High Risk Calf Implant Strategies. Which One? When?

Transcription

1 High Risk Calf Implant Strategies Feedlot Receiving Calf Health & Well Being Conference Stillwater, OK Jan 9 11, 2017 Wade T. Nichols, Ph.D. Senior Technical Service Manager Merck Animal Health Which One? When? Implant Original/ Generic Androgenic (mg) Estrogenic (mg) Carrier Anabolic Effect (days) Approved Uses Suckling calves Stockers Feedlot Steers Heifers Heifers Steers Steers Heifers X X X Synovex-C Original PEG 120 Component-EC Generic PEG 120 X X Synovex-S Original PEG 120 X X Component-ES Generic PEG 120 X X Synovex-H Original Testosterone 14.4 PEG X X Component-EH Generic 200 Testosterone 14.4 PEG 120 X X Compudose Original Silastic Rubber 168 X X X X Encore Original Silastic Rubber 336 X X X X Celerin-Calf * Original Micoencapsulated suspension 120 X X Celerin-Feedlot * Original Micoencapsulated suspension 120 X X SynovexOne-Grass Original 150 TBA 15 PEG with a slow release proprietary coating 200? X X Ralgro Original 0 36 zeranol Lactose 70 X X X X X X Ralgro Magnum * Original 0 72 zeranol Lactose 70 X Component TS Generic 140 TBA Lactose 105 X Finaplix-S * Original 140 TBA Lactose 105 X Finaplix-H Original 200 TBA Lactose 105 X Component TH Generic 200 TBA Lactose 105 X Revalor-G Original 40 TBA 8 Cholesterol 120 X X Component-TEG Generic 40 TBA 8 Cholesterol 120 X X Synovex T40* Generic 40 TBA 8 Cholesterol 120 X X Revalor-IS Original 80 TBA 16 Cholesterol 120 X Component TE-IS Generic 80 TBA 16 Cholesterol 120 X Synovex T80* Generic 80 TBA 16 Cholesterol 120 X Revalor-IH Original 80 TBA 8 Cholesterol 120 X Component TE-IH Generic 80 TBA 8 Cholesterol 120 X Synovex-Choice Original 100 TBA 10 PEG 120 X X Revalor-S Original 120 TBA 24 Cholesterol 120 X Component TES Generic 120 TBA 24 Cholesterol 120 X Synovex T120 * Generic 120 TBA 24 Cholesterol 120 X Revalor-H Original 140 TBA 14 Cholesterol 120 X Component TEH Generic 140 TBA 14 Cholesterol 120 X Revalor-200 Original 200 TBA 20 Cholesterol 120 X X Synovex-Plus Original 200 TBA 20 PEG 120 X X Revalor-XS Original 200 TBA 40 Cholesterol with Proprietary timed release coating X SynovexOne-Feedlot Original 200 TBA 20 PEG with a proprietary slow release coating 200? X X * Implant approved but not marketed at this time 1

2 Basically: To Use or Not to Use? (That is the Question) YES Now if everybody would just believe me, we could stop here But hard heads do exist in our industry Hopefully This presentation of data will give you something to reflect upon when considering the use of implants in High Risk Calves First To Use or Not to Use? (That is the Question) We will consider some ancillary data that may help in understanding why implants might or might not be beneficial Time is short, so the data will be presented in generalities Second We will peruse some actual data with High Risk or Receiving Calves and Effects of Implants 2

3 Concern With Implants Protein and energy are required to mount an immune response Protein deposition is increased with the use of implants Is this taking protein away from the immune system? Reduced intake by high risk or receiving calves Are the implants preferentially robbing available nutrients for growth vs. immune system, especially during these times of low DMI? Initial DMI General Increase in Dry Matter Intake During Feeding Period 4 to 6 % with E2 alone 6 to 8 % with TBA:E2 combination Percent body wt. basis about equal What about in the First Few Weeks? Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxin (T4) Can stimulate intake Generally an estrogen response Trenkle, 1997; Mader and Kreikemeier,

4 DMI Some studies demonstrate an increase in DMI Days Neuhold, et al; 2016 Arrival (Rev XS) Delayed (30d) P Value Revalor Feedyard Trial Days Control Implants P Value <0.10 Rev S Tech Bulletin Days Control Implants P Value < DMI Some Studies Demonstrate No Difference Moriel, et al; 2016 Days Control Ralgro 14 Ralgro d 0 Ralgro +14 P Value Should Never Say Never But no studies indicate a significant drop in DMI Conclusion: Implants either increase DMI or in some cases have no effect on DMI early in the feeding period. More Nutrients for Utilization 4

5 Cortisol Cortisol is a steroid hormone released during times of stress It is thought to be involved in immune suppression, weakening innate immune response and antibody production, and increases protein degradation Response to implanting cattle is somewhat variable Mostly a significant decrease to no significant differences Cortisol Moriel et al observed increases in IGF 1 concentrations in Ralgro implanted cattle, but found no differences in Haptoglobin nor Cortisol concentrations between treatments. Roeder et al found that glucocorticoids were not altered by anabolic agents Hayden et al reported increased cortisol with E2, but decreased cortisol levels with TBA Conversely, Doelger et al demonstrated lower levels of cortisol in E2 implanted steers. 5

6 Cortisol Gifford et al while studying cortisol synthesis in heifers treated with Revalor 200 d 0 vs. Revalor 200 d 56 vs. Control reported the following: On d 28 the Revalor d 0 heifers exhibited significantly lower Cortisol levels vs. either of the other two treatments On d 84 both implant treatments were significantly lower in cortisol levels than control heifers. Cortisol Conclusions with Implanting: Basically no response to significantly lower levels So a possible positive effect on the immune system At the very least no effect N Utilization Anabolic Steroids do not Improve Protein Digestion They do however improve the Utilization of Absorbed Nitrogen Plasma Urea Nitrogen (PUN) Generally reduced either from increased synthesis, decreased degradation, or both Thomson et al found that PUN can be reduced as early as 7 d following implantation with TBA/E2 6

7 N Utilization Urinary Urea Nitrogen (UUN) A plethora of studies indicate a reduction in UUN with anabolic agents. Huntington et al reported an increase in ADG was associated with the lower UUN levels. N Utilization Conclusion with Implants: Absorbed N is better utilized, with less excretion, and used mainly for growth. However, implants are not robbing protein to the exclusion of the immune system: Improved N utilization coupled with decreased degradation is a Protein Sparing Effect The Protein Sparing Effect coupled with Inhibition of Glucocorticoid Secretion, might Enhance the Immune Response by Allowing more Efficient Synthesis of Immuno Proteins Anabolic Implants and Maintenance Requirements Basically the body of Data Indicates E2 may slightly increase Maintenance Req. TBA may slightly decrease Maintenance Req. The Combination Cancel each other for No Effect Hutcheson et al in Evaluating NI, E2, TBA, or E2/TBA in cloned calves reported Efficiency of ME for maintenance (61.9%)or gain (42.7%) was not different E2 and E2/TBA reduced NEg requirements 19%, while TBA reduced NEg requirements 10% 7

8 Revalor G (Steers) Oklahoma State Overwintering Control Revalor-G SEM Initial Wt Final Wt. 504 a 524 b 3.59 ADG 0.31 a 0.42 b means with different superscripts differ P< head per treatment 105 day grazing Dec to March Old World Bluestem and native dormant tall grass prairie Ancillary Implant Effects on Receiving Stress An increase in DMI allowing more nutrients to cross the gut wall The Protein Sparing Effect coupled with: Inhibition of Glucocorticoid Secretion, might Enhance the Immune Response by: Allowing more Efficient Synthesis of Immuno Proteins One Possible Negative: Possible slight increase in maintenance req with E2 Basically: It is all about Rumen Function and Dry Matter Intake Anyway 8

9 Trial Data Ralgro and IBR Challenge Hale and Hutcheson,

10 Ralgro and IBR Challenge Consumption was lowest for those calves with the highest rectal temperatures. Zeranol caused fevers to be lower and improved consumption (Hale R.L. 1989). Effect of timing of anabolic implant insertion on growth and immunity of recently weaned beef steers Moriel et al; JAS : NI, Ralgro d 14, Ralgro d 0, Ralgro d +14 Steers finished with 252 DOF Some small performance differences favoring the implanted cattle, with no deleterious effects on subsequent feedyard perf or carcass composition Plasma concentrations of cortisol, haptoglobin, and serum titers against BVD type 1&2 were not different on d 56 However; Serum IBR titer levels were higher for Ralgro d +14 than all other treatments 10

11 Effects of trace mineral supplementation, source, and growth implants on immune response of growing and finishing feedlot steers Dorton et al; 2007 PAS 23:29 35 TM supplementation of control, inorganic, organic with Synovex S given on d 28. D 56 steers implanted with Syn S were given Revalor IS. All minerals except Zn fed to NRC IgG, IgM, and antibody titers to pig red blood cells were measured End of growing phase: organic TM had greater IgM concentrations vs. inorganic. Implanted steers had greater IgG antibody titers concentrations for PRBC than non implanted. Estradiol plus progesterone treatment modulates select elements of the proinflammatory cytokine cascade in steers: Attenuated nitric oxide and thromboxane B2 production in endotoxemia Sartin et al; JAS 2003, 81: Treatments: Control, Syn S, endotoxin (LPS), Syn S+endotoxin; d7 injected with endotoxin or saline Measured: Syn S (EP) effect on tumor necrosis factor (TNF), thromboxane (TXB), prostacyclin (PRC), nitrite and nitrate (NO), and cortisol EP significantly reduced hours of fever in LPS vs. LPS EP Plasma TNF, PRC, and cortisol increased following LPS but were not affected by EP EP alleviated the increase or magnitude of both TXB and NO HUH? Basically EP reduced fever time, reducing TXB may protect against severe vasoconstriction, thrombus formation, and other compromises, while reducing NO production may protect against the effects of endotoxemia 11

12 Influence of timing of growth implant administration on performance and health of newly received beef cattle Neuhold et al; PAS 32:67 73 Treatments: Revalor XS on d 0 (ARR) vs. Revalor XS on d 28 (DEL) Some cattle injected with ovalbumin (OVA) on d 0 and d 28, some injected on d 28 only Results: No differences in carcass traits Some differences in feedyard performance favoring DEL ARR tended to have greater OVA IgG concentrations following OVA injection Probably due to increased DMI the first 56 days Implant timing on number of health treatments Item ARR DEL P value Pens 9 9 Treated Once Treated Twice Treated Thrice Effect of delayed steroid implanting on health, performance, and carcass quality in high health risk, auction market sourced feedlot steers Munson, Thomson, and Reinhardt; JAS 2012, 90: Treatments: Revalor XS d 0 vs. Revalor XS d 45 Nothing significant in feedyard performance, carcass characteristics, or liver and lung abnormalities Item ARRIVAL DELAYED P Value Number of pens Number of animals % Morbidity DOF first treatment % Retreatment Med Costs $/animal % Mortality % Resp Mortality % Railed %Total Out Cattle % Out Cattle Resp

13 Conclusions From Previous 2 Trials Neuhold et al: These results suggest that delaying the time of growth implant administration of newly received cattle had minimal effect on animal performance, health, and immune response Munson et al: In conclusion, delaying the initial implant 45 d after arrival did not substantially influence animal health, performance, or carcass measurement in feeder calves at high risk of developing BRD. Delaying administration of the growth promoting implant had no benefits on health status in the high risk calves used in this study. Depending on other management considerations, such as potential need for revaccination or mass medication, there appears to be no advantage to handling cattle a second time postprocessing simply to provide the growth promoting implant Conclusions I can t say it any better than the previous two authors Given all the data: There is very little reason not to implant cattle in the face of stress There is very little reason to delay implanting cattle just for the sake of delaying the implant Delaying processing high risk calves is fine and you can give the implant when you process with no deleterious effects 13

14 Various Anabolic Implants for Cattle So.What about all those implants? Which One? When? Implant Original/ Generic Androgenic (mg) Estrogenic (mg) Carrier Anabolic Effect (days) Approved Uses Suckling calves Stockers Feedlot Steers Heifers Heifers Steers Steers Heifers X X X Synovex-C Original PEG 120 Component-EC Generic PEG 120 X X Synovex-S Original PEG 120 X X Component-ES Generic PEG 120 X X Synovex-H Original Testosterone 14.4 PEG X X Component-EH Generic 200 Testosterone 14.4 PEG 120 X X Compudose Original Silastic Rubber 168 X X X X Encore Original Silastic Rubber 336 X X X X Celerin-Calf * Original Micoencapsulated suspension 120 X X Celerin-Feedlot * Original Micoencapsulated suspension 120 X X SynovexOne-Grass Original 150 TBA 15 PEG with a slow release proprietary coating 200? X X Ralgro Original 0 36 zeranol Lactose 70 X X X X X X Ralgro Magnum * Original 0 72 zeranol Lactose 70 X Component TS Generic 140 TBA Lactose 105 X Finaplix-S * Original 140 TBA Lactose 105 X Finaplix-H Original 200 TBA Lactose 105 X Component TH Generic 200 TBA Lactose 105 X Revalor-G Original 40 TBA 8 Cholesterol 120 X X Component-TEG Generic 40 TBA 8 Cholesterol 120 X X Synovex T40* Generic 40 TBA 8 Cholesterol 120 X X Revalor-IS Original 80 TBA 16 Cholesterol 120 X Component TE-IS Generic 80 TBA 16 Cholesterol 120 X Synovex T80* Generic 80 TBA 16 Cholesterol 120 X Revalor-IH Original 80 TBA 8 Cholesterol 120 X Component TE-IH Generic 80 TBA 8 Cholesterol 120 X Synovex-Choice Original 100 TBA 10 PEG 120 X X Revalor-S Original 120 TBA 24 Cholesterol 120 X Component TES Generic 120 TBA 24 Cholesterol 120 X Synovex T120 * Generic 120 TBA 24 Cholesterol 120 X Revalor-H Original 140 TBA 14 Cholesterol 120 X Component TEH Generic 140 TBA 14 Cholesterol 120 X Revalor-200 Original 200 TBA 20 Cholesterol 120 X X Synovex-Plus Original 200 TBA 20 PEG 120 X X Revalor-XS Original 200 TBA 40 Cholesterol with Proprietary timed release coating X SynovexOne-Feedlot Original 200 TBA 20 PEG with a proprietary slow release coating 200? X X * Implant approved but not marketed at this time 14

15 Basic Thoughts with all these Implants and Receiving Cattle < 400 lbs Low Dose = Ralgro or Syn C: Medium Dose = Revalor IH or maybe Synovex Choice; Revalor G if going to a grass trap first All the above are a little lower in Estrogen dose for the light weight calf > 400+ lbs to Finish Now we are getting into normal Implant recommendations. Starting with lower doses and building to higher doses You have a plethora of choices and alternatives to fit any feeding program and DOF Thank You For Your Time. Y all have a Safe, Wonderful, And Prosperous 2017!! Wade T. Nichols, Ph.D wade.nichols@merck.com 15