Index. B Basic Arthroscopic Knee Skill Scoring System (BAKSSS), , 162 Bloom s taxonomy, 22 Box trainers for arthroscopic knot tying, 64

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1 A Adam Rouilly knee joint bench model, 65 American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS), 77 American Board of Orthopedic Surgery (ABOS), 77 Anatomic bench models knee joint, shoulder joint, wrist joint, 67 ARTHRO mentor, Arthroscopic knot tying, box trainers, 64 Arthroscopic skills assessment, 163 Arthroscopic Surgery Skill Evaluation Tool (ASSET), , ArthroSim. See Knee arthroscopy surgical trainer (KAST) Articulation, 42 Associative stage, 24 Autonomic stage, B Basic Arthroscopic Knee Skill Scoring System (BAKSSS), , 162 Bloom s taxonomy, 22 Box trainers for arthroscopic knot tying, 64 dome holder, rotator cuff and labrum repair, junior surgical trainees model, 64 psychomotor skills, 62 C Cadaver models advantages, animal model, drawbacks, 57 human model acromioplasty training, 56 advantages, 55 ankle joints, 56 arthroscopy training, 52 disadvantages, 55 elbow joints, 56 ESSKA supports, 52 femoral insertion area, 54 hamstring tendons harvest, 55 hip arthroscopy, 55 meniscus suture training, 54 novice courses, 53 posteromedial and posterolateral approaches, 53 posteromedial arthroscopic approach, 55 therapeutic techniques, 55 triangulation training, 54 wet lab setup, 51 CLA arthroscopy bench model knee joint, 66 wrist, 68 Coaching, 41 Cognitive apprenticeship, Cognitive stage, 24 Cognitive trainer, 38 Communication failure, 40 Concurrent validity simulator evaluation, Construct validity simulator evaluation, 104 Content validity simulator evaluation, 104 Convergent validity, Crew resource management (CRM), 35, D Dexterity tests and box trainers, 72 Digital age, 2 3 Direct feedback, performance assessment, 129, 140 Discriminate validity, 87 Dome holder, rotator cuff and labrum repair, E Economy-driven patient care, 2 Education models, psychomotor learning associative stage, 24 autonomic stage, cognitive stage, 24 M. Karahan et al. (eds.), Effective Training of Arthroscopic Skills, DOI / , ESSKA

2 170 Efference copy, 17 E-learning design examples in arthroscopy, 38 Gagne s instructional design principles, European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery & Arthroscopy (ESSKA), 8 on simulator evaluation, survey, Exploration, 42 F Face validity simulator evaluation, Force area, 139 direction, magnitude, volume of, G Gagne s instructional design principles, H Hillway surgical bench model knee joint, 66 shoulder joint, 66 I Industry involvement in teaching arthroscopy, 58 Internal models sensorimotor, K Knee arthroscopy simulator, Knee arthroscopy surgical trainer (KAST), Knee joint bench models, L Leadership, 40 Learning. See also Psychomotor learning curve, simulator evaluation, 102 and education, 36 objectives, 170, 171 problem-based, 36 styles, Liability issues, 2 M Mechanical simulators, 62 Medical simulators. See Simulation training Metacognition for lifelong learning, Metrics, performance assessment categorization, 140 comprehensible feedback, measurement, Modelling, 41 Motion smoothness, speed, volume of, O Objective Assessment of Arthroscopic Skills (OAAS), , Objective metrics, defined, 129 Operating theatre, performance monitoring and progression arthroscopy complexity, 153 complex tasks, 158 learning curves, 158 surgical performance sensors, video and audio, tracking systems, 160 Orthopaedic Competence Assessment Project (OCAP), , P PASSPORT. See Practice arthroscopic surgical skills for perfect operative real-life treatment (PASSPORT) Performance assessment direct feedback, 129, 140 measure, defined, 129 metrics categorization, 140 comprehensible feedback, measurement, objective metrics, defined, 129 parameter, defined, 129 performance efficiency depth perception, 133 economy of movement, 133 idle time/state, path length, task error, task repetition, 130 task time, 131 volume of motion,

3 collision, force area, 139 force direction, force magnitude, motion smoothness, motion speed, out-of-view time, 135 tip-to-tip distance, 135 volume of force, post-task feedback, 129 proficiency, 129 subjective metrics, defined, 129 Performance efficiency depth perception, 133 economy of movement, 133 idle time/state, path length, task error, repetition, 130 time, 131 volume of motion, Performance efficiency metrics, Performance safety collision, force area, 139 direction, magnitude, motion smoothness, speed, out-of-view time, 135 tip-to-tip distance, 135 volume of force, Performance safety metrics experimental definition, 149 from literature, Physical simulators anatomic bench models knee joint bench models, shoulder joint bench models, wrist joint bench models, 67 box trainers for arthroscopic knot tying, 64 dome holder, rotator cuff and labrum repair, junior surgical trainees model, 64 psychomotor skills, 62 models with sensors anatomic bench models combined with sensors, dexterity tests and box trainers, knee arthroscopy simulator, PASSPORT, Post-task feedback, performance assessment, 129 Practical implementation, simulator validation decision making, 94 extrapolation, 94 generalization, scoring, 93 Practice arthroscopic surgical skills for perfect operative real-life treatment (PASSPORT), Preclinical training strategies arthroscopic simulator training approach, 124 factors affecting gender, 123 innate skills, instructors, 123 level of experience, timing of simulator training, 123 video games, 122 proposal for, 124 simulators, 121 Predictive validity, 88, Proficiency performance assessment, 129 Psychomotor learning Bloom s taxonomy, 22 closed-loop theory, 26 education models associative stage, 24 autonomic stage, cognitive stage, 24 feedback, 26 ideal training program, 23 learning styles, mechanisms, 27 preconditions, basic arthroscopic skills, 25 skill training course, 26, design, 26 programs, 27 R Reflection, 42 Reliability, simulator validation aspects of, 91 concepts, 89 statistical measurement, vs. validity, 90 S Satisfactory completion, 130 Sawbones arthroscopy bench model shoulder, 66 wrist, Scaffolding, 41

4 172 Sensorimotor arthroscopic instruments use, 18 internal models, sensory weighting, structural and parametric learning, transfer of learning, Sensor models anatomic bench models combined with sensors, dexterity tests and box trainers, 72 knee arthroscopy simulator, PASSPORT, Sheffield knee arthroscopy training system (SKATS), 78 Shoulder joint bench models, SIMENDO arthroscopy, Simulation training evaluation of concurrent validity, construct validity, 104 content validity, 104 ESSKA members on, face validity, learning curve, 102 predictive/transfer validity, requirements, standardised study protocol, and usability, Questionnaire, learning objectives Dutch Arthroscopy Society, 8 ESSKA, 8, 9 general skills, 9 online survey outlining fundamental skills, 8, 14 operating room, trainee role, 8 patient and tissue manipulation, 10 specific skills, 9 SPSS software, statistical analyses, 9 for team skills, 41 training criteria, validation of checklist, compromise involvement, concurrent validity, 87 construct validity, 87 content validity, 87 convergent validity, discriminate validity, 87 evidence, sources of, face validity, 87 forms of, 86 importance of, 85 practical implementation, predictive validity, 88 reliability, threats to, 89 Situation awareness (SA), Subjective metrics, performance assessment, 129 Surgical residency programs, 1 Surgical techniques, advances in, 2 T Task performance efficiency error, repetition, 130 time, 131 Team skills cognitive apprenticeship, communication, 40 crew resource management, integration of skills and knowledge, 41 knowledge and integration of, 41 leadership, 40 simulation training for, 41 situation awareness, Thresholds application, evidence-based, 146 expert, 148 force magnitudes, idle time, 146 magnitude, 146 motion smoothness, 146 out of view time, 146 path length, performance efficiency metrics, metrics experimental definition, 149 from literature, theoretic, 146 Tissue damage, definition, 145 Traditional wet labs and industry involvement advantages, animal cadavers, human cadavers, Training programme, Transfer validity. See Predictive validity V Validation simulator evaluation concurrent, construct, 104 content, 104 face, learning curve, 102 predictive/transfer, and usability, questionnaire, simulator validation concurrent, 87 construct, 87 content, 87 convergent, discriminate, 87 evidence, sources of, 88 89

5 173 face, 87 forms of, 86 predictive, 88 threats to, 89 VARK model, 2 VirtaMed ArthroS, Virtual reality (VR) simulators ARTHRO mentor, in arthroscopy, definition, 75 digital simulators history, 76 electronic flight simulators history, 76 fidelity, 75 force feedback, 75 haptic feedback, 75 kinesthetic feedback, 75 knee arthroscopy surgical trainer, in medicine, SIMENDO arthroscopy, tactile feedback, VirtaMed ArthroS, W Working hours, 2 Wrist joint bench models, 67

Development of a Physical Shoulder Simulator for the Training of Basic Arthroscopic Skills

Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository August 2015 Development of a Physical Shoulder Simulator for the Training of Basic Arthroscopic Skills Laura C. McCracken