Extruded rapeseed and rapeseed meal in nutrition of broilers

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1 Vidica Stanaćev 1, Vladislav Stanaćev 2, Niko Milošević 1, Nikola Puvača 1, Nada Plavša 1, Dragan Milić 2, Dejan Beuković 1, Natalija Džinić 3 1 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, Novi Sad, Serbia. 2 Perutnina Ptuj, Topiko doo, Petefi Brigade 2, Bačka Topola, Serbia. 3 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad, Serbia. Correspondin Author vidica.stanacev@stocarstvo.edu.rs Abstract This paper investigates the effect of extrusion of grain and rapeseed meal on production parameters, the carcass and meat quality of broilers chest. At the beginning of fattening, six groups with 75, day-old Ross 308 chicken hybrids were formed, with four repetitions. The control group was based on soybean meal and the experimental groups included three levels of extruded mixtures of rapeseed with corn 10, 15 and 20%, and two levels of extruded rapeseed meal 4 and 8%. The mixture is extruded in the ratio 50:50%. The experiment lasted 42 days. At the end of fattening period 8 chicks from each group were sacrificed for examination of quality of broiler s carcass and chest meat. Inclusion of extruded mixture in nutrition resulted in highly significant differences in body mass of chicks (P <0.01). At the end of the experiment control is achieved mass of g and experimental groups in a row, , and g. Feed conversion was increased from 2.5 to 3.5% in groups with rape. Final body weight of chickens in groups with extruded rapeseed meal was somewhat lower, and lagged behind the control group less than 5%. Feed conversion was satisfactory in all groups. The differences in carcass quality control and experimental groups were not significant (P> 0.05). Changes in nutrition of chickens had no influence (P> 0.05) on the nutritional quality of chest meat. Keywords: feed, extrusion, rapeseed meal, chicken, carcass quality, meat quality Introduction Protein ingredients are in deficit for an extended period of time on the world market. For these reasons, the production of biodiesel could help to mitigate the problem by using rapeseed meal in nutrition of broilers (Leeson and Summers, 1997). Of course, this requires the detailed examination of the changes in the structure of feeding of animals, as this feed component has actually not been used for commercial purposes. For the rapeseed is significant that it is the rich source of protein and oil, but contains plenty of fibre and ant nutritional factors that reduce the nutritional value. In truth, the breeders have done much to reduce their content, so the problem is solved by choice of ant nutritional varieties of rape seed in which the content of glucosinolates and erucic acid is minimized. However, it still needs to be careful when it comes to the quantity proportion of nutrients in complete mixtures (Nwokolo and Bragg, 1977; Paik et al., 1980; Keith and Bell, 1987; Stanaćev et al., 2002, Stanaćev et al., 2003; Stanaćev and Kovčin, 2004; Stanaćev et al., 2006; Saben et al., 1971; Kennelly et al., 1978; Bayley and Hill, 1975; Bell and Shires, 1982). Canola seed s characteristics indicate that they may be good feed component for concentrated meals, as most harmful substances are diluted due to high oil content, which also increases the energy content (Marjanović-Jeromela 203

2 et al., 2003; Stanaćev et al., 2006). In addition, it is essential that the seed is adequately grinded in order to be effectively digested (Slominski et al., 2003). In recent years, this is achieved by mixing with corn before passing through beater, and then by extrusion of this mixture additionally improves the utilization of nutrients. Nutritive value of canola seed meal can be improved by thermal extrusion process and by heat treatment to inactivate the enzyme myrosinase (Sakač et al., 2004; Filipović et al., 2004). Besides the usual changes that occur in the substrate as a result of heat treatment, extrusion allows changes in the functional properties of nutrients, and allows the achievement of the desired texture of the finished product (Pejić and Kovčin, 1995). Meat quality is a complex concept and is the result of numerous post-mortem and pre-mortem factors (Rede and Petrovic 1997). It is thought that nutrition as a pre-mortem factor, is dominant, i.e. more than 30% affect on carcass quality and meat (Rede and Petrović, 1997; Čepin and Čepon, 2001; D žinić, 2005). Having in mind the foregoing, the aim of this study was to examine the production parameters, carcass quality and nutritional quality of breast meat of chicken, fed with the mixture in which part of the soybean meal was replaced with different amounts of extruded rape seed with corn. Materials and methods Experiment was conducted in production conditions at the Experimental farm Pustara in Temerin, floor stocking system. At the beginning of fattening were formed six groups with 75, dayold Ross 308 chicken hybrids. Experiment was carried out in four repetitions in a total of 300 chickens per treatment. Two mixtures were used for feeding. The first three weeks starter mixture was used and then finisher mixture until the end of the experiment. From the finisher mixture was excluded coccidiostatic last week. The control group was fed with the mixture based on soybean meal, and the experimental groups were included three levels of extruded mixture of rape seed 10, 15 and 20% and two levels of extruded rapeseed meal in addition of 4% and 8% (Table 1). The mixtures were isoprotein and isoenergetic. Rapeseed is extruded with corn in the ratio 50:50%. During the experimental period, which lasted 42 days, the chickens are fed and watered ad libitum, and microclimate conditions regularly monitored. Control of of body mass and feed consumption was carried out every seven days. At the end of the experiment broilers, after 12h of starvation, were slaughtered, and then performed the following operations: bleeding, scalding, plucking feathers and removing internal organs, as well as cooling. Per eight carcasses ready for barbecue were cut in the basic anatomical parts from each group (Regulations: Sl. SFRJ No.1/81 and 51/88), breast, legs with drumstick, back with the pelvis, wings and abdominal fat and after that weighed. After that deboning breast tissue was done to determine the yield of breast meat and to determine the nutritional quality of meat. Chemical tests were conducted by AOAC methods (1980). For the purpose of proper interpretation of the results, obtained data were statistically analyzed by calculating the arithmetic mean and Dankan s test was done (Hadživuković, 1991). Table 1. Experiment with chickens as planed Group I II III IV V VI Treatment Control Extruded rapeseed mixture,% Extruded rapeseed meal,% in starter in grover / finisher

3 Results and discussion Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the induction of mixture of extruded rape seed in nutrition of broilers significantly influenced the intensity of growth (Table 2). In the first period of fattening, with younger individuals, depression of increase is slightly more expressed in group II and III than in the control, while in group IV depressive effect less expressed (631.28; ; ; ; and g). At the end of the experiment control group achieved mass of g. and experimental groups in a row, ; ; ; ; g, which, expressed in relative values of 4.61%, 3.75% and 3.24%, is less than in the control group. Table 2. Body weight of chickens, g Group I II III IV V VI Extruded rapeseed mixture,% Extruded rapeseed meal, % ,07 41, ,53 121, ,13 333, Aa B B b Index, % ,84 90, ,80 973, , , A B B B 2074, ,72 Index, % A-B P<0,01; a-b P<0,05; B-B and B-b not significant Analysis of variance and Dankan s test determined highly significant differences (P <0.01) between I and II, I and III, I and IV groups, while the differences between experimental groups II and III, II and IV and finally III and IV are not statistically significant. The introduction of extruded rapeseed meal in broiler nutrition had no significant effect on intensity of growth (Table 2). In the first period of fattening, with younger individuals, the differences are somewhat more expressed and they grow along with increasing participation of rapeseed meal (4% and 8%) compared to the control group (631.28; ; ; ; and g ). But, in the second fattening period, the differences are much smaller. The second group was behind the control group only 38g, and the third 64g, which, expressed in relative values, is 1.79% and 3.05% compared to the control group. Different participation of extruded rape seed had almost no impact on the efficiency of feed utilization (Table 3). In the first period, the lowest feed consumption had the IV group, 1.56 kg / kg of gain. Most efficient feed utilization is in the second fattening period and the entire experiment in the control group (1.89 and 1.80 kg / kg of gain), but in experimental groups feed conversion was increased from 2.67 to 3.45%. Different participation of extruded rapeseed meal had an impact on the efficiency of feed utilization (Table 3). In the first period of fattening the lowest and balanced consumption of feed had I and IV groups, 1.57 kg / kg of gain. The VI group follows with the conversion of 1.69 kg / kg of gain. Most efficient feed utilization is in the second fattening period and in the entire experiment in the control group (1.89 and 1.80 kg /kg of gain) and of experimental, group V with 4% extruded rapeseed meal (1.82 kg/kg). 205

4 Table 3. Feed conversion, kg/kg Group I II III IV V VI Extruded rapeseed mixture,% Extruded rapeseed meal, % I Period ,57 1,68 Index,% ,94 107,45 II Period ,92 2,01 Index,% ,82 106,68 Average ,82 1,92 Index,% ,57 107,11 Examining the carcass quality of control and experimental groups of chickens (Table 4) it was found that the greatest mass of cold carcass ready for barbecue had chickens of the sixth experimental group ( g), and the minimum weight chickens of group II ( g). However, detected numerical differences were not statistically significant (P> 0.05). The greatest weight of breast g was found in chickens of group VI, with 8% of extruded rapeseed meal, and the lowest g in chickens of group V. The differences between breast weight between control and experimental groups were not statistically significant (P> 0.05). The amount of abdominal fat is relatively low and was from 12.2 to 17.2 g. Since it is a good indicator of total fat content in the body, it can be concluded that the carcasses had no high amount of fat. Table 4. Weight of the carcass and more valuable carcass parts, Group Weight of cold carcass Weight of the chest Weight of legs with drumsticks Weight of the back with pelvis Weight of the wing Weight of abdominal fat I II III IV V VI P >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 Examination of the breast muscle yield, as indicated in Table 5, also determined numerical differences, but not statistically significant (P> 0.05). Breast of chickens of group VI had the highest yield of meat (380g), while the largest contribution of meat in the breast mass was detected in chickens of the control group, 74.23%. The largest proportion of breast meat (25.48%) in cooled carcasses was found in the II group of chickens, and in the other groups in the range from to 25.41%. The differences were not significant (P> 0.05). 206

5 Table 5. The chest muscle mass and their contribution to the mass of the chest and cold carcass weight Group The chest muscle mass Proportion of muscle mass of chest in mass of chest Proportion of muscle mass of chest in cold carcass weight I II III IV V VI P >0,05 >0,05 >0,05 Examination of the basic chemical structure of chest meat (Table 6) showed that the water content in the chest meat is the lowest in group IV and is 74.97%, the highest 75.34% in the experimental group, two (II). From the data in the same table can be seen that the lowest protein content of 23.08% is identified in the second group, and that the highest content of protein in the chest meat of group IV is 23.64%. Further, the same table shows that the content of free chest meat fat is very low and is in the range of 0.22% (IV) to 0.39% (V), and the standard deviation is in the range of 0.01 to 0.07%. It is evident that the average value of total chicken chest ash is in the range of 1.12% (I) to 1.23% (II). The determined differences for all studied parameters of quality of chicken chest are not statistically significant (P> 0.05). In terms of basic chemical composition chicken meat is very different from other types of meat. It contains more proteins and less fat, which results much lower quantity of calories and better digestibility, characteristics that are very important in assessing the nutritional aspects of meat. The results of the basic chemical structure of chest meat were in accordance with previous findings stated by Dakić, 1968, Pavlovski and Palmin, 1973; Perić et al., 1984; Džinić, 1996; Ristić, 1997; Kovačević, 2001., by which chicken breast meat contains cca 23% of proteins, about 1% of fat and 1.5% of total ash. Table 6. The basic chemical structure of chicken chest meat Group Water Proteins Free fat Total ash I II III IV V VI P >0,05 >0,05 >0,05 >0,05 207

6 Conclusion From the obtained results we can conclude that the use of extruded rape seed significantly affected the body weight in the first and second fattening period compared to the control group. At the end of the experiment the control group achieved a weight of g and experimental groups in a row, ; ; ; and g. Their differences from the control group are highly statistically significant (P <0.01). Feed conversion was increased from 2.5 to 3.5% in groups with rape. Final body weight of chickens in groups with extruded rapeseed meal was somewhat lower, and lagged behind the control group less than 5%. Feed conversion was satisfactory in all groups. Partial substitution of soybean meal with extruded rape seed and rapeseed meal, affected carcass quality of chickens, but these differences were not statistically significant (P> 0.05). Changes in the diet of chickens had no influence (P> 0.05) on the nutritional quality of chest meat. In all groups chest meat has high nutritional value. Acknowledgement The paper is part of the project Sustainable conventional and revitalized traditional production of poultry meat and eggs with added value TR , funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of Serbia. References AOAC (1980). Official methods of analysis of the association of official agricultural chemists. 13 th edition (Horwitz W. ed.) Published by AOAC, Washington. Bayley HS, Hill DC (1975). Nutritional evaluation of low and high fiber fractions of rapeseed meal using chickens and pigs. Can. J.Anim.Sci. 55: Bell JM, Shires A (1982). Composition and digestibility for pigs of hull fractions from rapeseed cultivars with yellow or brown seed coats. Can.J. Anim.Sci. 62: Čepin S, Čepon M (2001). Uticaj genetike i sredine na kvalitet junećeg trupa i mesa. Tehnologija mesa 42 (5-6): Dakić M (1968). Hemijski i strukturni sastav mesa živine, Zbornik radova»živinarski dani«, Ohrid. Džinić N, Rede R, Petrović Lj, Stojanović S, Lević J, Sredanović S (1996). Uticaj sačme uljane repice na prinos i kvalitet pilećeg mesa, Zbornik radova»tehnologija proizvodnje u službi kvaliteta«, Budva,167. Džinić N (2005). Uticaj endogenih i egzogenih faktora na kvalitet mesa svinja. Doktorska disertacija. Tehnološki fakultet, Univerzitet u Banja Luci, Filipović S, Sakač M, Borojević Č, Ristić M, Kormanjoš Š (2004). Tehnološki postupak ekstrudiranja uljane repice sa primarnim poljoprivrednim proizvodima. 45. Savetovanje»Proizvodnja i prerada uljarica«, Zbornik radova 45: Hadživuković S (1991). Statistički metodi, Drugo prošireno izdanje, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Novi Sad. Keith MO, Bell JM (1987). Effect of canola meal on tissue trace mineral concentrations in groving pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67:

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