FFQ Whole diet Individual isoflavones (daidzein, genistein, glycitein, biochanin A and formononetin), enterolignans (enterolactone, enterodiol

Transcription

1 Data in brief Table 1: Food composition databases used for phytochemical analysis of case control studies Ref Country (study Populatio Dietary Food items Phytochemical(s) addressed Food composition data source Quality name) n, n= (age, assessme (group/diet) rating y) nt (Neill et Australia 5503 FFQ Whole diet Individual isoflavones (daidzein, genistein, 1. UK Food Standards Agency FCDB on al., 2014) glycitein, biochanin A and formononetin), phytoestrogens 2010 (18-79) enterolignans (enterolactone, enterodiol 2. Published literature and equol), lignans (matairesinol and 3. Published analytical data secoisolariciresinol) and coumestrol (Iwasaki et al., 2009) (Iwasaki et al., 2010) Brazil 850 (20-74) Brazil 846 (20-74) FFQ Soy foods Isoflavones Published literature FFQ Soy foods Isoflavones Published literature (Cotterchio Canada 2985 FFQ Whole diet Lignans, isoflavones and total 1. Published literature et al., (20-74) phytoestrogen 2. Published analytical data 2006)

2 (Cotterchio Canada 6493 FFQ Whole diet Total isoflavonoids, genistein, daidzein, Published database, Boucher, (The Ontario (25-74) glycitein, formononetin, coumestrol, total Kreiger, Women s Diet lignans, matairesinol, secoisolariciresinol, Mills, & and Health Lariciresinol and pinoresinol Thompson, Study) 2008) (Frankenfel China 2315 FFQ Soy foods Daidzein and Genistein 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State d et al., University Database on the Isoflavone Content 2004) (30-64) of Foods, Published literature (A. H. Lee China 1000 FFQ Whole diet Daidzein, genistein, glycitein, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture--DA et al., and total isoflavones database for the isoflavone content of selected 2014) (75+) foods, Chinese food composition tables (C. Zhang et al., 2010) (Zhu, Zhou, Jiao, China 876 (25-70) China 375 FFQ Soy foods Soy isoflavones Chinese Food Composition Table 2002 FFQ Soy foods Soy isoflavones Chinese Food Composition Table

3 & Xu, (18+) 2011) (Y. F. Zhang, Kang, Li, & Zhang, 2012) China 685 (18+) FFQ Soy foods Soy isoflavones Chinese Food Composition Table (Liu et al., China 1200 FFQ Whole diet Total isoflavones, daidzeins, genistein and China Food Composition Table ) (32-73) glyciteins (Zamora- Eight European FFQ Whole diet Flavanols, flavan-3-ols [(+)-catechin, (+)- 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Ros et al., countries: (NS) catechin 3-gallate, (+)-gallocatechin, (-)- Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected 2014) Denmark, epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)- Foods, 2007 France, epicatechin-3-gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin- 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Germany, Italy, 3-gallate, proanthocyanidins, dimers, Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of The trimers, 4-6mers, 7-10mers, theaflavins, Selected Foods, 2004 Netherlands, flavonols, quercetin, kaempferol, 3. The Phenol-Explorer database 2009 Spain, Sweden, myricetin, isorhamnetin, and the United Kingdom

4 (the EPIC InterAct study) (Lagiou et Greece 899 FFQ Whole diet Flavones, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State al., 2004) (18+) flavanones, anthocyanidins and University Database on the Isoflavone Content isoflavones of Foods, U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, (Lagiou et Greece 200 FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoids, flavones, flavonols, U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State al., 2006) (18+) flavan-3-ols, flavanones, anthocyanidins University Database on the Isoflavone Content of and isoflavones Foods, (Rossi et Italy 1362 FFQ Whole diet Flavanols, flavanones, flavonols, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State al., 2013) anthocyanidins, flavones, isoflavones, and University Database on the Isoflavone Content (18-79) proanthocyanidins of Foods, U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, 2003

5 3. Published analytical data (Bosetti et Italy 5157 FFQ Whole diet Flavanones, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State al., 2005) flavones, anthocyanidines and isoflavones University Database on the Isoflavone Content (23-74) of Foods, U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Published analytical experiments (Rossi et Italy 978 FFQ Whole diet Flavonoids, flavanols, flavanones, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State al., 2012) (34-80) flavonols, anthocyanidins, flavones, University Database on the Isoflavone Content isoflavones, proanthocyanidins, of Foods, monomers, dimers, trimers, 4 6 mers, 7 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA 10 mers, and >10 mers Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Published analytical data (Rossi, Italy FFQ Food and Flavonoids, isoflavones, anthocyanidins, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State Bosetti, (18+) beverage flavanols, flavanones, flavones, and University Database on the Isoflavone Content Negri, flavonols, proanthocyanidins, monomers, of Foods, Lagiou, & dimers, trimers, 4 6mers, 7 10mers and 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA

6 La Vecchia, 2010) >10 mers Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods, Published analytical data (Rossi et Italy 3442 FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoids and 6 subclasses (flavan- 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State al., 2008) 3-ols, flavanones, flavonols, University Database on the Isoflavone Content (18-79) flavones, anthocyanidins and isoflavones) of Foods, U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Published analytical data (Tavani et Italy 760 FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoids, isoflavones, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State al., 2006) (79+) anthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, flavanones, University Database on the Isoflavone Content flavones and flavonols of Foods, U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, 2003.

7 3. Published analytical data (Rossi et Italy 6107 FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoids, isoflavones, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State al., 2006) (19-74) anthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, flavanones, University Database on the Isoflavone Content flavones and flavonols of Foods, U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Published literature (Rossi et Italy 6107 FFQ Food and Total proanthocyanidins, monomers, U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Database al., 2010) (19-74) beverage dimers, trimers, 4 6, 7 10, and >10 mers for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods, (Hirose et Japan 1021 FFQ Whole diet Isoflavones U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State al., 2005) University Database on the Isoflavone Content of (30+) Foods, (Hirayama et al., 2010) Japan 618 (50 75) FFQ Whole diet Isoflavones, genistein and daidzein Japanese food composition tables (Y. Nagata Japan 400 men FFQ Whole diet Isoflavones, genistein, daidzein, lycopene, Japanese Standard Tables of Food Composition, 4th

8 et al., 2007) (59 73) carotenoids, alpha-carotene, betacarotene, bete-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin and lycopene and 5th editions (Akhter, Iwasaki, Yamaji, Sasazuki, & Tsugane, 2009) Japan 1418 (40-79) FFQ Soy foods Total isoflavone Published literature (Z. J. Japan (the 1631 FFQ Whole diet, Total polyphenols, tea polyphenols, coffee 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Wang et Fukuoka (20-74) tea and polyphenols and polyphenols other than database for the oxygen radical absorbance al., 2013) colorectal coffee coffee capacity of selected foods, 2010 cancer study) 2. The Phenol-Explorer database Published literature (Budhatho Japan (The 1631 FFQ Whole diet Isoflavones Published literature ki et al., Fukuoka (20 74) 2011) Colorectal Cancer Study)

9 (Nanri et Japan (the Japan FFQ Whole diet Daidzein and genistein Published literature al., 2010) Public Health (45-75) Center-Based Prospective Study) (Hernández Mexico 725 FFQ Polyphenols Polyphenols, total flavonoids, flavonols, Published literature -Ramírez (20+) contained flavones, flavanols, phenolic et al., foods acid/cinnamic acids, total lignans, 2009) matairesinol, lariciresinol pinoresinol secoisolariciresinol and coumestrol (Zamora- Spain (the 825 FFQ Whole diet Flavonoid and lignans 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State Ros, Not, Bellvitge (18+) University Database on the Isoflavone Content et al., Colorectal of Foods, 2002/8 2013) Cancer Study) 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, 2003/7 3. U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods, 2004.

10 4. The Phenol-Explorer database UK Food Standards Agency FCDB on phytoestrogens 2010 (Hedelin, Sweden 2096 FFQ Whole diet Total isoflavonoids, genistein, daidzein, 1. Published literature Bãlter, et (35-79) formononetin, biochanin A, and 2. Published analytical data al., 2006) equol. (Hedelin, Sweden (the 2629 FFQ Phytoestroge Total isoflavonoids, genistein, daidzein, Published analytical data Klint, et Cancer Prostate (35-79) n-rich food biochanin A, formononetin, coumestrol, al., 2006) Sweden Study) products total lignans, matairesinol, secoisolariciresinol, enterolactone, lariciresinol, pinoresinol, syringaresinol, medioresinol, enterodiol and equol (Theodorat UK 2912 FFQ Whole diet Flavones, flavonols, quercetin, flavan-3- Published literature ou et al., (16-79) ols, catechins, epicatechin, procyanidins, 2007) flavanones, naringenin, hesperetin and phytoestrogens (Silva et UK 717 FFQ Whole diet Genistein, daidzein, matairesinol and 1. Published literature al., 2004) secoisolariciresinol 2. Published analytical data

11 (75+) 3. Unpublished data (Heald, UK (The 916 FFQ Whole diet Isoflavones Published analytical data Ritchie, PCANDIET (50-74) Bolton- study) Smith, Morton, & Alexander, 2007) (Bandera et 822 FFQ Whole diet Total isoflavonoids, genistein, daidzein, Published literature al., 2009) and formononetin, glycitein, total lignans, (21+) supplement matairesinol, lariciresinol pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol, coumestrol, quercetin and total phytoestrogens (Cui et al., 1395 FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoids and Flavonoid U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database 2008) (18+) Compounds for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, (Gates et 2324 FFQ Food and Total flavonoids, myricetin, kaempferol, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA al., 2009) beverage of quercetin, luteolin and apigenin Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected

12 (NS) interest Foods, Published literature 3. Published analytical data (Carmichae ( The (n= 6584, FFQ Whole diet Total Isoflavones, genistein, biochanin A, Published analytical data l, National Birth reproducti daidzein, glycetin, formononetin, total Gonzalez- Defects ve age lignans, lecoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, Feliciano, Prevention) ) coumestrol, total phytoestrogens Ma, Shaw, & Cogswell, 2011) (Fink et al., (the Long 1210 FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoids, flavonols, flavones, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State 2007) Island Breast flavan-3-ols, flavanones, anthocyanidins, University Database on the Isoflavone Content Cancer (25-98) isoflavones, and lignans of Foods, Study) 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Published literature 4. Published analytical data

13 (Park, (the FFQ Legume Genistein, daidzein, glycitein and total Food composition table from the Cancer Research Murphy, Multiethnic (45-75) isoflavones Center of Hawaii for the Multiethnic Cohort Study Wilkens, Cohort Study) Henderson, & Kolonel, 2008) (Carmichae (The 4368 FFQ Whole diet Total phytoestrogen, total and specific U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA national l et al., National Birth isoflavones, lignans and coumestans nutrient database for standard reference ) Defects (18+) Prevention Study) (Bandera et (the New 595 FFQ Whole diet Total phytoestrogens, isoflavones, Published analytical data based on local food items al., 2011) Jersey Ovarian daidzein, genistein, formononetin, Cancer Study) (21+) glycitein, lignans, matairesinol, lariciresinol, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol, and coumestrol Abbreviations: NS- Not stated, FFQ- Food frequency questionnaire, FCDB- Food Composition Database

14 Table 2: Food composition databases used for phytochemical analysis of cohort studies Ref Country Populatio Dietary Food items Phytochemical(s) addressed Food composition data source Quality (study name) n, n= (age, assessme (group/diet) rating y) nt (Zamora-Ros 10 European FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoids, anthocyanidins, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA et al., 2012) countries: (35-70) flavonols, flavanones, flavanols, flavan-3- Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Denmark, ol monomers, proanthocyanidins, Foods, 2007 France, theaflavins, isoflavones and lignans 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture--DA database Germany, for the isoflavone content of selected foods, 2008 Greece, Italy, 3. U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Database the for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Netherlands, Foods, Norway, 4. The Phenol-Explorer database 2009 Spain, 5. UK Food Standards Agency Food Composition Sweden, and Database on phytoestrogens 2010 the United Kingdom (the EPIC

15 study) (Shu et al., China 5042 FFQ Whole diet Isoflavones Chinese Food Composition Tables ) (The Shanghai Breast Cancer (20-75) Survival Study) (Yang et al., China FFQ Soy foods Isoflavones China Food Composition Tables ) (the Shanghai Women s (40 70) Health Study) (Yang et al., China 444 FFQ Whole diet Isoflavones Chinese Food Composition Tables 2013) (the Shanghai Women s (18+) Health Study) (Bobe, Finland men FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoids, flavonols, kaempferol, 1. Published literature Weinstein, et (50-69) myricetin, quercetin, flavan-3-ols, 2. Published analytical data al., 2008) catechin, epicatechin, flavones, apigenin and luteolin (Mursu, Finland 2590 men Food Whole diet Flavonols, quercetin, kaempferol, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA

16 Nurmi, et al., (The Kuopio (42, 48, 54 records myricetin, isorhamnetin, flavones, luteolin, Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected 2008) Ischaemic or 60) apigenin, flavanones, hesperitin, Foods, 2003 Heart Disease naringenin, eriodictyol, flavan-3-ols, (+)- 2. Published literature Risk Factor catechin, (+)-catechin 3-gallate, (+)- Study gallocatechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)- epigallocatechin, (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, theaflavin, theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin- 30-gallate, theaflavin-3,30-digallate, thearubigins, anthocyanidins, cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin (Mursu, Finland 1950 men Food Whole diet Total flavonoids, flavonols, flavones, U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database for Voutilainen, (the Kuopio (42-60) records flavanones, flavan-3-ols and the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, 2003 et al., 2008) Ischaemic anthocyanidins Heart Disease Risk Factor Study) (Kesse- France h Whole diet Total polyphenols, flavonoids, 1. The Phenol-Explorer database

17 Guyot et al., (the (18+) food anthocyanins, dihydrochalcones, 2. Published literature 2012) SU.VI.MAX records dihydroflavonols, catechins, theaflavins, study) flavanones, flavones, flavonols, proanthocyanidins, stilbene, lignans, hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic acids (Letenneur, France 1640 FFQ Whole diet Flavonoids Published analytical data based on local food items Proust-Lima, (the PAQUID: (65+) Le Gouge, Personnes Dartigues, & Age es Barberger- Quid: what Gateau, about older 2007) persons ) (Touvier et France FFQ Whole diet Total polyphenols, The Phenol-Explorer database al., 2013) (the the main groups and subgroups of SU.VI.MAX (55+) polyphenols Cohort) (Nagel, Germany 54 FFQ Whole diet Isoflavones, daidzein, genistein, Published literature Neutral Mack, von (The EPIC- (45-75) formononetin, biochanin A, lignans,

18 Fournier, & Heidelberg) secoiolariciresinol, matairesinol, Linseisen, enterodiol, enterolacton and coumestrol 2005) (Akhter et Japan FFQ Whole diet Genistein and daidzein 1. Food composition table for isoflavones in al., 2008) (The Japan (45-74) Japanese foods Public Health 2. Published literature Center based prospective study) (Kurahashi Japan men FFQ Miso soup Isoflavones Food composition table for isoflavones in Japanese et al., 2007) (45-74) and soy foods foods (Oba et al., Japan men FFQ Soy products Isoflavones Published literature 2007) (35+) (Hara et al., 2012) Japan , (45-74) FFQ Soy foods Isoflavones Food composition table of Japanese foods (Wada et al., Japan FFQ Soy foods Isoflavones Published literature 2013) (the Takayama

19 study) (35+) (Shimazu et Japan FFQ Whole diet Isoflavones, genistein and daizein Food composition table of Japanese foods 2003 al., 2010) (The Japan (40-69) Public Health Center based Prospective Study) (C. Nagata, Japan FFQ Soy foods Soy isoflavone Japanese Standard Tables of Food Composition, 4th Nakamura, (35-69) and 5th editions et al., 2008) (Hughes et Netherland 4280 FFQ Whole diet Total catechins, catechin, epicatechin, Published analytical data al., 2008) (the (55 69) epicatechin gallate, gallocatechin, Netherlands epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, Cohort Study) total flavocol/flavones, quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin (Keinan- Netherlands FFQ Whole diet Total isoflavone, daidzein, genistein, Published literature Boker, Van (The EPIC- biochanina, formononetin), total lignin, Der Schouw, Dutch portion) (50 69) enterolactone

20 Grobbee, & and enterodiol Peeters, 2004) (Van Der Netherlands FFQ Whole diet Isoflavones, daidzein, genistein, Published literature Schouw et (The Dutch formononetin, biochanin A, lignans, al., 2005) Prospect-EPIC (49-70) secoiolariciresinol, matairesinol, total cohort) isoflavones and dietary lignans (Geybels et Netherlands men FFQ Whole diet Lycopene, total catechin, catechin, 1. Published analytical data al., 2013) (the (55-69) epicatechin, total flavonol, quercetin, 2. Published analytical data based on local food Netherlands kaempferol, myricetin items Cohort study) (Simons et Netherlands FFQ Whole diet Total flavonol and flavone, quercetin, 1. Published literature al., 2009) (the (55 69) kaempferol, myricetin, total catechin, (+)- 2. Published analytical data based on local food Netherlands catechin, (+)-gallocatechin, (-)- items Cohort Study) epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)- epicatechin gallate and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (Devore et Netherlands 5395 FFQ Whole diet Beta-carotene and flavonoids Dutch Food and Nutrition Table 2006

21 al., 2010) (The (55+) Rotterdam Study) (Milder et Netherlands 570 men Dietary Whole diet Beta-carotene, flavonols and flavones, Published literature al., 2006) (The Zutphen (64 84) history Catechins, lariciresinol, pinoresinol, Elderly Study) secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol (Hedelin et Norway FFQ Whole diet Phytoestrogen, isoflavonoids, lignans, and Published literature al., 2008) coumestrol (30 49) (Koh et al., Singapore FFQ Soy foods Soy isoflavones Published analytical data based on local food items 2009) (the (45 74) Singapore Chinese Health Study) (Mueller et Singapore FFQ Soy foods Soy isoflavones Published analytical data based on local food items al., 2012) (the Singapore (45 74) Chinese Health Study)

22 (A. H. Wu, Singapore FFQ Soy foods Total soy isoflavone Analytical data based on local food items (detail not Koh, Wang, (the Singapore shows) Lee, & Yu, Chinese (45-74) 2008) Health Study) (Talaei, Koh, Singapore FFQ Soy foods Soy isoflavones Singapore Food Composition Database van Dam, (The (45-74) Yuan, & Singapore Pan, 2014) Chinese Health Study) (Zamora- Spain FFQ Whole diet Flavonoids and lignans 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State Ros, (the EPIC (29-69) University Database on the Isoflavone Content Jiménez, et study-spain) of Foods, 2002/8 al., 2013) 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, 2003/7 3. U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods, The Phenol-Explorer database 2009

23 5. UK Food Standards Agency FCDB on phytoestrogens 2010 (Tresserra- Spain 7172 FFQ Whole diet Polyphenol intake (total and main groups) The Phenol-Explorer database Rimbau, (the (55-80) Rimm, PREDIMED Medina- trial) Remón, Martínez- González, de la Torre, et al., 2014) (Tresserra- Spain 7172 FFQ Whole diet Polyphenol intake (total and main groups) The Phenol-Explorer database Rimbau, (the (55-80) Rimm, PREDIMED Medina- trial) Remón, Martínez- González, López-

24 Sabater, et al., 2014) (Tresserra- Spain 7200 FFQ Whole diet Total polyphenol and individual The Phenol-Explorer database Rimbau et (The (55-80) polyphenols al., 2013) PREDIMED study) (Y. Lin, Sweden FFQ Whole diet Lignans 1. Published literature Wolk, (the Swedish (45-83) 2. Published analytical data Håkansson, Mammograph Lagergren, y Cohort and & Lu, 2013) the Cohort of Swedish Men) (Hedelin, Lö, Sweden FFQ Whole diet Total isoflavones, total lignans and Published literature Andersson, coumestrol, Adlercreutz, (30-49) & Weiderpass, 2011)

25 (Swann et UK 3159 FFQ Whole diet Phytoestrogens, isoflavones and lignans The CAFE computer program al., 2013) (the EPIC- Norfolk) (75+) (Low et al., UK (the EPIC 125 Food Whole diet Daidzein, genistein, isoflavone 1. Published analytical data 2005) -Nutrition- records 2. Published literature Norfolk study) (45-75) (Low et al., UK (the EPIC FFQs Whole diet Genistein and daidzein Published analytical data 2006) Norfolk) (45 75) and 7- day food diaries (Ward et al., UK (the EPIC Food Whole diet Isoflavones, genistein, daidzein, glycitein, 1. McCance and Widdowson s the composition of 2010) Norfolk) (40-79) records biochanin A, formononetin, lignans, foods, 1991 secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, 2. Published analytical data enterolignans, equol and enterolactone (Laurin, 2459 men 24-h Whole diet Beta-carotene and flavnoids 4. U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA national Masaki, (the Honolulu- (45 68) recall nutrient database for standard reference. Foley, Asia Aging 5. Canadian Nutrient File, 2001b. White, & Study) 6. Malaysian Foods Composition Database, 2004

26 Launer, 7. Japanese Standard Tables of Food Composition. 2004) 5th rev. ed (Dwyer et h Whole diet Total flavonoids, anthocyanins, flavan-3-1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State al., 2008) (the Women's recall ols, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, University Database on the Isoflavone Content Intervention (48-78) isoflavones and monomeric flavonoids of Foods, Nutrition 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Study) Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, (Filiberto, h Whole diet Total isoflavones, daidzein, genistein, U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State Mumford, (The BioCycle recall glycitein, biochanin, formononetin. University Database on the Isoflavone Content of Pollack, study) (18-44) Foods, 2002/8 Zhang, Yeung, Schliep, et al., 2013) (Devore, FFQ Whole diet 31 individual flavonoids from 6 major 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Kang, (The Nurses flavonoid subclasses (anthocyanidins, Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Breteler, & Health Study) (30-55) flavonols, flavones, flavanones, Foods, 2007

27 Grodstein, 2012) flavan-3-ols, and polymeric flavonoids) 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods, EuroFIR ebasis (Nettleton et FFQ Whole diet Beta-carotene and total flavonoid 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State al., 2006) (The Iowa University Database on the Isoflavone Content Women s (55-69) of Foods, Health Study) 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods, (Xiao, Park, FFQ Whole diet Catechins, flavanones, flavonols, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State Hollenbeck, (The NIH (50-71) anthocyanidins, flavones, isoflavones, and University Database on the Isoflavone Content & Kitahara, AARP Diet total flavonoids of Foods, ) and Health 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Study) Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected

28 Foods, 2007 (Wedick et FFQ Whole diet Flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3- U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database for al., 2012) (the Nurses (30-70) ols, anthocyanins and total flavonoids the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, 2007 Health Study, the Nurses Health Study II, the Health Professionals Follow- Up Study) (Nöthlings et FFQ Whole diet Flavonols, quercetin, kaempferol, Published analytical data based on local food items al., 2008) (the (45-75) myricetin Multiethnic Cohort study) (Adebamow FFQ Whole diet Individual flavonols (kaempferol, 1. Published literature o et al., (The Nurses quercetin and myricetin) 2. Published analytical data 2005) Health Study (26-46) II

29 (Caan et al., 3088 FFQ Soy foods Isoflavone U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State 2011) (the Women s (18-70) University Database on the Isoflavone Content of Healthy Foods, 2002 Eating and Living study) (Greendale 2721 FFQ Whole diet Isoflavones and subclass (daidzein, Published database et al., 2012) (the SWAN genistein, formononetin, glycetin) Lignans Phytoestrogen (42-53) and subclass (lariciresinol, pinoresinol, Study) secoisolariciresinol, matariesinol and coumesterol) (Guha et al., 1954 FFQ Soy foods Soy isoflavones Published literature 2009) (the Life After and Cancer (19-79) supplements Epidemiology study) (Chang et FFQ Whole diet Total beta-carotene, total isoflavones, 1. Department of Agriculture-DA national al., 2007) (the California genistein, daidzein and total nutrient database for standard reference. Teachers (85+) isothiocyanates 2. Published literature Study Cohort)

30 (Cassidy et FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoid, flavanones, eriodictyol, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA al., 2011) (the Nurses (30-75) hesperetin, naringenin, anthocyanins, Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Health Study cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, Foods, 2007 II, the NHS I, pelargonidin, petunidin, peonidin, flavan- 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Database and the 3-ols, catechins, epicatachins, flavonoid, for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Health proanthocyanidins, theaflavins, Foods, 2004 Professionals thearubigins, flavonols, quercetin, 3. EuroFIR ebasis Follow-Up kaempferol, myricetin, isohamnetin, Study) flavones, luteolin and apigenin (Y. Wang et men FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoids and 7 subclasses ( 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State al., 2014) (the Cancer (50-74) Anthocyanidins, Flavanones, Flavones, University Database on the Isoflavone Content Prevention Flavonols, Isoflavones, Flavan-3-ols or of Foods, 2007 Study II monomers, Proanthocyanidins) 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Nutrition Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Cohort) Foods, U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods, Published analytical data

31 (Cassidy, FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoids and their subclasses 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Huang, Rice, (the Nurses (flavanones, flavonols, anthocyanins, Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Rimm, & Health Study (25-55) flavan-3-ols, flavones, and polymeric Foods, 2007 Tworoger, and Nurses flavonoids) 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Database 2014) Health for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Study II) Foods, 2004 (McCulloug FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoids, anthocyanidin, flavan-3-1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State h et al., (the (NS) ols, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, University Database on the Isoflavone Content 2012) Cancer proanthocyanidins and isoflavones of Foods, Prevention 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Study II Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Nutrition Foods, 2007 Cohort) 3. U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods, Published analytical data (Cutler et al., FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoids, anthocyanidins, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State 2008) (The Iowa flavanones, flavones, flavonols, University Database on the Isoflavone Content Women s (55-69) isoflavones, flavan-3-ols or monomers, of Foods, 2002.

32 Health Study) proanthocyanidins 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods, (Mink et al., 3448 FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoids, anthocyanidins, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State 2007) (the Iowa flavanones, flavones, flavonols, University Database on the Isoflavone Content Women s (55 69) isoflavones, flavan-3-ols or monomers of Foods, Health Study) and roanthocyanidins) 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods, 2004 (Gates et al., FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoids, myricetin, kaempferol, 1. Published and unpublished data on the flavonoid 2007) (The quercetin, luteolin and apigenin content of Dutch foods Nurses (30-55) 2. Published analytical data based on local food Health Study) items

33 (L. Wang et FFQ Five foods Total flavonoids, quercetin, kaempferol, 1. Published literature al., 2009) (the Women s (apple, and myricetin, apigenin and luteolin 2. Published analytical data Health Study) (45+) broccoli, onion, tofu, and tea) (Nöthlings, FFQ Whole diet Total flavonol, quercetin, kaempferol, and 1. Food composition table from the Cancer Murphy, (The (18+) myricetin Research Center of Hawaii. Wilkens, Multiethnic 2. Published literature Henderson, Cohort Study) & Kolonel, 2007) (J. Lin et al., FFQ Whole diet Total flavonols and flavones, quercetin, Published analytical data 2007) (the Nurses kaempferol and myricetin Health Study) (30-55) (Ollberding FFQ Whole diet Total isoflavones, daidzein, genisterin and Food composition tables maintained from the et al., 2012) (the glycitein University of Hawaii Cancer Center Multiethnic (45-75) Cohort Study)

34 (Bobe et al., 1859 FFQ Whole diet Lignans and proanthocyanidins 1. Published literature 2012) (the Polyp (18+) 2. Published database Prevention Trial) Abbreviations: NS- Not specified, FFQ- Food frequency questionnaire, FCDB- Food Composition Database

35 Table 3: Food composition databases used for phytochemical analysis of cross sectional studies Ref Country Populatio Dietary Food items Phytochemical(s) addressed Food composition data source Quality (study name) n (age, y) assessme (group/diet) rating nt (Zamora- 10 European FFQ Whole diet Flavanols, flavan-3-ol monomers, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Ros, countries: (35-70) proanthocyanidins, theaflavins, anthocyanidins, Database for the Flavonoid Content of Forouhi, et Denmark, flavonols, flavanones, Selected Foods, 2007 al., 2013) France, flavones, and isoflavones 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture--DA Germany, database for the isoflavone content of Greece, Italy, selected foods, 2008 the 3. U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Netherlands, Database for the Proanthocyanidin Norway, Content of Selected Foods, Spain, 4. The Phenol-Explorer database 2009 Sweden, and 5. UK Food Standards Agency Food the United Composition Database on phytoestrogens Kingdom. (the 2010 EPIC-InterAct study)

36 (Zamora- 10 European FFQ Whole diet Total and subclasses of flavonoid and lignan 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Ros, Ferrari, countries: (35-70) intake Database for the Flavonoid Content of et al., 2013) Denmark, Selected Foods, 2007 France, 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture--DA Germany, database for the isoflavone content of Greece, Italy, selected foods, 2008 The 3. U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Netherlands, Database for the Proanthocyanidin Norway, Content of Selected Foods, Spain, Sweden 4. The Phenol-Explorer database 2009 and the United 5. UK Food Standards Agency Food Kingdom. (the Composition Database on phytoestrogens EPIC) 2010 (Zamora- 10 European FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoid, anthocyanidins, flavonols, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa Ros, countries: (35 74) flavanones, flavones, flavan-3-ol monomers, State University Database on the Rothwell, et Denmark, proanthocyanidins, theaflavins, isoflavones Isoflavone Content of Foods, 2002/8 al., 2013) France, 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Germany, Database for the Flavonoid Content of Greece, Italy, Selected Foods, 2003/7

37 The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. 3. U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods, The Phenol-Explorer database UK Food Standards Agency FCDB on phytoestrogens 2010 (The EPIC) (Hanna, Australia 511 FFQ Whole diet Isoflavones, total isoflavone, lignans, total 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa O'Neill, & (The phytoestrogens State University Database on the Lyons-Wall, Longitudinal (40-80) Isoflavone Content of Foods, ) Assessment of 2. Published literature Ageing in Women - the Nutrition and Endocrine arm) (Mullie, Belgium 45 FFQ and Whole diet Flavonols, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Clarys, (18+) food isorhamnetin, flavones, luteolin, apigenin, Database for the Flavonoid Content of Deriemaeker records flavanones, hesperetin, naringenin, eriodictyol, Selected Foods, 2003.

38 , & Hebbelinck, 2008) flavan-3-ols, (+)-catechin, (+)-gallocatechin, ( )-epicatechin, ( )-epigallocatechin, theaflavin, thearubigins, anthocyanidins, cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin (Hu et al., China 1000 FFQ Whole diet Daidzein, genistein, glycitein, coumestrol, Analytical experiment (LC-MS/MS analysis) 2014) (55+) secoisolariciresinol, isoflavone, phytoestrogen (S. A. Lee et China 196 FFQ Soy and Isoflavone, daidzein, genistein and glycitein The Chinese Food Composition Tables al., 2007) (40-74) isoflavonesrich food (X. Zhang et China FFQ Soy foods Soy Isoflavone Published literature al., 2005) (The Shanghai Women s (40-70) Health Study) (Boyapati et China 1459 FFQ Soy foods Total isoflavone Published literature al., 2005) (The Shanghai Breast Cancer (25-64) Study)

39 (S. H. Wu et China 1005 FFQ and Whole diet Isoflavones Chinese Food Composition Tables 2002 al., 2012) (the Shanghai 24-h Women s (40-70) recall Health Study) (Marniemi et Finland 755 Dietary Whole diet Quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, apigenin and The Nutrica database at the Social Insurance al., 2005) (65-99) history luteolin Institution (Mursu et Finland 1380 men Food Whole diet Flavonoids, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA al., 2007) (the Kuopio (42, 48, 54, records flavan-3-ols and anthocyanidins Database for the Flavonoid Content of Ischaemic or 60) Selected Foods, Heart Disease 2. Published analytical data based on local Risk Factor food items Study) (Nurmi, Finland 100 men Food Whole diet Lariciresinol, inoresinol, secoisolariciresinol, 1. Published database Mursu, (The (52-65) records matairesinol, plant lignans, enterodiol, 2. Analytical experiment (HPLC using Peñalvo, Antioxidant enterolactone, enterolignans, total lignans coulometric electrode array detection) Poulsen, & Supplementati Voutilainen, on in

40 2010) Atherosclerosi s) (Brat et al., France h Fruit and Total polyphenols Analytical experiment (The Folin-Ciocalteu 2006) (the (45-60) recall vegetables method) SU.VI.MAX study) (Pérez- France 4942 Dietary Whole diet Total polyphenol, flavonoids, phenolic acids, The Phenol-Explorer database Jiménez et (The (45-60) records glycones, hydroxycinnamic acids, al., 2011) SU.VI.MAX-- proanthocyanidins, catechins, anthocyanins, French cohort) flavonols, hydroxybenzoic acids, flavones, flavanones, theaflavins, dihydroflavonols, other polyphenols, individual polyphenols (Dilis & Greece FFQ Whole diet Flavones, flavonoles, flavanones, eriodictyal, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Trichopoulo (The EPIC- (35 74) flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidins, proanthocyanidin Database for the Flavonoid Content of u, 2010) Greek) and their individual compounds and total Selected Foods, 2007 phenols 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods, (Chan et al., Hong Kong 126 FFQ Whole diet Isoflavone Published literature

41 2007) (55-78) (Woo et al., Hong Kong 3114 FFQ Whole diet Total isoflavone 1. McCance & Widdowson s: The 2006) (65+) Composition of Foods, 4th edn, China Food Composition (C. Nagata et Japan 194 Diet Soy foods Soy isoflavones Japanese Standard Tables of Food al., 2006) records Composition, 4th and 5th editions (18+) (C. Nagata, Hirokawa, Shimizu, & Shimizu, 2004) Japan 315 (18-48) FFQ Soy foods Iosflavone Published literature (Tanaka et Japan 3956 FFQ Soy foods Isoflavone, daidzein and genistein intake Published literature al., 2008) (The Freshmen in (18-22) Dietetic Courses Study II) (C. Nagata, Japan 419 FFQ Soy foods Soy isoflavone Japanese Standard Tables of Food

42 Ueno, et al., 2008) (C. Nagata, Hirokawa, Shimizu, & Shimizu, 2005) (NS) Japan 276 (19 24) Composition, 4th and 5th editions FFQ Soy foods Soy isoflavone Published literature (Tsuji et al., Japan 393 FFQ Whole diet Soy isoflavones Published analytical data based on local food 2012) items (20-54) (C. Nagata et Japan 601 FFQ Whole diet Soy isoflavones Japanese Standard Tables of Food al., 2005) Composition, 4th and 5th editions (19-24) (Kim, Choi, Korea hour Whole diet Isoflavones, daidzein and genistein 1. Published literature & Sung, (NS) recall 2. Published analytical data 2007) (Galvan- Mexico 50 FFQ Whole diet Flavonoids: flavonol, flavones and flavanol; 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Portillo, (17-37) Lignans: secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, Database for the Flavonoid Content of Wolff, lariciresinol and pinoresinol. Cinnamic acid and Selected Foods, 2003.

43 coumestrol Notice plus database 3. Published literature Torres- Sánchez, López- Cervantes, & López- Carrillo, 2007) (Kreijkamp- Kaspers, Kok, Bots, Grobbee, & Van Der Schouw, 2005) (Kreijkamp- Kaspers et al., 2007) Netherlands 301 (60 75) Netherlands 301 (60 75) FFQ Whole diet Isoflavone and lignan Published literature FFQ Whole diet Isoflavones and lignans Published literature (Vrieling et Netherlands 386 FFQ Whole diet Total phytoestrogens Published literature al., 2004) (The EPIC

44 study- (49 69) Netherlands) (Ilow, Poland 1520 FFQ Fruit, Total flavonoids and 5 subclasses: flavonols, U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Regulska- (49 and vegetable, flavones,flavanones, flavan-3-ols and Database for the Flavonoid Content of Ilow, 50) tea, wine anthocyanidins Selected Foods, Walkiewicz, and Biernat, & chocolate Kowalisko, consumption 2008) (Ravasco, Portugal 140 Diet Whole diet Beta-carotene and Isoflavones The software DIETPLAN version 5 for Monteiro- (33-83) history Windows 2002 Grillo, Marqués Vidal, & Camilo, 2005) (Ursin et al., Singapore 380 FFQ Soy foods Soy isoflavones Published analytical data based on local food 2006) items (45-74)

45 (Zamora-Ros Spain FFQ Whole diet Total flavan-3-ols annd monomeric 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa et al., 2010) (The EPIC- (35-64) State University Database on the Spain) Isoflavone Content of Foods, U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods, (González, Spain 159 FFQ Whole diet Total polyphenol, phenolic acids, The Phenol-Explorer database Cuervo, & (60-80) hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxycinamic acid, Lasheras, flavonoids, anthocyanins, flavanols, flavanones, 2013) flavones, flavonols, other polyphenols, lignans, and stilbenes (Welch et UK 3160 FFQ Whole diet Flavonoids and subclasses (flavanones, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA al., 2012) anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, polymers, Database for the Flavonoid Content of (18-79) flavonols, and flavones) Selected Foods, U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA

46 Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods, 2004 The Phenol-Explorer database (Butchart et UK 1091 FFQ Whole diet Flavonols, flavones, catechins, procyanidins and Published analytical data based on local food al., 2011) (the Lothian (70) flavanounes items Birth Cohort 1936 study) (Jennings et UK 1898 FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoids and their 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA al., 2012) subclasses (flavanones, anthocyanins, flavan-3- Database for the Flavonoid Content of (18 75) ols, polymers, flavonols, Selected Foods, 2007 and flavones) 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods, 2004 The Phenol-Explorer database (Jennings, UK 1997 FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoids and their subclasses 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Welch, (flavanones, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, Database for the Flavonoid Content of Spector, (18-76) polymeric flavonoids, flavonols, flavones) Selected Foods, 2007 Macgregor, 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA & Cassidy, Database for the Proanthocyanidin

47 2014) Content of Selected Foods, Published literature (Mulligan et UK Food Whole diet Coumestrol, total enterolignans, total Published analytical data based on local food al., 2013) (The EPIC- (40-79) diaries isoflavones, total lignans. total phyto-oestrogens item Norfolk) (Kuhnle et UK 7553 Food Whole diet Total phytoestrogen, total isoflavones, Published analytical data based on local food al., 2011) (the EPIC- (45-75) records biochanin A, daidzein, formononetin; genistein, items Norfolk) glycitein, total lignans, matairesinol; secoisolariciresinol; coumestrol, total enterolignans, enterodiol, enterolactone; and equol (Ock, h Whole diet Total flavonoids and 5 subclasses and individual 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa Chung, (the NHANES (19+) dietary compounds. State University Database on the Claycombe, study) recall Isoflavone Content of Foods, & Song, U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA 2008) Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, (Chun et al., h Whole diet Flavonoids, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa 2010) (The (19+) dietary flavan-3-ols, and anthocyanidins and 19 State University Database on the

48 NHANES and ) record individual flavonoid compounds Isoflavone Content of Foods, U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, (Filiberto, h Whole diet Beta-carotene, bete-cryotooxanthin, total U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa State Mumford, (The BioCycle recalls isoflavones, daidzein, genistein, glycitein, University Database on the Isoflavone Content Pollack, Study) (19-44) biochanin, formononetin of Foods, 2008 Zhang, Yeung, Perkins, et al., 2013) (Tseng, h Whole diet Isoflavones U.S. Department of Agriculture--DA Byrne, recall database for the isoflavone content of selected Kurzer, & (36-58) foods, 2008 Fang, 2013) (Sowers et 1881 FFQ Whole diet Anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavanones, Published literature al., 2006) (The (42-52) monomeric flavanols, isoflavones, genistein and Women s daidzein

49 Health Across the Nation) (Song, FFQ Whole diet Floavonols, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, Food tables from the Department of Nutrition, Manson, (The apigenin, and luteolin Harvard School of Public Health, Buring, Women s (45+) Sesso, & Health Study) Liu, 2005) (Bobe, 1905 FFQ Whole diet Total flavonoids, isoflavones, anthocyanidins, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture- Iowa Sansbury, et (the Polyp (18+) flavan-3-ols, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, State University Database on the al., 2008) Prevention hesperetin, naringenin, flavonol, isorhamnetin, Isoflavone Content of Foods, Trial) kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, isoflavonoids, 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture-DA biochanin A, daidzein, formononetin and Database for the Proanthocyanidin genistein Content of Selected Foods, U.S. Department of Agriculture- DA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Published literature Abbreviations: NS- Not specified, FFQ- Food frequency questionnaire, FCDB- Food Composition Database

50