Analytical methods and Chromatography
|
|
|
- Rhoda Butler
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Analytical methods and Chromatography Tinaïg Le Costaouëc Chromatography Service : Claire Boisset-Helbert (Scientific Supervisor) Laurine Buon (Technical Supervisor) Philippe Colin-Morel (Technician) Eric Bayma (Engineer assistant)
2 Polysaccharide HO Polymer of carbohydrates, linear or branched Composition : Neutral residue Acidic residue Hexosamines Substituents : organic, inorganic 2 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
3 HO Homopolysaccharides : one type of monosaccharide cellulose, amylose, dextran... HO Heteropolysaccharides : at least two types of different monosaccharides galactomannan, arabinoxylan, alginate 3 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
4 Origin Seaweeds Alginate, fucoidans Plants Cellulose Animals Chitin O HO CH 2 O NHAc HO O NHAc O CH 2 O HO CH 2 O NHAc 4 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
5 Bacteria Microalgae Fungi 5 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
6 Polysaccharide Applications 6 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
7 1 - Analysis of native polysaccharide Polysaccharide Applications 7 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
8 OD (595 nm) DO OD (480 nm) DO Overall composition Colorimetric assays Dosage of total carbohydrates : Dubois method (1956) 2,500 2,000 Gamme étalon (dosage sucres) Standard curve with glucose 1,500 1,000 y = 0,0433x R 2 = 0,9896 0,500 0, Quantity Quantité (µg) (µg) Dosage of proteins : Bradford method (1976) Gamme etalon (dosage protéines) 0,800 0,700 0,600 0,500 0,400 0,300 0,200 0,100 Standard curve with Bovin Serum Abumin y = 0,0344x R 2 = 0,9826 0, Quantity Quantité (µg) 8 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
9 Composition Neutral carbohydrates Mass percentage Uronic acids proteins Sulfate groups Polysaccharide Carbohydrate content = 60% Carbohydrate content : from 1% to 85 % 9 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
10 Characterization of polysaccharides HO Molecular weight Chemical composition Structural elucidation Chromatography 10 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
11 Chromatography Eluent Pump Injector Detector Columns Control and data analysis 11 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
12 Molecular weight HPSEC with double detection: - Differential refractometer - MALLS Da Da - Polydispersity Index PDI = Mw / Mn Chromatogram of a mixture of pullulans eluted on SB-803pak and SB804pak shodex columns in series 0,2M sodium nitrate The PDI reflects the heterogeneity of molecular weight distribution of polysaccharide chains 12 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
13 Carbohydrate composition Nature of glycosidic residues GC, IC (HPAEC-PAD), NMR 4)- -D-Glcp-(1 4)-a-D-GalpA-(1 4)-a-D-Galp-(1 3 1 a-d-glcpa 3 1 -D-GlcpA 4 1 4,6-Pyr- -D-Manp 13 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
14 Carbohydrate composition - Neutral carbohydrates CH 2 O D-glucose D-galactose D-mannose CH 3 O L-fucose L-rhamnose - Uronic acids - Hexosamines CO O D-glucuronic acid D-galacturonic acid CH 2 O NHAc N-acetyl-D-glucosamine N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 14 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
15 Polysaccharide Total depolymerization Derivatization or not Analysis - GC - IC (HPAEC-PAD) 15 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
16 Carbohydrate composition Gas Chromatography : Principle Total hydrolysis + + derivatization Analysis by GC + + Gas chromatograph AGILENT with Flame Ionisation Detection (FID) - or coupled with mass spectrometry 16 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
17 Gas Chromatography : Derivatization Preparation of Trimethylsilylated derivatives (TMS) of polysaccharides Preparation of Alditol acetates of polysaccharides HO O O HO O O HO O HO O O HO O O HO O Methanolysis Me/HCl 3 N, 4 h, 100 C Hydrolysis TFA 2N or H 2 SO 4 2N, 4h, 100 C HO HO O O Me + HO HO O O Me HO HO + HO HO Trimethylsilylation Pyridin + Sylon BSTFA TMCS 99:1, 12 h, room Tp Reduction and acetylation NaBH 4 /pyridin, acetic anhydrid OTms O Tms O Tms OMe O + OTms Tms O Tms O OTms O OMe OTms OAc OAc AcO OAc AcO + OAc AcO AcO OAc OAc OAc OAc 17 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
18 Gas Chromatography : Principle or Flame Ionization detector 30 m X 0.53 mm, 0.2 µm id 18 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
19 Gas Chromatography : Alditol acetate derivatization AGILENT 6850 with Mass Spectrometry Detection Separation of alditol acetates of monosaccharides injected on a Supelco SP-2380 column, with helium as vector gas Identification and quantification of neutral sugars and hexosamines One peak for one type of sugar 19 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
20 Ara Man Rha Ara Ara Gal GalNAc GalNAc GlucNAc GalNAc Gal Glc Ara Gal GalNAc GlucNAc Man Glc Gas Chromatography : Trimethylsilylation derivatization AGILENT 6850 with Flame Ionisation Detection (FID) Separation of trimethylsilylated monosaccharides of hydrolysed polysaccharide injected on a HP5-MS column, with nitrogen as vector gas Myo-inositol????? Identification and quantification of neutral sugars, hexosamines and uronic acids Between one and four peaks for one type of sugar 20 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
21 High Perfomance Anion exchange Chromatography (HPAEC) CarboPac column Construction Core Sulfonated surface Ion-Exchange Surface Quaternary ammonium functionalized latex High ph: ionized carbohydrates Na NaOAc eluents 21 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
22 Galacturonique acid HPAEC-PAD Analysis of carbohydrate without derivatization Ionic chromatography DIONEX with Pulsed Amperometry Detection Separation of monosaccharides on a CarboPac PA1 column (Dionex) eluted with a Na/NaOAc gradient 95 nc ETALONNAGE-TFA #4 Etalon 4 ED_ rha arabi gala glucose 6 - ma xyl r fucose - 8, rhamnose - 16, arabinose - 18, galactose - 25, glucose - 28, xylose - 31, ribose - 38, , Acide Gal - 45, Acide glc - 46, , , , ,834-6 min 4,3 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 18,0 20,0 22,0 24,0 26,0 28,0 30,0 32,0 34,0 36,0 38,0 40,0 42,0 44,0 46,0 48,4 22 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
23 Linkages analysis O 2 1 Position of substituents GC/MS 4)- -D-Glcp-(1 4)-a-D-GalpA-(1 4)-a-D-Galp-(1 3 1 a-d-glcpa 3 1 -D-GlcpA 4 1 4,6-Pyr- -D-Manp Nature of glycosidic linkages GC/MS and NMR Linkage ose/ose 4? 3? Linkage ose/substituent 4? 3? Cyclic form of residues p or f GC/MS 23 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
24 Linkage analysis - methylation and GC/MS PMAA Partially methylated alditol acetates 24 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
25 GC / MS of PMAA derivatives GC Ribose linked in C2 : 1,2,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-deuterio-3,5-di-O-methyl-D-ribitol Myo-inositol MS HDCOAc 161 OAc OMe OAc 190 H2COMe 25 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
26 Corresponding substituted residue Type of monosaccharide Alditol acetates partially methylated Primary fragments (m/z) Corresponding substituted residu Fucose 1,5-di-O -acétyl-2,3,4-tri-o -méthyl-fucitol Fucp -(1-> Rhamnose 1,5-di-O -acétyl-2,3,4-tri-o -méthyl-rhamnitol Rhap -(1-> 1,2,5-tri-O -acétyl-3,4-di-o -méthyl-rhamnitol et/ou 1,4,5-tri-O -acétyl-2,3-di-o -méthyl-rhamnitol et/ou >2) et/ou 4)-Rhap -(1-> 1,3,5-tri-O -acétyl-2,4-di-o -méthyl-rhamnitol >3)-Rhap -(1-> 1,3,4,5-tri-O -acétyl-2-o -méthyl-rhamnitol >3,4)-Rhap -(1-> 1,2,3,5-tri-O -acétyl-4-o -méthyl-rhamnitol >2,3)-Rhap -(1-> Glucose 1,5-di-O -acétyl-2,3,4,6-tétra-o -méthyl-glucitol Glcp -(1-> a 1,4,5-tri-O -acétyl-2,3,6-tri-o -méthyl-glucitol >4)-Glcp -(1-> Galactose 1,5-di-O -acétyl-2,3,4,6-tétra-o -méthyl-galactitol Galp -(1-> 1,3,5-tri-O -acétyl-2,4,6-tri-o -méthyl-galactitol >3)-Galp -(1-> 1,4,5-tri-O -acétyl-2,3,6-tri-o -méthyl-galactitol >4)-Galp -(1-> b 1,3,5,6-tétra-O -acétyl-2,4-di-o -méthyl-galactitol >3,6)-Galp-(1-> Mannose 1,5-di-O -acétyl-2,3,4,6-tétra-o -méthyl-mannitol Manp -(1-> a 1,4,5-tri-O -acétyl-2,3,6-tri-o -méthyl-mannitol >4)-Manp -(1-> b 1,2,3,5-tétra-O -acétyl-4,6-di-o -méthyl-mannitol >2,3)-Manp -(1-> Glucuronic acid 1,5,6-tri-O -acétyl-2,3,4-tri-o -méthyl-6-d 2 -glucitol GlcpA -(1-> 1,3,5,6-tétra-O -acétyl-2,4-di-o -méthyl-6-d 2 -glucitol >3)-Glcp A-(1-> 1,4,5,6-tétra-O -acétyl-2,3-di-o -méthyl-6-d 2 -glucitol >4)-Glcp A-(1-> Galacturonic acid 1,3,4,5,6-tétra-O -acétyl-2-di-o -méthyl-6-d 2 -galactitol >3,4)-Galp A-(1-> Ramifications and/or Substituents 26 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
27 Substituents Nature and position of substituents EA, IC, IR and NMR 4)- -D-Glcp-(1 4)-a-D-GalpA-(1 4)-a-D-Galp-(1 3 1 a-d-glcpa 3 1 -D-GlcpA 4 1 4,6-Pyr- -D-Manp 27 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
28 Substituents Ionic chromatography Dionex with Conductimetric detection Separation of organic acids and inorganic groups on IonPac AS11 column (Dionex) eluent: Na gradient 28 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
29 Elemental analysis: Central Analysis Service of Lyon Inorganic substituents : Sulfate, phosphate content SO 3 - Lactate 1D/2D NMR Organic substituents : Lactate, pyruvate, succinate Lac Pyruvate Pyr ppm 1 H NMR spectra of native bacterial EPS (70 C, 500 MHz) 29 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
30 Laminarin FT-IR spectroscopy O-H C-H Sulfated Laminarin C=O C-O C-O-S S=O 30 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
31 Full structure / Sequence Analysis by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Anomeric configuration a / Presence and position of substituents 4)- -D-Glcp-(1 4)-a-D-GalpA-(1 4)-a-D-Galp-(1 3 1 a-d-glcpa 3 1 -D-GlcpA 4 1 4,6-Pyr- -D-Manp Linkages position 4 3 Sequence Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
32 Analysis by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 1 H, 13 C COSY, TOCSY HSQC, HMBC 32 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
33 Analysis by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 1 H, 13 C COSY, TOCSY HSQC, HMBC H6a-6b/C6 Substituted Anomeric HSQC NMR spectrum of microalgae polysaccharide (55 C, 400 MHz) 33 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
34 2 - Analysis after depolymerisation Polysaccharide Applications 34 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
35 Partial depolymerization 1. Native polysaccharide analysis 2. Partial depolymerisation 3. Fractionation 4. Oligosaccharidic fraction analysis Structure 35 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
36 Depolymerization of polysaccharides Enzyme hydrolysis Specific degradations Chemical hydrolysis Non specific degradations Methanolysis (Me/HCl) Acidic hydrolysis (HCl, H 2 SO 4, TFA ) Radical Hydrolysis (H 2 O 2 ) Specific degradations Smith degradation -Elimination Lithium degradation 36 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
37 Purification of oligosaccharides Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) Largest molecules Excluded Separated smallest molecules Late elution Exclusion Gel granule Pores in the granule gel Elution with Vo 37 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
38 Size Exclusion Chromatography Separation and purification of maltodextrins from DP1 to DP10 on a Biogel P2, elution with H 2 O 38 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
39 HPAEC-PAD for Oligosaccharides separation Ionic chromatography DIONEX with Pulsed Amperometry Detection Separation of maltodextrins from DP 2 to DP 7 on a CarboPac PA1 column (Dionex) eluted with Na/NaOAc gradient maltod (1à7) #1 [modified by Administrateu maltod DP:1à7 ED_ nc maltose - 24, maltotriose - 27, maltotétraose - 30, maltopentaose - 32, maltohexaose - 34, maltoheptaose - 36, , , min 14,3 16,3 17,5 18,8 20,0 21,3 22,5 23,8 25,0 26,3 27,5 28,8 30,0 31,3 32,5 33,8 35,0 36,3 37,5 38,8 40,0 41,3 43,0 39 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
40 Oligosaccharide Analysis Carbohydrate composition (GC) Linkages analysis (GC/MS) Sequence D/2D NMR Mass spectrometry (ESI-IT, MALDI-TOF) 40 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
41 3 - Example: Structure of a microalgae Cell wall polysaccharide Polysaccharide Applications 41 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
42 Purification Microalgae powder Soxhlet extraction Ethanol, then acetone Residue 66 % w/w Oven 60 C overnight Residue 58 % w/w Water-80 C-2h X2 Residue Filtration 0.45µm lyophilisation Storage polysaccharide (β-glucan) 12 % w/w Chlorite (80 C, 3h) / Na 1% (RT,1h) Na 4% (100 C, 45 min) Residue X3 Cell wall polysaccharide 3-5 % w/w Concentration, dialysis 1kDa, filtration 0.45 µm, lyophilisation 42 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
43 Native cell wall polysaccharide analysis Colorimetric assays - Total sugar: Dubois - Proteins: Bradford assay - Sulfate groups: elemental analysis (EA) Molecular weight HPSEC/MALLS Total sugar % w/w Proteins % w/w Sulfate groups % w/w Mw g/mol Cell wall Polysacch aride 51,3 ± 4,7 7,0 ± 1,5 5, Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
44 Native cell wall polysaccharide Carbohydrate composition: GC Trimethylsilyl derivatives preparation Man / GlcA 4,5 / 1 Linkage analysis: GC/MS Partially methylated alditol acetates preparation (Hakomori, 1964) Residue type % of total residues Manp-(1 2,0 3)-Manp-(1 60,5 2,3)-Manp-(1 31,7 44 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
45 Depolymerization Partial depolymerization Non specific degradations Acidic hydrolysis Specific degradations Smith degradation Fractionation Analysis 45 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
46 Microalgae cell wall polysaccharide structure Smith degradation / Fractionation NaIO 4 50 mm NaIO 4 oxidation, hydrolysis 1,5% Acetic acid, 2h, 100 C NaBH 4 H 3 O + H 3 O + Toyopearl HW-40 Gel 16/100, NH 4 OAc 0.1M, 0.4 ml/min 46 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
47 Microalgae cell wall polysaccharide structure Mild acid hydrolysis / Fractionation Hydrolysis 0.2 N TFA, 2h, 100 C 1 st purification: Superdex 30 HiLoad 26/600, Ammonium carbonate 0.1M, 1.5 ml/min 2 nd purification: 3 Superdex 30 HiLoad 26/600, Ammonium carbonate 0.1M, 1.5 ml/min 47 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
48 Microalgae cell wall polysaccharide structure Mild acid hydrolysis Smith degradation Analysis of the fractions GC GC/MS 2D NMR 48 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
49 NMR Fractions after mild acid hydrolysis 1 H- 13 C HMBC spectra 1 H spectra DP2 2 3 DP DP H NMR spectra of (A) DP2, (B) DP3 and (C) DP5 fractions recovered after mild acid hydrolysis and size-exclusion purification of the microalgae cell wall polysaccharide (D2O, 25 C, 400 MHz) Partial 1 H- 13 C HMBC spectra of (A) polysaccharide after Smith Degradation (D 2 O, 50 C, 500 MHz, with cryoprobe), (B) trisaccharide and (C) pentasaccharide, (D 2 O, 25 C, 400 MHz) 49 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
50 NMR Fractions after Smith degradation 1 H spectra Native polysaccharide SD Fraction 1 H NMR spectra of native and SD polysaccharide, D 2 O, 80 C, 500 MHz 50 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
51 Structure hypothesis Nature of glycosidic residues GC, NMR Nature of glycosidic linkages GC/MS and NMR 3)α-Man(1 3)α-Man(1 3)α-Man(1 3)α-Man(1 3)α-Man(1 3)α-Man(1 Anomeric configuration of glycosidic linkages NMR 2) β-glca 2) SO 3 Nature and position of substituents GC/MS, EA and NMR Sequence of glycosidic residues 2D NMR Many tools for polysaccharide structure analysis! 51 Alage4a-b - Workshop - Grenoble 2017
Oligosaccharide Analysis by High-Performance Anion- Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection
Oligosaccharide Analysis by High-Performance Anion- Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection Jeff Rohrer, Ph.D. Director, Applications Development, Dionex Products 1 The world leader
Appendix. Nondigestible Carbohydrates: Structure and Sources
Appendix s: Structure and s A primer on carbohydrate structure Numbering System: Carbon molecules are numbered successively from the carbon group containing the aldehyde group (before cyclization) counterclockwise.
Supplementary Data: Monosaccharide Composition and Linkage Analysis of RPS
Supplementary Data: Monosaccharide Composition and Linkage Analysis of RPS Methods: Glycosyl composition analysis was done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of the monosaccharide alditol
PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE
106 CHAPTER 5 PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE 5.1. Introduction Exopolysaccharides are long-chain polysaccharides consist of branched, repeating units of sugars or sugar derivatives.
Questions- Carbohydrates. A. The following structure is D-sorbose. (Questions 1 7) CH 2 OH C = O H C OH HO C H H C OH
Questions- Carbohydrates A. The following structure is D-sorbose. (Questions 1 7) CH 2 C = O H C HO C H H C CH 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Which characteristic is different when comparing the open-chain forms of
LC/MS Analysis of Various Hydrophilic Compounds Using a Polymer-Based Amino Column - Shodex TM HILICpak TM VG-50 2D
LC/MS Analysis of Various Hydrophilic Compounds Using a Polymer-Based Amino Column - Shodex TM HILICpak TM VG-50 2D Introduction Components of pharmaceutical products and food products often include high
Palmitoylation of xanthan polysaccharide for self-assembly microcapsule formation and encapsulation of cells in physiological conditions
Supporting Online Material for almitoylation of xanthan polysaccharide for self-assembly microcapsule formation and encapsulation of cells in physiological conditions na Carina Mendes, Erkan Turker Baran,
Carbohydrates in Food
Application Note Food & Beverage The finest LC-EC Applications for Food & Beverage analysis Carbohydrates Phenols Bisphenol A Catechins Flavonoids Phenols Antioxidants Resveratrol Epicatechin Quercetin
CarboPac PA-100 Column for Oligosaccharide Analysis
columns CarboPac PA- Column for Oligosaccharide Analysis HPLC Columns for Oligosaccharide Mapping and Purification Predictable, high resolution separations of oligosaccharides released from glycoproteins
Separation of Saccharides Using TSKgel Amide-80, a Packing Material for High-performance Normal Phase Partition Chromatography (2) Table of Contents
No. 079 SEPARATION REPORT Separation of Saccharides Using TSKgel Amide-80, a Packing Material for High-performance Normal Phase Partition Chromatography (2) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Comparison
ANTEC LEYDEN. Analysis of Carbohydrates in Food and Beverages using Anion-Exchange Chromatography and Pulsed Amperometric. Introduction.
X Axis Title 220_002 #03 ANTEC LEYDEN System solutions from Antec Leyden... naturally! Analysis of Carbohydrates in Food and Beverages using Anion-Exchange Chromatography and Pulsed Amperometric Detection
Disaccharides. Three Important Disaccharides Maltose, Lactose, and Sucrose. The formation of these three common disaccharides are:
DISACCHARIDES Disaccharides Three Important Disaccharides Maltose, Lactose, and Sucrose The formation of these three common disaccharides are: 2 Disaccharides Maltose (Malt Sugar) Maltose is known as malt
Glycosyl composition of polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia. II. Glycosyl linkages
Acta Pharm. 54 (2004) 73 78 Short communication Glycosyl composition of polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia. II. Glycosyl linkages MUSLIARAKATBACKER JAFAR 1* P. AZADI 2 1 Department of Chemistry,
columns CarboPac PA20 Column
columns CarboPac PA Column Anion-exchange columns for the analysis of mono- and disaccharides in glycoprotein therapeutics, foods, and beverages: Simple, direct approach using pulsed electrochemical detection
Dr. Basima Sadiq Ahmed PhD. Clinical biochemist
Dr. Basima Sadiq Ahmed PhD. Clinical biochemist MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE 1. major source of energy for man. e.g, glucose is used in the human body for energy production. 2. serve as reserve food
Isolation and Structural Characterization of. Echinocystic Acid Triterpenoid Saponins from the. Australian Medicinal and Food Plant Acacia ligulata
Isolation and Structural Characterization of Echinocystic Acid Triterpenoid Saponins from the Australian Medicinal and Food Plant Acacia ligulata Diana Jæger,, Chi P. Ndi, Christoph Crocoll, Bradley S.
189,311, , ,561, ,639, ,679, Ch13; , Carbohydrates. Oligosaccharides: Determination of Sequence
Lecture (2//7) Reading: Chs4,6,8,0,4,6,7,8; 28-29, 89,,77-80,555-557,56,62-622,69,662-66,679, 69-694 Ch; 497-50, 507-54 Problems: Ch (text); 5,6,9,0,22,24 Ch7 (study-guide: applying); 4 Ch7 (study-guide:
Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry
Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry Edited by H.F. Linskens and J.F. Jackson Contributors R.S. Bandurski G. Combaut A.Ehmann P.Hedden B.Janistyn H.Kameoka H.Kodama D.V.Lynch J.K.MacLeod H.Nyberg L.M.S.Palni
Isolation and Characterisation of Hemicelluloses Extracted by Steam and Alkaline Peroxide at Different Temperatures from Sugarcane Bagasse
Isolation and Characterisation of Hemicelluloses Extracted by Steam and Alkaline Peroxide at Different Temperatures from Sugarcane Bagasse Protibha Nath Banerjee The hemicelluloses from sugarcane bagasse
Oligosaccharide Profiling of O-linked Oligosaccharides Labeled with 2 Aminobenzoic Acid (2-AA)
Oligosaccharide Profiling of O-linked Oligosaccharides Labeled with 2 Aminobenzoic Acid (2-AA) Elisabeth A. Kast and Elizabeth A. Higgins GlycoSolutions Corporation, Worcester, MA Data originally presented
The Chemistry of Wood and Kraft Pulping. 1
The Chemistry of Wood and Kraft Pulping ragauskas@hotmail.com 1 Typical Composition of Wood Cellulose (41-53%) Hemicellulose (25-41%) Lignin (16-33%) Extractives (2-5%) Inorganics (
Mono- and Disaccharides
Application Note Food/Beverage/Life Sciences The finest LC-EC Applications for Food & Beverage analysis Mono- and Phenols Bisphenol A Catechins Flavonoids Phenols Antioxidants Resveratrol Epicatechin Quercetin
Separation of Saccharides Using TSKgel Amide-80, a Packing Material for High Performance Normal Phase Partition Chromatography (2)*
ANALYSIS S e p a r a t i o n R e p o r t N o. 7 9 Separation of Saccharides Using TSKgel Amide-80, a Packing Material for High Performance Normal Phase Partition Chromatography (2)* *Please refer to Separation
24.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates
24.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (sugars) are abundant in nature: They are high energy biomolecules. They provide structural rigidity for organisms (plants, crustaceans, etc.). The polymer
CLASS 11th. Biomolecules
CLASS 11th 01. Carbohydrates These are the compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen having hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as that of water, i.e. 2 : 1. They are among the most widely distributed
Carbohydrates. Chapter 12
Carbohydrates Chapter 12 Educational Goals 1. Given a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it as either aldoses or ketoses. 2. Given a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it by
Analysis - Carbohydrate analysis
employ a technique called ligand exchange chromatography for the separation of monosaccharides, disaccharides and oligosaccharides up to 15 glucose units long. Ligand exchange resins are highly sulfonated
Glycoprotein monosaccharide analysis using HPAE-PAD with manually prepared eluent
TECHNICAL NOTE 75 Glycoprotein monosaccharide analysis using HPAE-PAD with manually prepared eluent Authors Sachin Patil and Jeffrey Rohrer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA, USA Keywords Glycoprotein,
Characterization of Alkali Extracting Polysaccharides from Cultured Cordyceps militaris
Characterization of Alkali Extracting Polysaccharides from Cultured Cordyceps militaris Xiaoli Chen 1 *, Guanghong Wu 2, and Zhuolie Huang 2 1 College of Food Science and Technology, Modern Biochemistry
CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY
Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY Polysaccharides 2 By Ayman Elsamanoudy Objectives (ILOs) I. to study the definition, classification of polysaccharides II. to know the
Identification of novel endophenaside antibiotics produced by Kitasatospora sp. MBT66
SUPPORTING INFORMATION belonging to the manuscript: Identification of novel endophenaside antibiotics produced by Kitasatospora sp. MBT66 by Changsheng Wu 1, 2, Gilles P. van Wezel 1, *, and Young Hae
Chapter 16: Carbohydrates
Vocabulary Aldose: a sugar that contains an aldehyde group as part of its structure Amylopectin: a form of starch; a branched chain polymer of glucose Amylose: a form of starch; a linear polymer of glucose
Chapter 23 Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids. Carbohydrates
Chapter 23 Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Synthesized by plants using sunlight to convert CO 2 and H 2 O to glucose and O 2. Polymers include starch and cellulose. Starch is storage unit
Thermo Scientific Dionex CarboPac MA1 Column
CHROMATOGRAPHY Thermo Scientific Dionex CarboPac MA Column Product Specifications HPLC columns for the analysis of weakly ionizable carbohydrates. Simple methods with pulsed amperometric detection Reduced
Stability of polysaccharides against degradation and the techniques used to assess their molecular integrity
Stability of polysaccharides against degradation and the techniques used to assess their molecular integrity Stability studies of polysaccharides turned out to be of huge practical importance. They improved
Thermo Scientific Dionex CarboPac PA100 Column
CHROMTOGRPHY Thermo Scientific Dionex CarboPac P Column Product Specifications HPLC Columns for Oligosaccharide Mapping and Purification Predictable, high resolution separations of oligosaccharides released
For more info visit
Carbohydrates Classification of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides: Polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis to give simpler carbohydrates.examples: Glucose, Fructose,
Heparin Sodium ヘパリンナトリウム
Heparin Sodium ヘパリンナトリウム Add the following next to Description: Identification Dissolve 1 mg each of Heparin Sodium and Heparin Sodium Reference Standard for physicochemical test in 1 ml of water, and
Nature, Properties and Functions of EPS in the Biofilm Mode of Life. Edinburgh University
Nature, Properties and Functions of EPS in the Biofilm Mode of Life Ian W. Sutherland Institute of of Cell & Molecular Biology Role of the biofilm matrix Biofilm matrix performs various functions: Stabilises
Mass Spectrometry of Glycans and Glycoproteins
Mass Spectrometry of Glycans and Glycoproteins Ron rlando Complex Carbohydrate Research Center University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602 Course utline Saturday Morning 7:00 am 8:00 am Continental Breakfast
Dr. Entedhar Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are carbon compounds that have aldehyde (C-H=0) or ketone (C=O) moiety and comprises polyhyroxyl alcohol
Dr. Entedhar Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are carbon compounds that have aldehyde (C-H=0) or ketone (C=O) moiety and comprises polyhyroxyl alcohol (polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhyroxyketone); their polymers,which
Pharmazeutische Biologie und Phytochemie. Glycoconjugates from plants as antiadhesive Compounds against Helicobacter pylori
WESTFÄLISCHE WILHELMS-UNIVERSITÄT MÜNSTER Pharmazeutische Biologie und Phytochemie Glycoconjugates from plants as antiadhesive Compounds against Helicobacter pylori Ribes nigrum L. Abelmoschus esculentus
ANALYSIS OF CARNAUBA WAX ON BPX5
FOO 01 - FOOD ANALYSIS OF CARNAUBA WAX ON BPX5 CARNAUBA WAX Column Part No.: 054118 Phase: BPX5, 0.25 µm film 12 m x 0.32 mm ID Initial Temp: 100 C, 2 min Rate: 10 C/min Final Temp: Detector: Sensitivity:
Determination of Plant-Derived Neutral Oligo- and Polysaccharides Using the CarboPac PA200
Application Update 15 Determination of Plant-Derived Neutral Oligo- and Polysaccharides Using the CarboPac PA2 INTRODUCTION High-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection
Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY. By Hussein Abdelaziz
Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY 2 By Hussein Abdelaziz Disaccharides Disaccharides consist of two sugars joined by an O-glycosidic bond. The most abundant disaccharides
Abdullah zurayqat. Bahaa Najjar. Mamoun Ahram
9 Abdullah zurayqat Bahaa Najjar Mamoun Ahram Polysaccharides Polysaccharides Definition and Structure [Greek poly = many; sacchar = sugar] are complex carbohydrates, composed of 10 to up to several thousand
Ion Chromatography: A Versatile Technique for the Analysis of Beer
Application Note 6 Ion Chromatography: A Versatile Technique for the Analysis of Beer INTRODUCTION Ion chromatography is an efficient technique for the analysis and quantification of ions in solution.
CARBOHYDRATES (SUGARS)
ARBYDRATES (SUGARS) ARBYDRATES: 1. Most Abundant Molecules on Earth: (100 MILLIN METRI TNS f 2 And 2 0 onverted To ellulose and ther Plant Products/Year) 2. FUNTINS: Diet, Energy, Structural, Signalling
Biotechnology for Biofuels. Open Access RESEARCH. M. C. Jonathan 1, J. DeMartini 2, S. Van Stigt Thans 3, R. Hommes 3 and M. A.
DOI 10.1186/s13068-017-0803-3 Biotechnology for Biofuels RESEARCH Open Access Characterisation of non degraded oligosaccharides in enzymatically hydrolysed and fermented, dilute ammonia pretreated corn
BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURES BY RASAQ, N.O
BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURES BY RASAQ, N.O LECTURE CONTENT INTRODUCTION POLYSACCHARIDES STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDES: CELLULOSE AND CHITIN BACTERIA CELL WALLS PEPTIDOGLYCAN PENICILLIN AND β-lactam ANTIBIOTICS AND
BCH 4053 Spring 2001 Chapter 7 Lecture Notes
BC 4053 Spring 2001 Chapter 7 Lecture Notes 1 Chapter 7 Carbohydrates 2 Carbohydrates: Nomenclature ydrates of carbon General formula (C 2 ) n (simple sugars) or C x ( 2 0) y Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Phases Available Description Applications Additional Notes RCM-Monosaccharide (L19 packing)*
Carbohydrate and Organic Acid Analysis Excellent resolution Wide range of selectivities Excellent column-to-column reproducibility Recommended alternative to Bio-Rad, Supelco Supelcogel and Waters Sugar-Pak
SOLUBLE DIETARY FIBERS FROM TRIGONELLA FOENUM GRAECUM LINN. SEED AND THEIR STRUCTURES
Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 38, No. 1, 19-26, 2014 SOLUBLE DIETARY FIBERS FROM TRIGONELLA FOENUM GRAECUM LINN. SEED AND THEIR STRUCTURES NILUFAR NAHAR * AND A. K. M. AHSAN HABIB Department
1 Preparation and Characterization of Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes
1 Preparation and Characterization of Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes To explain the difficulty in separating lignin from carbohydrates in wood, Erdman (1866) hypothesized that the two combined chemically
Welcome to Class 7. Class 7: Outline and Objectives. Introductory Biochemistry
Welcome to Class 7 Introductory Biochemistry Class 7: Outline and Objectives l Monosaccharides l Aldoses, ketoses; hemiacetals; epimers l Pyranoses, furanoses l Mutarotation, anomers l Disaccharides and
Potential of Daughter Ion Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS-CID) in the Analysis of Cationic and Methyl Starches
Potential of Daughter Ion Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS-CID) in the Analysis of Cationic and Methyl Starches Petra Mischnick, Wiebke Tüting, Roland Adden TU Braunschweig Starch amorphous domain amorphous growth
HC-75 Calcium Form. 305 x 7.8 mm HC-75 Calcium Form (P/N 79436)
Page 1 of 5 U S A Example Applications HPLC Application Index Ordering Information Contact HPLC Support Polymeric cross-linked soft-gel columns for cation, ligand exchange separation of carbohydrates:
Measurement of Fructan and FOS
Measurement of Fructan and FOS Updated Methodology to Include Levans as well as Inulin and Agave Fructan Barry McCleary and Lucie Charmier Megazyme Fructan is defined as any compound where one or more
THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS. Polyketomycin, a New Antibiotic from Streptomyces sp. MK277-AF1. II. Structure Determination
THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS Polyketomycin, a New Antibiotic from Streptomyces sp. MK277-AF1 II. Structure Determination ISAO MOMOSE, WEI CHEN, HIKARU NAKAMURA, HIROSHI NAGANAWA, HIRONOBU IINUMA and TOMIO
Chemistry 110. Bettelheim, Brown, Campbell & Farrell. Ninth Edition. Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry Chapter 20 Carbohydrates
hemistry 110 Bettelheim, Brown, ampbell & Farrell Ninth Edition Introduction to General, rganic and Biochemistry hapter 20 arbohydrates Polyhydroxy Aldehydes & Ketones arbohydrates A A arbohydrate is a
CHAPTER 7 Carbohydrates and Glycobiology. Key topics about carbohydrates
CHAPTER 7 Carbohydrates and Glycobiology Key topics about carbohydrates Structures and names of monosaccharides Open-chain and ring forms of monosaccharides Structures and properties of disaccharides Biological
Hypersil BDS and Hypersil Classical HPLC Columns
LC Columns and Accessories Hypersil BDS and Hypersil Classical HPLC Columns Exceptionally reliable and reproducible general purpose columns Exceptionally reliable robust columns that guarantee you have
An aldose contains an aldehyde functionality A ketose contains a ketone functionality
RCT Chapter 7 Aldoses and Ketoses; Representative monosaccharides. (a)two trioses, an aldose and a ketose. The carbonyl group in each is shaded. An aldose contains an aldehyde functionality A ketose contains
Lecture-1 Introduction, Carbohydrates importance &classification Biochemistry, as the name implies, is the chemistry of living organisms.
Lecture-1 Introduction, Carbohydrates importance &classification Biochemistry, as the name implies, is the chemistry of living organisms. Living organisms, whether they are microorganisms, plants or animals
Carbohydrates. What are they? What do cells do with carbs? Where do carbs come from? O) n. Formula = (CH 2
Carbohydrates What are they? Formula = (C 2 O) n where n > 3 Also called sugar Major biomolecule in body What do cells do with carbs? Oxidize them for energy Store them to oxidize later for energy Use
Silicon Forms in Soluble Pectin Substances Extracted by Hot Water from Plant Cell Wall
Received for Publication, October, Silicon Forms in Soluble Pectin Substances Extracted by Hot Water from Plant Cell Wall Shunji INANAGA, Naoya CHISHAKI and Neng Chang CHEN Laboratory of Plant Nutrition
2.2: Sugars and Polysaccharides François Baneyx Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington
2.2: Sugars and Polysaccharides François Baneyx Department of hemical Engineering, University of Washington baneyx@u.washington.edu arbohydrates or saccharides are abundant compounds that play regulatory
Chapter 20 Carbohydrates Chapter 20
Chapter 20 Carbohydrates Chapter 20 1 Carbohydrates Carbohydrate: A polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone, or a substance that gives these compounds on hydrolysis. Monosaccharide: A carbohydrate that
Unequalled durability against water elution. % tr
Unequalled durability against water elution 2 Revolutionary aqueous durability for aminopropyl phase 1 3 4 1. fructose (2.5mg/mL) 3. sucrose (2.5mg/mL) 500 hr 2. glucose 400 hr Aqueous to non-aqueous Normal
The Determination of Carbohydrates, Alcohols, and Glycols in Fermentation Broths
The Determination of Carbohydrates, Alcohols, and Glycols in Fermentation Broths Valoran Hanko and Jeffrey S. Rohrer Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA, USA Application Note 122 Introduction Fermentation
HW #9: 21.36, 21.52, 21.54, 21.56, 21.62, 21.68, 21.70, 21.76, 21.82, 21.88, 21.94, Carbohydrates
Chemistry 131 Lectures 16 & 17: Carbohydrates Chapter 21 in McMurry, Ballantine, et. al. 7 th edition 05/24/18, 05/25/18 W #9: 21.36, 21.52, 21.54, 21.56, 21.62, 21.68, 21.70, 21.76, 21.82, 21.88, 21.94,
HPLC Analysis of Sugars
HPLC Analysis of Sugars Pre-Lab Exercise: 1) Read about HPLC, sugars and the experiment and its background. 2) Prepare a flowchart as appropriate for the lab exercise. 3) Note the various sugar concentrations
TWO NEW ELLAGIC ACID GLYCOSIDES FROM LEAVES OF DIPLOPANAX STACHYANTHUS
Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, December 2004, Vol. 6 (4), pp. 271 276 TWO NEW ELLAGIC ACID GLYCOSIDES FROM LEAVES OF DIPLOPANAX STACHYANTHUS XIAO-HONG YAN and YUE-WEI GUO* State Key Laboratory
GlycanPac AXR-1 Columns
CHRMATGRAPHY GlycanPac AXR- Columns For High Resolution Glycan Analysis Product Specifications The Thermo Scientific GlycanPac AXR- columns are highperformance, silica-based HPLC columns for simultaneous
Topic 4 - #2 Carbohydrates Topic 2
Topic 4 - #2 Carbohydrates Topic 2 Biologically Important Monosaccharide Derivatives There are a large number of monosaccharide derivatives. A variety of chemical and enzymatic reactions produce these
Hetero polysaccharides
Hetero polysaccharides Up to 1/3 rd of biomass is composed of hemicelluloses What is hemicellulose? riginally believed to be a precursor to cellulose, denoted by hemi Better referred to as hetero polysaccharide
Beyond HPLC. Additional techniques for the analysis of your starch-derived products and transformation processes
Beyond PLC. Additional techniques for the analysis of your starch-derived products and transformation processes 07 June 2011, Rafael F. Sala, Ph.D., Scientist II Applications Research Genencor (A Danisco
UNIT 4. CARBOHYDRATES
UNIT 4. CARBOHYDRATES OUTLINE 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Classification. 4.3. Monosaccharides. Classification. Stereoisomers. Cyclic structures. Reducing sugars. Sugar derivatives 4.4. Oligosaccharides. Disaccharides.
-can be classified by the number of sugars that constitute the molecules: -how to differentiate between glucose and galactose?
Carbohydrates (Also called: saccharides) -can be classified by the number of sugars that constitute the molecules: 1- monosaccharides: -General formula: (CH2O)n -Contain one sugar molecule -Contain two
Hot water extraction of inner and outer bark of Norway Spruce (Picea abies)
Hot water extraction of inner and outer bark of Norway Spruce (Picea abies) Jens Krogell COST FP0901 meeting 21.08.2010 1 Spruce bark Inner bark (~90 vol-%) and outer bark (~10 vol-%) Huge valuable side
Chapter 1. Chemistry of Life - Advanced TABLE 1.2: title
Condensation and Hydrolysis Condensation reactions are the chemical processes by which large organic compounds are synthesized from their monomeric units. Hydrolysis reactions are the reverse process.
Biochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 10 Carbohydrates 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 10 Outline Monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones that contain two or
Carl Fisher, Terri Christison, Hua Yang, Monika Verma, and Linda Lopez Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA, USA
Fast Determination of Lactose and Lactulose in Dairy Products Using a 4 μm Particle Column and High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Carl Fisher, Terri Christison, Hua Yang, Monika Verma,
Separation of Saccharides Using TSKgel Amide-80, a Packing Material for High-Performance Normal Phase Partition Chromatography (1) Table of Contents
No. 055 SEPARATION REPORT Separation of Saccharides Using TSKgel Amide-80, a Packing Material for High-Performance Normal Phase Partition Chromatography (1) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Elution
Carbohydrates. Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O. C x (H 2 O) y
Carbohydrates Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O C x (H 2 O) y Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Simple sugar Soluble in water Precursors in synthesis triose sugars of other (C3) molecules
189,311, , ,561, ,639, ,679, Ch13; , Carbohydrates
Lecture 31 (12/8/17) Reading: Ch7; 258-267 Ch10; 371-373 Problems: Ch7 (text); 26,27,28 Ch7 (study-guide: applying); 2,5 Ch7 (study-guide: facts); 6 NEXT (LAST!) Reading: Chs4,6,8,10,14,16,17,18; 128-129,
Application Note. Authors: C. Ledesma, M. Gibert, J.R. Gibert Ingenieria Analitica S.L. Extracts from various food products
High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography coupled with Pulsed Electrochemical Detection as a powerful tool to evaluate lactose content in lactose-free labeled products Application Note Authors: C.
May 21 st, 2008 Biochemistry Recitation
May 21 st, 2008 Biochemistry Recitation MBioS 303 Summer 2008 Outline Carbohydrate basics Aldoses vs. ketoses L and D configurations and anomers Glycosidic bonds, disaccharides Polysaccharides Storage:
Supporting Information
Notes Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2013, Vol. 34, No. 1 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.1.xxx Supporting Information Chemical Constituents of Ficus drupacea Leaves and their α-glucosidase Inhibitory
Chapter-8 Saccharide Chemistry
Chapter-8 Saccharide Chemistry Page 217-228 Carbohydrates (Saccharides) are most abundant biological molecule, riginally produced through C 2 fixation during photosynthesis I (C 2 ) n or - C - I where
Carbohydrates. Learning Objective
, one of the four major classes of biomolecules, are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups. They function as energy stores, metabolic intermediates and important fuels for the body.
Carbohydrate Structure
IN THE NAME OF GOD Carbohydrate Structure Disaccharides Simple Carbs Sucrose (glucose & fructose) Cookies, candy, cake, soft drinks Maltose (glucose & glucose) Beans Lactose (glucose & galactose) Yogurt,
Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups Have multiple roles in all forms of life
Carbohydrates 1 Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups Have multiple roles in all forms of life Classification Serve as energy stores, fuels, and metabolic intermediates
Bioenergy and the Plant Cell Wall
Bioenergy and the Plant ell Wall Understanding biomass biology is critical for biofuels production because ell wall architectures impact plant stature and form (biomass quantity) The architecture of cell
The CDTA-Soluble Pectic Substances from Soybean Meal are Composed of Rhamnogalacturonan and Xylogalacturonan but not Homogalacturonan
M. M. H. Huisman 1, * C. T. M. Fransen 2, * J. P. Kamerling 2 J. F. G. Vliegenthart 2 HA. Schols 1 A. G. J. Voragen 1 1 Wageningen University, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Laboratory
Carbohydrates hydrates of carbon: general formula C n (H 2 O) n. Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating smaller units (monomer)
Carbohydrates hydrates of carbon: general formula C n ( ) n Plants: photosynthesis hν 6 C + 6 C 6 6 + 6 Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating smaller units (monomer) Biopolymers: carbohydrates
IC-MS Environmental Applications - Water Testing. Application Notebook
IC-MS Environmental Applications - Water Testing Application Notebook Table of Contents Environmental Sample Using IC-MS 3 Environmental Applications: Water Testing Acrylamide in Water 4 Trace Urea in
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry. CHAPTER 6: Carbohydrates
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1) King Saud University College of Science, Chemistry Department CHEM 109 CHAPTER 6: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates
I. Carbohydrates Overview A. Carbohydrates are a class of biomolecules which have a variety of functions. 1. energy
Chapter 22 Carbohydrates Chem 306 Roper I. Carbohydrates Overview A. Carbohydrates are a class of biomolecules which have a variety of functions. 1. energy 2. energy storage 3. structure 4. other functions!
Catalogue. Resins and Columns For High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Catalogue Resins and Columns For High Performance Liquid Chromatography Updated August 11, 2008 Contents Benson Polymeric provides premium polymeric column packing materials and prepacked columns for use