EFFECT OF PALM KERNEL MEAL ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS

Transcription

1 EFFECT OF PALM KERNEL MEAL ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS S.Shakila 1, P.Sudhakara Reddy 2, P.V.V.S.Reddy 3, J.V.Ramana 4 and A.Ravi 5 Department of Poultry Science College of Veterinary Science Tirupati ABSTRACT A study was conducted to evaluate the utilization of palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis) meal in broilers (n=360) at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 % either alone or in combination with enzymes (0.05%) made nine dietary treatments. The body weight gain and feed intake were not affected among different dietary treatment groups. The feed efficiency was not significantly affected during starter phase, but it was affected significantly (P<0.01) among different groups during finisher and entire period. The feed cost per kg live weight gain was less in broilers fed 7.5% palm kernel meal with enzymes compared to all other groups. The different inclusion levels of palm kernel meal either alone or in combination with enzymes in broiler diets did not influence the carcass traits, total serum protein, serum alkaline phosphatase, antibody titres for Newcastle disease vaccination and mortality compared to control group.it is inferred that the palm kernel meal with enzymes at 7.5% was proved to be better in terms of economic production of broilers. Key words: Broiler performance, Carcass traits, Economics, Palm kernel meal INTRODUCTION Poultry production has become expensive due to increase in the cost of feed ingredients. There is a lot of demand for the conventional feed ingredients due to increased competition from other livestock species and human beings; the entrenchment of agro-industrial by-products in poultry feeding is necessitated. The most promising one among them is palm kernel meal which can be incorporated in the diet potentially to reduce the cost of feeding. Palm kernel meal (PKM) is an agroindustrial by-product obtained after extraction of oil from palm kernels and it is abundantly available in the tropical areas of the world. Tropical Agriculturist (1998) reported that oil palm plant has the highest oil yield per unit area. It is in this context that oil palm plant assumes significance to satisfy the increasing demand for edible oils and palm kernel meal availability will also be increased at the same time. According to Sundu et al. (2006) the PKM is aflatoxin free, palatable and has considerable potential as carbohydrate and protein source. The inclusion of PKM in the diets was less practiced in monogastric animals particularly in poultry due to its high fibre content. But the nutritive value of PKM may be improved through exogenous Part of Ph.D. thesis submitted by the first author to Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati. 1. Assistant Professor 2. Registrar, 3. Director of Extension (Rtd.), SVVU, Tirupati 4. Professor & Head, 5. Associate Professor, Department of Animal Nutrition 227

2 Shakila et.al., supplementation of enzymes to breakdown the non -starch polysaccharides. Information regarding utilization of PKM with or without exogenous enzymes supplementation in broiler diets is very much scanty. Hence, the present study was under taken to find out the optimum level of PKM inclusion with or without enzymes in broiler diets for better performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS The biological experiment was conducted at the poultry experimental station, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati. In this experiment, PKM was incorporated at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% levels in both starter and finisher diets to constitute nine experimental diets ( T1 to T9 ) as shown in Table 1 with or without commercial enzyme preparation added at 0.05%. Each kg of the enzyme preparation contained amylase, hemicellulase, cellulose, protease and betaglucanase at 4,00,000 units, 54,00,000 units, 1,20,000 units, 24,00,000 units, 1,06,000 units respectively. Three hundred and sixty day-old straight run broiler chicks were obtained from local hatchery and they were wing banded and weighed individually. The chicks were randomly allotted to nine dietary treatments. Each treatment consisted of four replicates and each replicate contained 10 birds. The experiment was conducted from day old to 42 days of age and reared on litter floor pens. Irrespective of treatments all the chicks were fed ad lib with respective starter diet from 1-28 days and finisher diet from 29-42days of age. Except for feeding experimental diets, other management practices were followed uniformly for all the treatments. The proximate composition of starter and finisher experimental diets were analyzed as per the procedures described in A.O.A.C. (2000). The body weight of broilers was recorded individually at weekly interval upto six weeks of age. Weekly feed consumption was recorded replicate wise and the feed efficiency was calculated accordingly. Mortality among the birds during the experimental period was recorded and causes there off were ascertained by detailed autopsy. At the end of sixth week, blood samples were collected from one bird from each replicate to determine total serum protein and alkaline phosphatase by Biuret method (Varley et al., 1980) and Kind and King method (1954) respectively using kits. Antibody titre for Newcastle disease was estimated by conducting heamaglutination inhibition (HI) test as per the procedure described by Allan and Gough (1974). One bird from each replicate was randomly selected and thus a total of four birds from each treatment were picked up weighed and slaughtered to study the carcass traits. The liver, heart, gizzard, spleen and bursa were collected and weighed and the percentages were calculated taking the live weight into consideration. The relative economics of raising broilers upto six weeks of age with PKM at various levels with or without enzymes were calculated by taking the concerned parameters. The data obtained in the experiment were analysed by using completely randomized design (Snedecor and Cochran, 1994). The means of different treatments were tested for statistical significance using Duncan's multiple range test (Duncan, 1995). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The inclusion of PKM with or with out enzymes did not have any significant effect on the body weight gain compared to the control (Table 2). This finding is in conformity of the findings of Onwudike (1986), Osei and Amo (1987) and Ezieshi and Olomu (2004). Further, the body weight gains were apparently improved in broilers fed the PKM diets with enzymes. The moderate improvement in weight gain might be due to improved fibre digestibility by the exogenous enzymes which is in consonance with the findings of Ojewola et al. (2003) and Soltan (2009). 228

3 The feed intake during different growth periods was not significantly affected in broilers fed on diets with different levels (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%) of PKM with or without enzymes supplementation as compared to control diet (Table 2). Similar findings were reported by Onifade and Babatunde (1998) and Sundu and Dingle (2003). Further, feed intake was apparently less in broilers fed PKM diets with enzymes. Lawal (2010) and Soltan (2009) were reported similar observation and it might be due to better feed utilization in the presence of exogenous enzymes. The feed efficiency of broilers was not significantly affected with the inclusion levels of PKM at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 per cent with or without enzymes during the starter period (Table 2) compared to control confirming the earlier reports (Onwudike,1986). On the contrary, significant (P<0.05) differences in feed efficiency was reported by Panigrahi and Powel (1991) due to inclusion of higher levels of PKM in the diets. Further, significant (P<0.01) differences could be noticed among the treatments during finisher stage and the best and poor feed efficiency were noticed in T7 and T8 groups respectively. Irrespective of growth phase, birds fed PKM diets with enzymes showed better feed efficiency (Table 2). It might be due to the establishment of normal gut flora, prevention of pathogenic microbes' colonization and better utility of nutrients from Nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) by the effect of exogenous enzymes leading to better feed efficiency. The results in the present investigation are in conformity with the findings of Esuga et al. (2008) and Lawal et al. (2010). The per cent ready-to-cook yields, liver, heart, gizzard, bursa and spleen on live weight basis did not differ significantly among different treatment groups (Table 3). However, PKM diets with enzymes showed numerically better ready-to-cook yields compared to without enzymes. Similar reports were drawn by Soltan (2009). Effect of palm... The feed cost per kg live weight gain was significantly less in broilers fed PKM with or without enzymes compared to control (Table 3). Similar finding was observed by Osei and Amo (1987). Moreover, Berepubo et al. (1995) reported that the cost of feed decreased as the level of palm kernel cake inclusion increased. This finding was also noticed in present study. However, among the different dietary treatments, the lowest (Rs 32.78) and the highest (Rs 34.27) feed cost per kg live weight gain in broilers was in T7 and T1 group respectively and indicating the reduction of 4.35% in T7 compared to control group (T1). It might be due to higher body weight gain with better feed efficiency. Similar observation was reported by Iyayi and Davies (2005) with enzymes in PKM diets. Total serum protein in broilers fed with PKM at different levels was not significantly affected with or without enzymes supplementation (Table 4) and it might be ascribed to adequate protein levels in the diets that were able to support normal reserve of the proteins in the body as explained by Adesehinwa (2007). This finding was in consonance with the observations noticed by Oleredo et al. (1996) in broilers. Further, the serum alkaline phosphatase was not significantly affected by PKM inclusion in diets indicating that PKM safely be incorporated in the broiler diets without any adverse effects on liver function. The antibody titre in broilers was not significantly affected with PKM inclusion at different levels compared to control (T1) which is in conformity with the findings of Zulkifli et al. (2003). In the present study, broilers showed numerically improved the HI titres with enzymes (Table 4). Similar response was reported by Tumanggor (2009) which might be due to increased total phenolics and antioxidative activity as explained by Bao and Chot (2010). 229

4 Shakila et.al., CONCLUSION The results obtained in the present study revealed that PKM upto 10 % with or without enzymes could be used safely in broiler diets without affecting the performance. Further, it was inferred that Palm kernel meal at 7.5% level with enzymes (T7) can be used in broiler diets for better economical production. supplementation of graded levels of palm kernel meal on the performance of broiler chickens. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition7: Ezieshi E V and Olomu J M 2004 Comparative performance of broiler chicken fed varying levels of palm kernel cake and maize offal. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 3: REFERENCES Adesehinwa A O K 2007 Utilization of Palm kernel cake as a replacement for maize in diets of growing pigs. Effects on performance, serum metabolites, nutrient digestibility and cost of feed conversion. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 13: Allan W H and Gough R E 1974 A standard haemagglutination inhibition test for Newcastle disease. A comparison of macro and micro methods. Veterinary Record.95: AOAC 2000 Official methods of analysis.18th edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington DC. Bao Y M and Choct M 2010 Dietary NSP nutrition and intestinal immune system for broiler chickens. World Poultry Science Journal 66: Berepubo N A, Mepba H D, Agboola O and Onianwah RI 1995 Inclusion rate and true metabolazable energy of palm kernel cake in broiler chicken diets in a humid tropic environment. Journal of applied Animal research7: Duncan, D B Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics,11:1-42 Esuga P M, Sekoni A A, Omege J J and Bawa G S 2008 Evaluation of enzyme (Maxigrain) Iyayi E and Davies B 2005 Effect of enzyme supplementation of palm kernel meal and brewer's dried grains on the performance of the Broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science 4: Kind P R N and King EJ 1954 Estimation of plasma phosphatases by determination of hydrolysis phenol with amino-anti pyrimne. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 7: 322. Lawal T E, Iyayi E A, Adeniyi B A and Adaramoye O A 2010 Biodegradation of palm kernel cake with multi enzyme complexes from fungi and its feeding value for broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science 9: Ojewola G S, Oguike M A, Akomas S C, Likita T, Onyiro O M and Wokocha C 2003 Comparison of the supplemental effects of Roxazyme -G enzyme in palm kernel meal and brewers dried grain based diets fed to male turkey poults. Nigeria Agricultural Journal 34: Olorede B R, Onifade A, Okpara A O and Babatunde G M 1996 Growth, nutrient retention, haematological and serum chemistry of broiler chicken fed shea butter cake or palm kernel cake in the humid tropics. Journal of Applied Animal research 10: Onifade A A and Babatunde G M 1998 Comparison of the utilization of palm kernel meal, brewer's dried grains and maize offal by broiler chicks British Poultry Science 39:

5 Effect of palm... Onwudike O C 1986 Palm kernel meal as a feed for poultry. 3 Replacement of ground nut cake by palm kernel meal in broiler diets. Animal feed Science and Technology 16: Osei S Aand Amo J 198 Palm kernel cake as a broiler feed ingredient.poultry Science 66: Panigrahi S and Powell C J 1991 Effects of high rates of inclusion of palm kernel meal in broiler chick diets. Animal feed Science and Technology 34: Snedecor G M and Cochran W G 1994 Statistical methods (8th ed) Oxford and IBH publishing Company, Calcutta. Soltan M A 2009 Growth performance, immune response and carcass traits of broiler chicks fed on graded levels of palm kernel cake with out or with enzyme supplementation. Livestock research for rural Development 21: Sundu B and Dingle J 2003 Use of enzymes to improve the nutritional value of palm kernel meal and copra meal. Proceedings of Queensland Poultry Science symposium Australia vol:11(14) Sundu B, Kumar A and Dingle J 2006 Palm kernel meal in broiler diets: effect on chicken performance and health. World Poultry Science Journal 62: Tumanggor 2009 The effect of supplementation modified palm kernel meal (PKM) on the effect of immune-modulasi at the age 42 days of broiler chicken. http repository. usu.ac.id/ bitsteam/ / / Abstract. pdf. Tropical Agriculturalist 1998 The oil Palm Macmillan educational publisher Lid, London and Basingstoke. 1st edition Varley H, Gowelock A H and Bell M 1980 Practical clinical biochemistry, 5th Edition Vol.I Willium Heinemann Medical Books Limited, London, Zulkifli I, Ginsos J, Liew P K and Gilbert J 2003 Growth performance and Newcastle disease antibody titre of broiler chickens fed palm based diets and their response to heat stress during fasting. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 67:

6 Shakila et.al., Table 1 Ingredients and nutrient composition of broiler experimental diets. Ingredient Starter diets Finisher diets T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 Maize Soybean PKM Fish meal Veg. oil Mineral mixture* Enzymes mixture $ Nutrients Crude protein Crude fibre Calcium Availble Phosphorus Lysine ** * Methionine * M.E ** (kcal/kg) $: Amylase 4,00,000 units, Hemicellulase 54,00,000 units, Cellulase 1,20,000 units, Protease 24,00,000 units, Betaglucanase 1,06,000 units per kg * Contained Ca, 32%; P, 6%; NaCl, 2.5%; Fe, 0.35%; Cu, 100 ppm; Mn, 200 ppm; Co, 50 ppm; Zn, 50 ppm and I, 100 ppm. ** Calculated 232

7 PKM level in diets T 1 (Control) 879 ±31.47 T 2 (2.5%) 880 ±30.33 T 3 (2.5% +E) 882 ±31.06 T 4 (5.0%) 885 ±32.47 T 5 (5.0% +E) 900 ±31.48 T 6 (7.5%) 890 ±32.56 T 7 (7.5%+E) 902 ±31.40 T 8 (10.0%) 883 ±33.20 T 9 (10.0%+E 886 ±34.51 Table 2 Effect of PKM with or without enzymes on performance of broilers Body weight gain (g) NS (Days) Feed intake g/bird NS (Days) Feed efficiency (Days) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±56.43 Effect of palm ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± cd ± cd ± bcd ± cd ± abc ± ab ± a ± d ± bcd ± bc ± bc ± abc ± bc ± ab ± abc ± a ± c ± bc ±0.026 E: Enzyme mixture Means within each column bearing at least one common superscript do not differ significantly (P>0.01) Table 3 Effect of PKM with or without enzymes supplementation on carcass traits and economics Palm kernel Carcass traits NS (on % live weight basis) meal in diet Liver Heart Gizzard Spleen Bursa Ready to Cook yields Feed cost per kg live weight gain (Rs) No. of birds survived / No. of birds at beginning T 1 (Control) 2.35± ± ± ± ± ± g 40/40 T 2 (2.5%) 2.26± ± ± ± ± ± e 40/40 T 3 (2.5% +E) 2.24± ± ± ± ± ± de 40/40 T 4 (5.0%) 2.44± ± ± ± ± ± f 39/40 T 5 (5.0% +E) 2.33± ± ± ± ± ± e 40/40 T 6 (7.5%) 2.34± ± ± ± ± ± b 40/40 T 7 (7.5% +E) 2.28± ± ± ± ± ± a 40/40 T 8 (10.0%) 2.11± ± ± ± ± ± c 39/40 T 9 (10.0%+E) 2.19± ± ± ± ± ± bc 40/40 E: Enzyme mixture NS: Not significant (P>0.05) Means within each column bearing at least one common superscript do not differ significantly (P>0.01) 233

8 Table 4 Effect of PKM with or without enzymes supplementation on total serum protein, serum alkaline phosphatase and antibody titre in broilers Palm kernel meal in broiler diet Total serum protein NS (mg/dl) Shakila et.al., Serum alkaline phosphatase NS (IU/L) Antibody titre NS (anti log2values) T 1 (Control) 4.745± ± ±2.15 T 2 (2.5%) 4.678± ± ±0.89 T 3 (2.5% + E) 4.808± ± ±2.81 T 4 (5.0%) 4.858± ± ±2.41 T 5 (5.0% + E) 4.888± ± ±2.15 T 6 (7.5%) 4.713± ± ±2.12 T 7 (7.5% + E) 4.720± ± ±1.42 T 8 (10.0%) 4.683± ± ±1.47 T 9 (10.0% + E) 4.879± ± ±1.93 E: Enzyme mixture NS: Not significant( P>0.05) 234