The process of sorting organisms into groups based on their. Characteristics

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1 B1 Topic 1 Keyword PLC 1 Classification Characteristics Species Genus Family Kingdom Unicellular Multicellular Nucleus Bacteria Autotrophic feeding Photosynthesis Heterotrophic feeding Saprophytic feeding PLC 2 Vertebrates Vertebrae Chordata Invertebrates Fish Amphibians Mammals Reptiles Birds External fertilization Internal fertilization Oviparous Viviparous Homeotherms Influences on life Definition The process of sorting organisms into groups based on their characteristics. The features of an organism. Each different type of organism is called a species. Members of the same species can reproduce with each other and produce fertile offspring. A classification group that contains species with similar characteristics (plural: genera) A classification group that contains genera with similar characteristics. The largest division in the classification of living organisms e.g. Kingdom Plantae. Made of one cell. Made of more than one cell. Contains DNA for making new cells. Found in most cells of all organisms except Kingdom Prokaryotae. Simple microscopic organism consisting of one cell that does not contain a nucleus. Make food from small molecules using an energy source such as light in photosynthesis. Set of chemical reactions in plants that allows them to produce glucose and oxygen using water and carbon dioxide. The process is powered by light from the sun. Getting food by eating and digesting the tissues of other organisms. Getting food by digesting the tissues of other organisms outside the body and then absorbing the nutrients. Animals with a backbone. Small bones in the backbone of a vertebrate. Animals that have a supporting rod along the length of their body. All vertebrates belong to this group. Animal with no backbone. Vertebrates that have wet scales, gills and lay jelly-coated eggs. Vertebrates that have moist permeable skin and lay jelly-coated eggs in water. Vertebrates that have fur, lungs and produce milk on which to feed their young. Vertebrates that have lungs, dry and scaly skin and lay leatheryshelled eggs. Vertebrates that have lungs, feathers and beaks and lay hardshelled eggs. When fertilization happens outside the body of the animal. When fertilization happens inside the body of the animal. Offspring develop in eggs e.g. birds. Mother gives birth to live young e.g. mammals. An animal that can keep its body temperature more constant than

2 Poikilotherms PLC 3 Interbreed Fertile Hybrids Ring species Binomial system Variation Key Biodiversity Continuous variation Discontinuous variation PLC 4 Adapted Habitats Hydrothermal vents Genetic variation Normal distribution curve Acquired characteristic Environmental variation Competition Natural selection Evolution Extinct Speciation the surroundings and often warmer by releasing heat from reactions in its body. An animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of the environment around it. Reproduce with other members of the same group. Able to produce offspring. An organism that is the result of breeding together two different species. A hybrid has characteristics from both species. A ring of populations in which neighbouring populations can interbreed but the populations at the two ends of the chain cannot even if they live in the same area. System of naming organisms using two Latin words. Differences in the characteristics of different organisms within and between species. Diagram containing a set of questions or statements that can be used to work out the name of an organism. A variety of species of plants and animals in a given area. When a variable can have almost any numeric value e.g. height of humans. When a variable cannot have a continuous range of options e.g. days of the week, shoe size. Organisms have certain characteristics that allow them to survive in particular places. These characteristics are called adaptations. The places an organism lives e.g. woodland. Area on the seabed where hot gases and water are forced up from below by being heated by magma below the sea floor. Variation in characteristics caused by the instructions of DNA within cells. A graph of variation in a characteristic for a population which will be bell shaped showing most values in the middle of the range and few extreme values. A characteristic that is changed by the environment rather than inherited from your parents. Differences between characteristics of organisms caused by the environment. When organisms need the same resources as each other, they struggle against each other to get those resources. A process in which the organisms that are best suited to their conditions in their habitats are more likely to survive. Also sometimes called survival of the fittest. Gradual change over a long period of time. When a species dies out and no longer exists. Formation of new species e.g. due to geographic isolation which can lead to evolution causing interbreeding to no longer be possible. PLC 5

3 Cell membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm DNA(deoxyribose nucleic acid) Chromosome Gene Inherited variation Allele PLC 6 Gametes Sperm cell Pollen grain Egg cell Dominant allele Recessive allele Genetic cross diagram Genotype Phenotype PLC 7 Homozygous Heterozygous Punnet square Probability Sickle cell disease Genetic disorder Thin layer which forms a semi-permeable barrier around the cytoplasm of the cell and controls movement of substances into and out of the cell. Contains DNA for making new cells and controls the reactions in the cell. The liquid gel which makes up most of the cell and is where many chemical reactions take place. The chemical that makes up genes and chromosomes; the instructions for a cell s growth and activities. Thread-like structures made of DNA found in the nucleus of a cell which carries genetic information. A chromosome is made up of lots of genes. A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. Variation of characteristics caused by genes. Every gene comes in different types called alleles e.g. eye colour may have a blue type allele or brown type allele for eye colour. Sex cells that contain only half the normal number of chromosomes so when two join together they contain the full set of chromosomes. The male gamete in animals. The male gamete in plants. Female gamete. Another term for ovum The version of a gene (allele) that will always have an effect. Represented using a capital letter. The version of a gene (allele) that will only have an effect if the second allele is also recessive. Represented using a lower case letter. Diagram showing how the alleles in two parents may form different combinations in the offspring, when the parents reproduce. The alleles for a certain characteristics that are found in an organism. The characteristics seen on an organism caused by a certain set of alleles e.g. brown eyes. If both alleles for a characteristic are the same e.g. B and B for eye colour then that organism is homozygous for eye colour. If both alleles for a characteristic are different e.g. B and b for eye colour then that organism is heterozygous for eye colour. Diagram used to predict the different characteristics that that will be present in the offspring of two organisms with known combinations of alleles. The square is used to work out probability of inheriting a certain feature. The likelihood of something happening often shown as a percentage or ratio e.g. there is a 50% chance of rain tomorrow. A genetic disorder caused by inheriting two recessive alleles. It causes tiredness, shortness of breath and periods of extreme pain in joints. A disease caused by the alleles that are inherited from parents.

4 Cystic fibrosis (CF) Family pedigree chart Pedigree analysis PLC 8 B1-Topic 2 Keyword Internal environment Homeostasis Gland Sweat gland Urine Kidney Osmoregulation Blood Glucose regulation Hypothalamus PLC 9 Thermoregulation Dermis Erector muscles Sebaceous glands Vasoconstriction Vasodilation Negative feedback Sense organs Stimulus (pl:stimuli) Receptor cells PLC 10 Impulse Neuron Neurotransmission Dendron Dendrites Axon A genetic disorder caused by inheriting two recessive alleles. It causes thick mucus to collect on the lungs making breathing difficult and also stops food from being well digested. A chart showing which members of a family suffer from a genetic disorder. When doctors study family pedigree charts to assess the probability that a couple may have passed on a genetic disorder to their child. Responses to a changing environment Definition The conditions inside your body. Controlling the internal environment of the body at stable levels. A part of the body that makes substances like hormones and then releases them. A gland found in the skin that produces sweat. Fluid produced by the kidneys which contains waste materials like water and salts removed from the body. An organ that is important in removing extra water and salts from the blood by producing urine. Controlling the amount of water in the body. The control of the concentration of glucose in the blood by the body by using hormones. Part of the brain that controls body temperature. The control of temperature inside the body by mechanisms in the body. The layer of skin below the epidermis, where nerve endings, blood vessels and other structures are found. Muscles in the dermis of the skin that raises body hair. Glands at the base of skin hairs that release oil onto the skin surface. Keeping the skin lubricated and healthy. Narrowing of the blood vessels. Widening of the blood vessels. A control mechanism that reacts to a change in a condition by trying to bring the condition back to normal again. Organ that contains receptor organs. Change in an environmental factor that is detected by receptors. Cell that receives a stimulus and converts it into an electrical impulse to be sent to the brain and/or spinal cord. Electrical impulse transmitted along a neurone. A cell that transmits electrical impulses in the nervous system. Impulses passing from neurone to neurone. Extension of a neuron that carries the impulse to the cell body. It ends in many dendrites and is usually shorter than an axon. Many fine extensions of a dendron of a neurone that collects impulses from other neurones or receptors. The long extension of a neuron that carries an impulse away from the cell body towards other neurones.

5 Spinal cord CNS Response Effector PLC 11 Sensory neuron Relay neuron Motor neuron Myelin sheath Synapse Neurotransmitter Reflex Reflex arc Endocrine gland Hormone PLC 12 Target organ Pancreas Insulin Glycogen Glucagon Diabetes Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Subcutaneous fat BMI PLC 13 Tropism Large bundle of nerves leading from the brain and down the back. Central nervous system abbreviation. The spinal cord and brain make up the CNS. Responsible for processing and controlling the transmission of electrical impulses. Action that occurs due to a stimulus. Muscle or gland in the body that performs an action when an impulse from the nervous system is received. Neurone that carries impulses from the receptor cells. A short type of neurone found in the spinal cord and brain that links the sensory to the motor neurone as well as other relay neurones. A neurone that carries impulses to the effectors. Fatty covering around axons of many neurones. It speeds of the transmission of impulses along the length and helps to insulate them from each other. Point at which two neurones meet where there is a tiny gap which cannot conduct an impulse. Substance that diffuses across the gap between two neurones at a synapse and triggers an impulse to be generated in the neurone on the other side of the synapse. Response to a stimulus that does not require processing by the brain. The response is automatic. Connection of a sensory neurone to a motor neurone often via a relay neurone which allows reflexes to occur quickly. A gland that makes and releases hormones. A substance that is made and released in one part of the body that has an effect on another part of the body and acts as a chemical messenger. An organ on which a hormone has an effect. Organ in the body that produces digestive enzymes as well as insulin and glucagon. Hormone released by endocrine glands in the pancreas that lowers the blood glucose concentration by causing cells in the liver to turn glucose into glycogen. A storage material made from glucose. Hormone released by endocrine glands in the pancreas. Increases blood glucose concentration by causing cells in the liver to change glycogen back into glucose. Disease in which the body cannot control blood glucose concentration at the correct level. Diabetes in which the pancreas does not produce insulin. Diabetes where cells, especially those in the liver, do not respond to insulin. Layer of fat under the skin. Body mass index. This is the estimate of how healthy a person s mass is for their height. A response to a stimulus in which an organism grows towards or

6 Phototropism Negative tropism Plant growth substances Auxins Positive gravitropism Geotropism Germinates Gibberellins Selective weed killer Rooting powder cuttings B1-Topic 3 Keyword PLC 14 Drug Hallucinogen Narcotic Pain killer Neurotransmitter Stimulant Reaction time Depressant Legal Illegal PLC 15 Addictive Tar Carcinogen Carbon monoxide Nicotine away from the stimulus. Tropisms in response to light. Tropism in which the response is away from the stimulus. Substances released by parts of a plant that has an effect on the cells of that part or another part of the plant. Causes the cells to elongate and differentiate. Also known as plant hormones. Plant hormones that affects the growth and elongation of cells in plants. Tropism in which the response is towards the stimulus in this case gravity. Tropism in response to gravity. When a seed starts to grow a shoot and a root. Set of plant hormones that can cause seeds to germinate, and flowers and fruit to form. Weed killer that contains artificial plant hormones and will kill only certain types of plants. Most kill plants with broad leaves and not those with narrow leaves. Powder that contains plant hormones called auxins that help plant cuttings to grow roots quickly. Part of a plant normally a leaf or stem from which a new plant can be grown. Problems and solutions to a changing environment. Definition A substance that changes the way the body works. A substance that distorts sense perception. A drug that makes you feel sleepy. Substance that blocks the transmission of pain responses via neurones to the brain. A substance that diffuses across the gap between two neurones at a synapse and triggers an impulse to be generated in the neurone on the other side of the synapse. Substances that increases the speed of transmission of nerve impulses across synapses. How long it takes to respond to a stimulus. A substance that slows down the activity of neurones in the brain. Allowed by law. Against the law, often punishable by a fine or imprisonment. When the body is dependent on a drug and does not work properly without it. Sticky black substance in tobacco smoke that contains carcinogens. Something that causes cancer, for example tar in tobacco smoke. A toxic gas, found in tobacco smoke that replaces oxygen on the red blood cells, so reduces the amount of oxygen carried around the body. Stimulant in tobacco smoke which is addictive and makes it

7 Inhibitions Cirrhosis Transplant Criteria Donor PLC 16 Clinically obese Ethical decision Pathogen Infectious disease Bacteria Virus Fungus Protozoan Protoctists Vector PLC 17 Physical barrier Chemical defence Antiseptic Antibacterial Antibiotic Antifungal Variation Resistant MRSA Producer PLC 18 Primary consumer difficult to give up. The feelings that you can t or should not do something. Damage to the liver caused by drinking large amounts of alcohol over a long time. Taking an organ from one person and putting it into the body of another one often to save the life of a person. Rules or tests that are used to make fair decisions. A person who gives something, for example an organ for transplant to another person. When somebody is very overweight for their height to the extent that doctors are concerned for their health for example having a BMI greater than 30. A decision as to whether something is right or wrong. Micro-organism that causes disease. Illness that is caused by a micro-organisms and can infect another person. Simple microscopic organism consisting of one cell that does not contain a nucleus. A particle that can infect cells and causes the cells to make copies of the virus e.g. the influenza virus. Organism that feeds on dead or decaying material, such as athlete s foot fungus. Type of single-celled protoctist that requires a source of food. Simple organisms belonging to the kingdom Protoctista., most are unicellular but some are multicellular and have complex cells that contain a nucleus. Organism that transfers a pathogen from one person to another for example the mosquito that carries the malaria parasite between people. A structure that stops something from entering a certain area. For example the skin stops microbes from entering the body. Preventing attack, for example of microbes, using chemicals. Substance used to stop the spread of pathogens. Antibiotic that stops or slows down the growth of bacteria. Substance that can kill or slow down the growth of microbes by interfering with their reproduction. Antibiotic that kills or slows down the growth of fungi. Differences between characteristics within the same species of an organism. An organism that has evolved so it is not affected by the substances that usually kill it. For example bacteria no longer being killed by antibiotics. Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, a strain of bacteria resistant to many kinds of antibiotics. Organism that makes its own food such as a plant using photosynthesis. An animal that eats a producer i.e. a herbivore.

8 Secondary consumer Food chain Trophic level Food web Feeding relationships Interdependent Respiration Biomass Pyramid of biomass PLC 19 Predator Prey Parasite Parasitism Host Mutualism Cleaner fish Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Legumes Chemosynthetic bacteria PLC 20 Population growth Fertilizer Pollutants Eutrophication Indicator species Blackspot fungus Lichens Stonefly larvae Freshwater shrimps Bloodworms An animal that eats primary consumers. A diagram that shows, with arrows, the flow of food and energy from a producer to the animal that eats that producer and then onto the animal that eats the first animal and so on. One level of a food chain, such as producer, herbivore, carnivore. A diagram of interlinked food chains that shows the interdependent feeding relationships within a habitat. The relationship between two organisms where one feeds on the other. Depending on each other. Process that takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide which living organisms use to release energy from food. The total mass in living organisms usually shown as the mass after drying. Diagram showing the biomass in each trophic level of a food chain. Animal that kills other animals to eat. Organism that is hunted and killed by predators. Organism that lives on or in a host organism and takes food from it whilst it is alive. A feeding relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed. An organism that provides food for a parasite. A relationship between organisms where both benefit. Fish that remove dead skin and parasites from the skin of other fish. Bacteria that can take nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it into more complex nitrogen compounds such as ammonia. Plant of the pea family including peas and beans. Bacteria that get their energy for producing food from breaking down chemicals. They are considered producers. Increase in population size over time. Chemical compounds added by farmers to soil to increase the rate of growth of plants. Substances that harm living organisms when released into the environment, often waste products of human activity. The addition of chemicals to water, such as nitrates and phosphates, which encourages plant growth. Species that is particularly sensitive to or tolerant of pollution, so its presence or absence can be used as a measure of pollution. Fungus that damages roses and is killed by sulphur dioxide in the air. Mutualistic relationship between a fungus and algae and different lichens are affected differently by air pollution so are used as indicator species. Aquatic species that is an indicator of clean water. Aquatic species that is an indicator of clean water. Aquatic species used as an indicator for polluted water.

9 Sludge worms PLC 21 Recycling Faeces Decomposer Decay Fossil fuels Combustion Carbon cycle Urea Root nodules Nitrifying bacteria Denitrifying bacteria Nitrogen cycle Aquatic species that is an indicator of polluted water. Take materials from waste and making then into useful products again. Waste material from food which was not absorbed by the body. Organisms that feed on dead material, causing decay. Process in which complex substances in plants and animals are broken down by decomposers into simpler substances. Non-renewable fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas that has formed over millions of years from dead plants and animals. Chemical reaction when substances burn, combining with oxygen to produce heat and carbon dioxide. A sequence of processes by which carbon moves from the atmosphere, through living and dead organisms, into sediments and into the atmosphere again. A nitrogen-rich substance found in urine. Small structure that legume plants make on their roots for nitrogen-fixing bacteria to live on. Bacteria that makes more complex nitrogen compounds from simpler ones such as nitrates from nitrites. Bacteria that break down complex nitrogen compounds into simpler ones e.g. nitrates to nitrites. A sequence of processes whereby nitrogen moves from the atmosphere through living and dead organisms, into the soil and back into the atmosphere again.

Biology Unit B1 - Topic 1

Biology Unit B1 - Topic 1 Classification, variation and inheritance 1.1 Demonstrate an understanding of how biologists classify organisms according to how closely they are related to one another including: