Cotton Seed Meal as a Partial Replacement for Soybean Meal in Cobb 400 Broiler Rations

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1 Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition Cotton Seed Meal as a Partial Replacement for Soybean Meal in Cobb 400 Broiler Rations Abhijit Mishra, Subhasish Ray, Samir Kumar Sarkar and Sudipto Haldar * Department of Research and Development, Amrit Feeds Ltd., Infinity Benchmark Block EP and GP, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata , West Bengal, India ABSTRACT The effects of inclusion of cotton seed meal (CSM) at graded levels as a partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) on performance and carcass traits of Cobb 400 broiler chicken were evaluated in a 35 d experiment. A flock of 2400 one day old Cobb 400 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments each replicated 4 times (n=100 birds). Inclusion levels of CSM in pre starter, starter and finisher diets were 5, 5 and 5% (T 1 ); 5, 7.5 and 7.5% ( ); 5, 7.5 and 10% ( ); 5, 10 and 10% ( ) and 5, 15 and 15% ( ), respectively against a control diet (C) without any CSM. Inclusion of 15% CSM in the starter and finisher diets adversely affected (P<0.05) live weight, FCR and performance index score (PIS) as compared with control group. Across the diets, the economic return score (ERS) was significantly higher in control and T 1 group (5% CSM) and increment of CSM beyond 5% level depressed the value. Breast meat yield was lower in control and group of birds as compared to all other treatments. It was concluded that inclusion of 5% CSM in prestarter (day 1-14) diet and 10% in starter (day 15-28) and finisher (day 29-35) diet may be safely used as a replacement of SBM in broiler feed without any adverse effect on performance of the birds. Key words: Cotton seed meal, Broiler, Lysine, Soybean meal, Dressed yield INTRODUCTION The ever increasing cost of conventional protein feedstuffs for livestock has immensely contributed to the downward production and intake of animal protein (Ojewola et al., 2006). It has, therefore, become imperative for the livestock producers to search for economical alternative sources without compromising with the quality of feed, productive performance of birds and economics of production. Cotton seed meal (CSM) has been promising plant protein replacer of the conventional protein meals like soybean meal (SBM) and groundnut cake (Abdulrashid et al., 2013). It is the by-product after cotton is ginned and oil is extracted from the crushed seeds. Being a potential alternative protein source, the remaining meal is usually used for animal and poultry feed. World production of cottonseed meal was about 14.7 million tonnes in 2009 out of which 10.9 million tonnes was used as livestock feed (FAO, 2012). The concentration of nutrients in CSM varies depending upon the method of oil extraction, proportion of husks and lint and degree of cortication. The protein content in CSM varies from 30% in *Corresponding author: sudipto.haldar@amritgroup.net non-dehulled variety up to 50% in the fully dehulled meals. Its utilization in poultry feed as a protein source has been limited due to the presence of gossypol, low availability of lysine and high fiber content (Nagalakshmi et al., 2007; Heidarinia and Malakian, 2011). Some cyclopropenoid fatty acids namely sterculic acid and malvanic acid are also among the major antinutritional factors present in CSM. Use of CSM without any growth retarding activity in broiler up to 21 and 29% was reported by Gamboa et al. (2001) and Ojewola et al. (2006), respectively. Campbell (1988) reported growth retarding effect of CSM at 15% level. Genetic modification of cotton seed plants and dehulling before oil extraction has enabled the industry to produce degossypolized-decorticated CSM suitable for use in poultry diet. This study was designed to find out optimum level of inclusion of CSM (degossypolized-decorticated) as a partial replacement of SBM in diets of commercial broiler chicken. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 2400, a day old Cobb 400 broiler chicks 69

2 Mishra et al. (44.65±2.85 g) were weighed and randomly allocated to six dietary treatments replicated four times, each replicate having 100 birds. The chicks were reared in pens (3.2 m 3.2 m) on saw dust and wood shavings up to 35 days. Vaccination was done for all the birds against Newcastle disease (day 5 and 20) and Gumboro disease (day 13). Bird management was consistent with the recommendations of Cobb Management Guide (2004). The chicks received the treatment diets within 12 h of hatch. The dietary composition has been given in Table 1. The diets were categorized as pre-starter (day 1-14), starter (day 15-28) and finisher (day Table 1. Composition of the experimental diet (g/kg) 29-35). The chicken had ad lib. access to feed and drinking water. The control diet consisted of maize and SBM (C). Decorticated and degossypolised CSM (Table 1) was included as partial replacement of SBM in the treatment group as follow: T 1 : 5g CSM/100g diet (pre starter, starter and finisher); : 5, 7.5 and 7.5 g CSM / 100g diet (pre starter, starter and finisher); : 5, 7.5 and 10 g CSM/100g diet (pre starter, starter and finisher); : 5, 10 and 10 g CSM/100g diet(pre starter, starter and finisher) and : 5, 15 and 15 g CSM/100g diet (pre starter, starter and finisher). Pre-starter Starter (15-28) Finisher (29-35) (day 1-14),,,,,, Maize Soybean (46% CP) 1 Cotton seed meal L-Lysine DL Methionine L-threonine Soya oil Calcite Di-calcium phosphate Common salt Coccidiostat Toxin binder Sodium bicarbonate 2 Vit-min premix Cocktail enzyme 1 Chemical composition (analysed) of decorticated and degossypolised cotton seed meal: 430g/g CP; 80g/kg CF; 40g/kg residual oil; 1.5g/ kg calcium; 4g/kg available phosphorus. Free gossypol content as indicated by the supplier was 10 ppm; 2 Each kg of diet contained: 12,000 IU of vitamin A; 3,500 IU of vitamin D 3 ; 40 mg of vitamin E; 3 mg of vitamin K; 3 mg of thiamine; 10 mg of riboflavin; 5 mg of pyridoxine; 0.02 mg of vitamin B 12 ; 60 mg of niacin; 1 mg of folic acid; 0.4 mg of biotin; 15 mg of pantothenic acid, 100 mg of manganese; 100 mg of zinc; 40 mg of iron; 15 mg of copper; 1 mg of iodine; 0.3 mg of selenium; and 0.2 mg of cobalt. 70

3 Partial replacement of soybean meal with cotton seed cake in broilers Table 2. Chemical composition of the basal diets (g/kg unless stated otherwise) Pre-starter Starter Finisher Dry matter * Energy (kcal/kg) Crude protein Ether extract Crude fibre Salt (NaCl) Ca Available P * Lysine * Methionine * M+C * Threonine *Calculated values This research work was carried out as per the guidelines of CPCSEA. The birds were monitored daily for any signs of disease and mortality. Pen wise live weight (LW) and feed consumption was recorded at weekly intervals. Terminal feed conversion was calculated for each pen on the basis of cumulative (d 1-35) feed consumption. Final feed conversion ratio (FCR) was corrected at 2 kg live weight to find the corrected FCR (cfcr). Mortality, if any, was recorded and liveability of the experimental flock was calculated. At d-35, 4 birds (2 males and 2 females) having LW close to the mean LW of the pen were selected for evaluation of carcass traits. The chicken were mechanically stunted followed by exsanguination. The carcass was defeathered and eviscerated. The dressed carcass weight was determined after complete removal of organs and GI tract. The giblet (heart, liver and gizzard) and spleen were severed, washed with phosphate buffered saline and weighed. All the measurements were expressed as g/kg of LW. The performance index score (PIS) was calculated by the following formula. Percentage of liveability Averagefinal live weight (kg) PIS = 100 Age of experimental birds FCR Feed samples were analyzed for proximate principals (AOAC, 2005). Metabolizable energy (ME) was calculated from standard tables (NRC, 1994). Calcium and available phosphorus content of the diets were estimated by methods described in IS: 7874 (1975) and IS: 1374 (2007), respectively. All data were pooled replicate wise and subjected to one way ANOVA for differentiating the effects of the diets using a statistical model SPSS Means were differentiated by Duncan s multiple range tests (Duncan, 1955). Probability value of P < 0.05 was described as statistically significant and P<0.1 was designated as trend. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The chemical composition of the diets has been presented in Table 2. Live weight (LW) of the birds started deteriorating (P<0.01) in all the groups fed with CSM from d-28 onwards as compared to control group 71

4 Mishra et al. Table 3. Growth and feed conversion ratio in different treatment groups Treatment P value SEM 1 CSM level (%) 0/0/0 5/5/5 5/7.5/7.5 5/7.5/10 5/10/10 5/15/15 Live weight (g) D D D b a a a a a D b b ab ab ab a Cumulative feed consumption (g) D D D bc b a b b c D Feed conversion ratio D D a a a a a b D a bc ab c c d D ab a ab a bc c FCR (D 35) a a a a ab b Mortality PIS c bc b bc ab a a,b,c Means with different superscripts in a row differ significantly (P<0.05); 1 Level of cotton seed meal in prestarter/starter/finisher diet; 2 Feed conversion ratio corrected at 2 kg live weight; 3 Performance index score (Table 3). However, the difference between the CSM fed groups was not significant. There was a trend (P=0.05) of inferior LW for group as compared to control and T 1 group. Cumulative feed consumption was not affected (P>0.05) till d-21 (Table 3). Significant difference (P<0.05) in feed intake was observed between the groups on d-28, however, the final cumulative feed consumption did not vary within the groups. FCR was poorer (P<0.05) in the group as compared with the Table 4. Organ weights (g/kg of live weight) at 42 day of age control and other CSM fed groups. The FCR corrected at 2 kg LW was the poorest (P<0.05) in group as compared to C, T 1, and groups (Table 3). These results showed consonance with earlier reports which indicated no growth depressing activity of CSM on replacing SBM at 8 and 7% levels (EI Boushy and Raterikin, 1989). Cambell et al. (1988) reported lower body weight and inferior FCR as a result of 15% replacement of SBM by CSM. Fafiolu et Treatment P value SEM Liver Heart Kidney Spleen Bursa Lungs

5 Partial replacement of soybean meal with cotton seed cake in broilers Table 5. Carcass cut-up parts (g/kg of live weight) at 42 day of age Treatment P value SEM Dressed weight Breast ab bc c bc abc a Thigh Body Wings Neck a.b.c Means with different superscripts in a row differ significantly (P 0.05) al. (2006) and Mahmood et al. (2011) observed decreased efficiency of CSM utilization as the level was increased in the diet. However, results on LW and FCR are contrary to earlier reports (Abdulrashid et al., 2013) who reported no adverse effects of CSM at the level of 30%. The substitution of SBM with CSM might have lowered the actual energy content (Nzekwe and Olomu, 1984) and digestible lysine content (Heidarinia and Malakian, 2011; Zaboli and Miri, 2013) of the diets. Total lysine content instead of available lysine content was taken into consideration while formulating the diets for this study. This formulation strategy might have lowered the available lysine content of the diets with high level of CSM inclusion as compared to the control diet. This may be one of the explanations for the lower LW and poor corrected FCR in group as compared to the control diet. Overall mortality ranged from 2 to 5.3% without any significant differences in the groups. Gradual reduction in PIS was observed as the level of CSM increased in the diet. Significantly (P<0.05) lower PIS was observed for group and which could be due to lower LW and inferior FCR of respective groups. Inclusion of CSM had no significant effect on the organ weight of the birds (Table 4) which corroborated with the findings of Adeyemo and Longe (2007). Similar reports exist in the literature (Adeyomo and Longe, 2007; Zaboli et al., 2011; Zaboli and Miri, 2013). Breast meat yield was higher in CSM fed birds as compared to the control (Table 5). Higher (P<0.05) breast meat yield was observed in group as compared to control and groups. 73 CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that decorticated and degossypolised cotton seed meal can be safely included up to 5, 10 and 10% level in pre-starter, starter and finisher diet, respectively without any adverse effect on growth performance of broiler birds. Cotton seed meal when included at 15% level in starter and finisher diet showed adverse effect on live weight, FCR, corrected FCR and performance index score. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All the authors are immensely grateful to Managing Director, Amrit Feeds Ltd., Kolkata, West Bengal, India for providing necessary facilities to conduct this experiment. REFERENCES AOAC Official Methods of Analysis. 18 th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Benjamin Frankin Station, Washington, DC. Abdulrashid, M., Joseph, Z.O., Mohammed A. and Adamu, H.Y Response of broiler chickens fed cottonseed meal based diets. Int. J. Agric. Res. 1: Adeyemo, G.O. and Longe, O.G Effects of graded levels of cotton seed cake on performance, haematological and carcass characteristics of broilers fed from day old to 8 week of age. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 6 (8): BIS Bureau of Indian Standards (IS 7874: 1975). Methods of tests for animal feeds and feeding stuffs: Part 2 Minerals and trace elements. BIS Bureau of Indian Standards (IS 1374: 2007). Poultry Feeds - Specification. (5 th Revision). Campbell, L.D Canola meal as a substitute for cottonseed meal in the diet of broiler chicken. Nutr.

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