Pest Management in Feed Mills

Transcription

1 Pest Management in Feed Mills Bh. Subramanyam (Subi) Department of Grain Science and Industry Tel: June 7, 2002 AFIA Feed Management Short Course

2 Internal Feeders Weevils

3 Internal Feeders Moth Borer

4 External Feeders Larger black flour beetle larvae Sawtoothed grain beetle Cigarette beetle Rusty grain beetle Spider beetle Develop on broken kernels, grain dust

5 External Feeders - Scavengers

6 External Feeders - Moths Almond moth Indianmeal moth Moth larvae Moth scales

7 Mold Feeders Foreign grain beetle Psocids or booklice Hairy fungus beetle Mold/cheese mite Flourish under humid conditions

8 Brief Biology

9 Range of Tolerance for Temperature and Moisture Multiply rapidly when conditions are favorable. Cold blooded Temperatures, o C Optimum - 30 o C and 50-70% RH Moistures 12-18% 18% (40-80% RH) Survive unfavorable conditions. Diapause Retrogressive development Survive in hot spots Survive in heated facilities or insulated refugia

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11 Reproductive Rates and Population Characteristics Beetles - long-lived lived Mate and lay eggs throughout adult life Moths - short-lived Mate a few times and lay eggs within 1 week. High reproductive rates. Dispersal.

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13 Morphological Adaptations Small size. Flattened shape of many beetles. (Cucujidae)) helps them hide in cracks and crevices. Easily overlooked. Need special tools to detect them.

14 The Truth About Pests Pests are always present (ubiquitous) Level of pest management determines the risk of infestation

15 Perception vs. Reality Is the facility really clean? What is clean for you may be dirty for the pests!

16 Important Pest Management Concepts for the Feed Industry Keep pests below levels that do not result in economic losses Apply pesticides only when needed Use alternatives where feasible

17 Suggested Pest Management Practices Sanitation Stock rotation Inspection of in-coming ingredients Monitoring Selection and use of effective pest control agents Evaluation

18 What is Food?.articles used for food or drink for man or other animals. Feeds-Commercial and pet foods

19 Adulterated Food Important Sections 402 (a)(3) consists in whole, or in part, of any filth, putrid, or decomposed substance, or if it is otherwise unfit for food 402 (a)(4) it has been prepared, packed, or held under unsanitary conditions whereby it may have become contaminated with filth or where it may have been rendered injurious to health CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES (CGMPs( CGMPs)

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21 Sanitation is the Single Most Important Pest Management Practice! Raw grain Grain handling equipment Inside processing facility Equipment Floors/walls/I-beams/supports Food contact surfaces Electrical boxes

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23 Stored-product insects can develop on very little food!

24 Energy Loss Wheat - 1 kernel (34 mg) J T. castaneum Dev 237 J C. ferrugineus Dev 35 J S. granarius Dev 345 J S. oryzae Dev 130 J R. dominica Dev 33 E. cautella Dev 605 J

25 Inspect for Insects Once a Month in Ingredients Moth trap Probe Probe trap trap for beetles

26 Heat Treatment, Sanitation, and Population Rebound of Insects

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31 August 4-6, 1999 Heat Treatment of KSU Pilot Feed Mill Temperature ( o F) Basement 1st floor 2nd floor 3rd floor 4th floor Time (hours)

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33 70 60 Basement Temperature Temperature ( o C) or Relative humidity (%) y= (1-1/(1+33.3*0.008x)); r 2 =0.99 y= exp(-x/2.35)); r 2 = st floor y= (1-1/(1+33.5*0.011x)); r 2 =0.95 y= exp(-x/2.47)); r 2 = rd floor Relative humidity 2 nd floor 4 th floor Observed temperature Predicted temperature Observed RH Predicted RH y= (1-1/(1+32.1*0.013x)); r 2 =0.90 y= exp(-x/2.90)); r 2 = y= (1-1/(1+31.8*0.011x)); r 2 =0.93 y= exp(-x/2.77)); r 2 =0.75 y= (1-1/(1+28.8*0.007x)); r 2 =0.95 y= exp(-x/4.6)); r 2 = Time (hours)

34 8 6 Cryptolestes ferrugineus Feed mill basement Cryptolestes pusillus 15 Sitophilus sp Number of adults Tribolium castaneum Tribolium confusum Trogoderma variabile Total adults /18/00 8/1/00 8/15/00 8/29/00 9/12/00 0 7/18/00 8/1/00 8/15/00 8/29/00 9/12/00 Date (month/day/year)

35 Cryptolestes ferrugineus Cryptolestes pusillus Outside, Southside of feed mill Rhyzopertha dominica 4 Sitophilus sp. 6 3 Number of adults Tribolium castaneum Trogoderma variabile Typhaea stercorea 100 Total adults /18/00 08/01/00 08/15/00 08/29/00 09/12/ /18/00 08/01/00 08/15/00 08/29/00 09/12/00 Date (month/day/year)

36 6 Cryptolestes ferrugineus C ryptolestes pusillus Rhyzopertha dominica Tribolium castaneum On feed mill roof Number of adults Tribolium confusum Trogoderma variabile Typhaea stercorea 100 Total adults /18/00 8/1/00 8/15/00 8/29/00 9/12/ /18/00 08/01/00 08/15/00 08/29/00 09/12/00 Date (month/day/year)

37 Total Number of Beetles KSU Pilot Feed Mill July 8 - December 1, 1999 Number of adults/40 traps ,033 total adults Julian date, 1999

38 Outdoor and Indoor Trapping Just Before and After Heat Treatment of KSU Feed Mill (Aug , 2000) IMM ALM Beetles Location Before After Before After Before After Inside Outside Roof Inside the mill a total of 20 traps were used. Outside the mill and on roof, a total of 5-7 traps were used.

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40 Feed Mill, After August 4-6, 1999 Heat Treatment Trap location No. beetles/trap Under pellet die stand 193 Pellet mill 73 Spouting from bins 46 Forberg mixer 9 North side of control room 8 Sewing machine 7

41 March 17-20, 2000 steam heat treatment Flour mill, KSU Temperature ( o C) Roll stand Sifter Flour Bran Time (hours)

42 Maximum temperatures attained at floor level during a gas heat treatment, June 25-27, Dowdy and Subramanyam (1999, unpublished data) Floor 5 N> Floor 4 85 C 80 C 75 C Floor 3 70 C 65 C 60 C 55 C Floor 2 50 C 45 C 40 C Floor 1

43 Poor Sanitation Affects Trap Catch Efficiency

44 Traps for Beetles Flit-Trak Traps

45 Pherocon II traps for moths

46 Subramanyam and Campbell (unpublished data) Indianmeal moth trap catch November 13-17, Figure 1

47 A A Distance from left front (m) C B C B A 2 A 5 A 0 5 A 0 0 Back room 0 Back room Distance from left front (m) Distance from left front (m) A=Wild bird food B=Small animal food C=Cat and dog food

48 Is Sanitation Enough?

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50 Fig 3 10 Oryzaephilus spp Store 2 Lasioderma serricorne Sanitation Tempo spray Sanitation Tempo spray 0 No. adults/trap/wk (mean + se) Cryptolestes spp Sanitation Tempo spray Rhyzopertha dominica Sanitation Tempo spray Retail store 10 Stegobium paniceum Total of adult beetles 8 6 Sanitation Tempo spray 4 Tempo spray 2 Sanitation 0 5/18/01 6/1/01 6/15/01 6/29/01 7/13/01 7/27/01 8/10/01 8/24/01 5/18/01 6/1/01 6/15/01 6/29/01 7/13/01 7/27/01 8/10/01 8/24/01 Date (month/day/year)

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54 On the surface, seams, and stitches of bags

55 Time spent on various IPM activities Activity Assembling traps 1 2 Placing traps 1 2 Person hours Checking traps Sanitation 8 10 (21) Sanitation and Gentrol spray 8 10 Sanitation and Tempo spray 8 10 Counting insects 2 16

56 20 16 PSB1, Kansas City PSB2, Topeka DPS, Manhattan No. adult beetles (mean + se) Sanitation Tempo spray 0 4/27/01 5/11/01 5/25/01 6/8/01 6/22/01 7/6/01 7/20/01 8/3/01 8/17/01 8/31/01 Date (month/day/year)

57 Beetles in PSB1 A May May May 25 - June 1 June 1-8 June 8-15 June Before sanitation Distance from left front (m) B C June June 29 - July 6 July 6-13 July July July 27 - Aug Aug 3-10 Aug Aug Aug 27 - Sept Distance from left front (m) After sanitation before Tempo After Tempo

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59 Food Increases Insect Survival Cyfluthrin (205 WP, 9.5 g/94 m2) No food 100% knockeddown within 120 minutes, and none recovered Food 100% knockeddown within 120 minutes, but 40% recovered after being placed on food

60 Poor Sanitation Decreases Efficacy of Applied Insecticides

61 Chemical Control Crack/crevice application Cyfluthrin, fenvalerate, hydroprene General surface application Diatomaceous earth Fogging Resmethrin,, DDVP Fumigation Phosphine Methyl bromide Profume

62 Diatomaceous Earth Dusts

63 Dryacide Perma Guard

64 Healthy, untreated DE-Treated

65 Fumigation

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67 Summary Sanitation has many benefits Sanitation has to be followed by fumigation of infested products or application of residual products (IGRs, inert dusts, Tempo) Need seal all openings, cracks/crevices where dust accumulates Evaluate effectiveness of sanitation by continuous monitoring and precision targeting of control measures Apply pesticides only when needed.