (Thompson) Chapter 2 Designing a Healthful Diet
The Science of Nutrition, 3e (Thompson) Chapter 2 Designing a Healthful Diet 1) The four characteristics of a healthful diet are adequacy, balance, moderation, and: A) Calories. B) color. C) value. D)
More informationRole of Minerals in Hypertension
Role of Minerals in Hypertension Lecture objectives By the end of the lecture students will be able to Define primary and secondary hypertention and their risk factors. Relate role of minerals with hypertention.
More informationNot For Distribution
182 Current Hypertension Reviews, 2007, 3, 182-195 Prevention and Management of Hypertension Without Drugs Saverio Stranges * and Francesco P. Cappuccio Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical
More informationAdherence to a healthy diet in relation to cardiovascular incidence and risk markers: evidence from the Caerphilly Prospective Study
DOI 10.1007/s00394-017-1408-0 ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Adherence to a healthy diet in relation to cardiovascular incidence and risk markers: evidence from the Caerphilly Prospective Study Elly Mertens 1,2
More informationWomen Men Children g/d 1.6. Upper intake level UL - -
Potassium NNR 2012 1 (5) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Potassium... 1 Introduction... 1 Dietary sources and intake... 1 Physiology and metabolism... 1 Requirement and recommended intake... 1 Reasoning behind
More informationConsideration of Anthropometric Measures in Cancer. S. Lani Park April 24, 2009
Consideration of Anthropometric Measures in Cancer S. Lani Park April 24, 2009 Presentation outline Background in anthropometric measures in cancer Examples of anthropometric measures and investigating
More informationPercentage of U.S. Children and Adolescents Who Are Overweight*
Percentage of U.S. Children and Adolescents Who Are Overweight* 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5 1963-65; 1966-70 6 4 4 1971-1974 7 5 1976-1980 11 1988-1994 15 1999-2000 17 16 2001-2002 Ages 6-11 Ages 12-19
More informationSession 21: Heart Health
Session 21: Heart Health Heart disease and stroke are the leading causes of death in the world for both men and women. People with pre-diabetes, diabetes, and/or the metabolic syndrome are at higher risk
More information290 Biomed Environ Sci, 2016; 29(4):
290 Biomed Environ Sci, 2016; 29(4): 290-294 Letter to the Editor Prevalence and Predictors of Hypertension in the Labor Force Population in China: Results from a Cross-sectional Survey in Xinjiang Uygur
More information25* or higher Underweight. 240 mg/dl and above High (More than twice the risk as desirable level.) OK, but higher is better
Biometrics Screening Biometric Health Indicators The charts below provide a summary of the ranges for each of the biometric screening tests. Be sure to check with your doctor if your results are outside
More informationNew Hypertension Guideline Recommendations for Adults July 7, :45-9:30am
Advances in Cardiovascular Disease 30 th Annual Convention and Reunion UERM-CMAA, Inc. Annual Convention and Scientific Meeting July 5-8, 2018 New Hypertension Guideline Recommendations for Adults July
More informationSugar-Loaded Beverages and the Impact on Cardiovascular Health. Christina M. Shay, PhD, MA
Sugar-Loaded Beverages and the Impact on Cardiovascular Health Christina M. Shay, PhD, MA 1 Presenter Disclosure Information Christina M. Shay, PhD, MA Sugar-Loaded Beverages and the Impact on Cardiovascular
More informationThe Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition s recommendations on sugars
The Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition s recommendations on sugars SACN recommends that the average intake, across the UK population, of free sugars should not exceed 5% of total dietary energy
More informationSodium and Potassium Intake and Cardiovascular and Bone Health:
Sodium and Potassium Intake and Cardiovascular and Bone Health: How Important is the Ratio? Connie M. Weaver Nutrition Science Purdue University Disclosures Boards/Scientific Advisory Committees ILSI Showalter
More informationFood Choice at Work Study: Effectiveness of Complex Workplace Dietary Interventions on Dietary Behaviours and Diet-Related Disease Risk.
Food Choice at Work Study: Effectiveness of Complex Workplace Dietary Interventions on Dietary Behaviours and Diet-Related Disease Risk. SARAH FITZGERALD HRB PHD SCHOLAR PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: PROF IVAN
More informationAlcohol consumption and blood pressure change: 5-year follow-up study of the association in normotensive workers
(2001) 15, 367 372 2001 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9240/01 $15.00 www.nature.com/jhh ORIGINAL ARTICLE Alcohol consumption and blood pressure change: 5-year follow-up study of the
More informationConsuming a Varied Diet can Prevent Diabetes But Can You Afford the Added Cost? Annalijn Conklin 18 January 2017, Vancouver, Canada
1 Consuming a Varied Diet can Prevent Diabetes But Can You Afford the Added Cost? Annalijn Conklin 18 January 2017, Vancouver, Canada 2 Overview The problem of type 2 diabetes What is diet diversity /
More informationNutrition and Heart Disease. by Rachel Kay, MS, RDN, CD Clinical Nutrition Specialist at Swedish Medical Center
Nutrition and Heart Disease by Rachel Kay, MS, RDN, CD Clinical Nutrition Specialist at Swedish Medical Center Objectives 1. Be able to identify recommended diet changes for patients with cardiovascular
More informationFruit and vegetable consumption in adolescence and early adulthood and risk of breast cancer: population based cohort study
open access Fruit and vegetable consumption in adolescence and early adulthood and risk of breast cancer: population based cohort study Maryam S Farvid, 1, 2 Wendy Y Chen, 3, 4 Karin B Michels, 3, 5, 6
More informationFlavonoids and their contribution to health: a look at the scientific support
Flavonoids and their contribution to health: a look at the scientific support Frank Hu, MD, PhD Professor of Nutrition and Epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical
More informationHypertension awareness, treatment, and control
O r i g i n a l P a p e r Prevalence of Self-Reported High Blood Pressure Awareness, Advice Received From Health Professionals, and Actions Taken to Reduce High Blood Pressure Among US Adults Healthstyles
More informationA Study on Prevalence of Hypertension among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients admitted in the Nephrology Department of CAIMS, Karimnagar
Original Article A Study on Prevalence of Hypertension among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients admitted in the Nephrology Department of CAIMS, Karimnagar Murari Rajendra Prasad 1, Gopal Rao Jogdand 2, Mahesh
More informationFruits and Vegetables Why More Matters
Fruits and Vegetables Why More Matters Francene Steinberg, PhD, RD Professor and Chair Department of Nutrition University of California, Davis September 22, 2012 Obesity & Nutrition in a Changing World
More informationAmerican Diabetes Association: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2015
American Diabetes Association: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2015 Synopsis of ADA standards relevant to the 11 th Scope of Work under Task B.2 ASSESSMENT OF GLYCEMIC CONTROL Recommendations: Perform
More informationSodium and Health: Evidence, Policy, Reality
Sodium and Health: Evidence, Policy, Reality Cheryl A. M. Anderson, PhD, MPH, MS University of California San Diego Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Email: c1anderson@ucsd.edu Sodium Intake
More informationAlthough the association between blood pressure and
Two-Year Changes in Blood Pressure and Subsequent Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Men Howard D. Sesso, ScD, MPH; Meir J. Stampfer, MD, DrPH; Bernard Rosner, PhD; J. Michael Gaziano, MD, MPH; Charles
More informationThe Need for Balance in Evaluating the Evidence on Na and CVD
The Need for Balance in Evaluating the Evidence on Na and CVD Salim Yusuf Professor of Medicine, McMaster University Executive Director, Population Health Research Institute Vice-President Research, Hamilton
More informationThe Evidence for Populationwide Reduction in Sodium Intake: Why All the Fuss?
The Evidence for Populationwide Reduction in Sodium Intake: Why All the Fuss? CIA-Harvard Menus of Change National Leadership Summit June 10, 2014 Cambridge, MA General Session IV Lawrence J Appel, MD,
More informationL III: DIETARY APPROACH
L III: DIETARY APPROACH FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE PREVENTION General Guidelines For Dietary Interventions 1. Obtain a healthy body weight 2. Obtain a desirable blood cholesterol and lipoprotein profile
More informationLOCAL FRUITS AND VEGETABLES: NUTRIENT CONTENT AND BARRIERS TO CONSUMPTION
LOCAL FRUITS AND VEGETABLES: NUTRIENT CONTENT AND BARRIERS TO CONSUMPTION BRIAN PAYNE B. S C. M. S C. M. P H I L. N ATIONAL N U T R I T I O N C E N T R E M I N I S T R Y O F H E AL T H OBJECTIVE Give an
More informationAbundant evidence has accumulated supporting the association
Folate, Vitamin B 6, and B 12 Intakes in Relation to Risk of Stroke Among Men Ka He, MD; Anwar Merchant, DMD; Eric B. Rimm, ScD; Bernard A. Rosner, PhD; Meir J. Stampfer, MD; Walter C. Willett, MD; Alberto
More informationThe Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets and colorectal cancer 1 3
The Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets and colorectal cancer 1 3 Teresa T Fung, Frank B Hu, Kana Wu, Stephanie E Chiuve, Charles S Fuchs, and Edward Giovannucci ABSTRACT
More informationIntake of Fruit, Vegetables, and Fruit Juices and Risk of Diabetes in Women
Diabetes Care Publish Ahead of Print, published online April 4, 2008 Intake of Fruit Juices and Diabetes Intake of Fruit, Vegetables, and Fruit Juices and Risk of Diabetes in Women Lydia A. Bazzano, MD,
More informationThis presentation was supported, in part, by the University of Utah, where Patricia Guenther has an adjunct appointment.
1 Like the 2005 version, the Healthy Eating Index-2010 is a result of a collaboration among staff at the USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion and the National Cancer Institute. This presentation
More informationFructose, Uric Acid and Hypertension in Children and Adolescents
Fructose, Uric Acid and Hypertension in Children and Adolescents Daniel I. Feig, MD, PhD, MS Director, Division of Nephrology Department of Pediatrics University of Alabama, Birmingham Topics for Discussion
More informationDevelopment of the Eating Choices Index (ECI)
Development of the Eating Choices Index (ECI) GK Pot 1, CJ Prynne 1, M Richards 2, AM Stephen 1 1 MRC Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge UK 2 MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London UK Background
More informationFor instance, it can harden the arteries, decreasing the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart. This reduced flow can cause
High Blood Pressure Blood pressure is the force of blood against your artery walls as it circulates through your body. Blood pressure normally rises and falls throughout the day, but it can cause health
More informationDiet Analysis Assignment KNH 102 Sections B, C, D Spring 2011
Diet Analysis Assignment KNH 102 Sections B, C, D Spring 2011 Name: Kathryn Davis 1. Collect the following demographic information from your client. Age 19 Sex Female Ethnicity White Vegetarian? Specify
More informationBlood pressure (BP) is an established major risk factor for
Pulse Pressure Compared With Other Blood Pressure Indexes in the Prediction of 25-Year Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality Rates The Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry Study Katsuyuki
More informationExamining the relationship between beverage intake and cardiovascular health. Ian Macdonald University of Nottingham UK
Examining the relationship between beverage intake and cardiovascular health Ian Macdonald University of Nottingham UK Outline Assessment of evidence in relation to health risks of dietary components Cardiovascular
More informationFruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women s Health Study 1,2
Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women s Health Study 1,2 Simin Liu, JoAnn E Manson, I-Min Lee, Stephen R Cole, Charles H Hennekens, Walter C Willett, and Julie E Buring
More informationBritish Journal of Nutrition
(2014), 111, 353 362 q The Authors 2013 doi:10.1017/s0007114513002328 Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of CHD: results from prospective cohort studies of Chinese adults in Shanghai Danxia Yu 1, Xianglan
More informationProtocol and Diet Therapy
Protocol and Diet Therapy 1 ASSIGNMENT 2 Protocol and Diet Therapy Cardiovascular diseases are those that involve the disturbance in the functioning of the hearty and the blood. The most common types of
More informationThe New England Journal of Medicine PRIMARY PREVENTION OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN WOMEN THROUGH DIET AND LIFESTYLE. Population
PRIMARY PREVENTION OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN WOMEN THROUGH DIET AND LIFESTYLE MEIR J. STAMPFER, M.D., FRANK B. HU, M.D., JOANN E. MANSON, M.D., ERIC B. RIMM, SC.D., AND WALTER C. WILLETT, M.D. ABSTRACT
More information